Unit 2 Study Questions. is given credit as the person who coined the term cell.

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1 Unit 2 Study Questions Please note these are practice questions!!!! Do not simply answer these questions and feel that you are prepared for the exam. Use these questions as a guide to locate areas where you need more study. The is the basic unit of life. is given credit as the person who coined the term cell. List the three features all cells have in common. List the three types of microscopes discussed in class. Describe the basic difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. The to ratio plays a major role in determining cell size. Which of the following have prokaryotic cells? Plants animals fungi bacteria Large numbers of ribosomes would be expected to be present in cells that specialized in producing what type of molecules? Lipids steroids glucose proteins starches Which of the following organelles is not a common destination for small vesicles produced from the trans face of the Golgi complex? Plasma membrane vacuole lysosome Rough ER is the organelle primarily involved in the production of oils, lipids and steroids. In animal cells the contains hydrolytic enzymes. 1

2 Which of the following represents the correct sequence in membrane flow within a cell? RER cis Golgi esicle trans Golgi plasma membrane vesicle RER vesicle cis Golgi vesicle trans Golgi plasma membrane RER vesicle trans Golgi cis Golgi vesicle plasma membrane RER vesicle cis Golgi trans Golgi vesicle plasma membrane The is the organelle responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. Which of the following word pairs contains structures which are mismatched? Smooth endoplasmic reticulum endomembrane system Golgi complex cytoskeleton Nuclear pore nuclear envelope Flagellum cytoskeleton Which cell listed below would offer the best opportunity to study the actions of lysosomes? Phagocytic white blood cell Muscle cell Nerve cell Leaf epidermal cell is the major component of the cell wall in plant cells. The membrane surrounds the central vacuole in plant cells. Which of the following are the major components of the cell membrane (there are two)? Phospholipids proteins cellulose glycoproteins nucleic acids For each scientist(s) listed below, list a brief description of their major contribution to cytology (the study of the cell). - Agre - Gorter and Grendel - Davson anddanelli - Hooke - Singer and Nicholson 2

3 Use this image of the animal cell to label the following: Nucleus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleolus, plasma membrane, mitochondrion, Golgi complex, smooth ER, rough ER, microvilli, flagellum, centrioles, centrosome, lysosome 3

4 Use the diagram below of a plant cell to label the following: Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, RER, SER, Golgi complex, Chloroplast, central vacuole, tonoplast 4

5 In the space below draw a single mitochondrion and label the following: Outer membrane, cristae, matrix, DNA, ribosomes In the space below draw and label a chloroplast using the following terms: Outer membrane, thylakoid, grana, stroma, DNA, ribosomes Create a set of matching questions below that outlines the difference between, desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions and plasmodesmata. A is an infectious particle consisting of genetic information in a protein coat. The two main parts of a virus are the and the. The capsid of a virus is typically made from. Occasionally a virus mutates and can spread to additional hosts; when this occurs the of the virus is said to have increased. are harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogenic virus given to stimulate the immune system. Compare epidemic to pandemic: Which virus causes AIDS? 5

6 Which virus causes the common cold? Which viral family causes herpes, chicken pox and shingles? Is a virus a living thing? Define selective permeability as it relates to cell membranes. The model is currently accepted for describing the structure of a cell membrane. in animal cell membranes reduces fluidity and acts as a temperature buffer. proteins are attached to either the surface of the membrane or to integral proteins. List the 6 functions of membrane proteins described in class. A peripheral protein located on the inner surface of a vesicle may be found as a peripheral protein on the intracellular surface/extracellular surface of a cell membrane. What are aquaporins and who discovered them? Describe the basic difference between active and passive transport across cell membranes. Define diffusion. 6

7 Net diffusion ceases when a concentration gradient no longer exists and the system is said to have reached. How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell? How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human somatic cell? How many chromosomes are in a human sperm cell? What membrane-surface molecules are thought to be the most important as cells recognize each other? A cell containing a 10% sucrose solution is placed in a beaker containing 500ml of a 5 % sucrose solution. Draw a figure below which illustrates this and label which is hypertonic and which is hypotonic. Would you expect this cell to gain or lose weight over time? Which type of environment do red blood cells find most favorable? Isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic? Describe lysis of cells as it relates to tonicity. What is a contractile vacuole? Which of the following particles would you expect to be able to cross the plasma membrane by diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer? Large hydrophilic molecules Ions Small uncharged particles What is facilitated diffusion? 7

8 The sodium-potassium pump is an example of passive/active transport. Describe the sodium-potassium pump and be sure to highlight the role of ATP. What is bulk transport? Describe the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis. List the type of endocytosis each example blow illustrates: 1. cell forming many small vesicles which contain solutes from the extracellular fluids. 2. Human cells taking in cholesterol to use in the formation of new membranes and other steroids. 3. An amoeba feeding on a paramecium. Which of the following requires the use of cellular energy (ATP)? Facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport What is the caused of familial hypercholesterolemia? What are ligands? is defined as the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in a living thing. The energy stored in chemical bonds in a glucose molecule is potential/kinetic energy. can be defined as the capacity to cause change. Read each statement below and list the corresponding law of thermodynamics which it supports. 1. A kangaroo s body temperature rising and giving off heat as it hops away from a pack of dingoes. 2. Plants photosynthesizing. 8

9 3. Glucose molecules being converted into kinetic energy allowing your muscle cells to contract. may be defined as a measure of disorder in the universe. List the three parts of and ATP molecule. Read each example below and describe which of the three categories of cellular work it illustrates. 1. Joining of amino acids to form a polypeptide. 2. The sodium-potassium pump. 3. The beating of a flagellum. Energy is released when ATP molecules are formed by dehydration synthesis? True or False? Which of the following statements about ATP in your body is not correct? 1. We require large quantities on a daily basis (>40kg). 2. It is used to perform many different forms of cellular work. 3. Large quantities of ATP are stored in the adipose tissue found under our skin. Use the term catalyst or enzyme (or both!) to match each statement below.. 1. Organic 2. Inorganic 3. Lowers activation energy of specific reaction. 4. Typically end in ase 5. Are very particular with respect to the environmental conditions where they can be functional. Construct a figure below that illustrates: Enzyme, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, products. 9

10 List the 5 factors discussed in class that can affect enzymatic activity. According to the 1 st law of thermodynamics: 1. the energy in the universe is slowly dwindling. 2. there is a creative force at the nexus of the universe which creates energy from anti-matter 3. the amount of energy in the universe is constant. Sarin is a nerve gas. Its destructive properties rely on blocking the actions of enzymes by. 1. reducing the ph to very acidic levels. 2. By increasing body temperature. 3. by competing for active sites and acting as an inhibitor. 4. serving as a coenzyme to aid in autophagy of cells. Catabolism is to anabolism as hypotonic is to What is phosporylation? Write in the space below the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Which of the following reaction is catabolic? Anabolic? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O 10

11 Celery stalks are immersed in fresh water for several hours and become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are: 1. hypotonic to both the fresh water and the salt water. 2. hypertonic to both the fresh water and the salt water 3. hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt water 4. hypotonic to the fresh water but hypertonic to the salt water 5. isotonic to both fresh and salt water 11