Epistemology and Mixed-Method Designs
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1 Epistemology and Mixed-Method Designs Jason Seawright August 9, 2010 J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
2 What Is Multi-Method Research? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
3 What Is Multi-Method Research? Definition Multi-method research is research that uses techniques drawn from more than one methodological family in the course of answering a single integrated research question or testing a single overarching hypothesis. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
4 Examples Cross-national regression plus national-level case studies J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
5 Examples Cross-national regression plus national-level case studies Survey plus in-depth interviews J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
6 Examples Cross-national regression plus national-level case studies Survey plus in-depth interviews Experiment plus focus groups J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
7 Examples Cross-national regression plus national-level case studies Survey plus in-depth interviews Experiment plus focus groups Comparative-historical analysis plus within-case regression J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
8 Letting the People Decide Johnston et al. (1992) In the 1988 Canadian elections, why did the Liberal party surge in late October and early November, and why did the Conservative party fall over the same time period? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
9 Letting the People Decide J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
10 Letting the People Decide The critical moment seems to have been a riveting Turner-Mulroney exchange over the FTA; at one point the two were shouting at each other. The theme of the exchange was precisely the one that the Liberal campaign had been trying to implant in voters minds Brian Mulroney s trustworthiness. Mr. Turner got off a phrase that summarized the Liberal message: I happen to believe that you have sold us out. (pg. 27) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
11 Letting the People Decide J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
12 Florida, 2000 Brady (2004) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
13 Florida, 2000 John Lott (2000) uses regression to estimate that early media calls in the Florida panhandle cost George W. Bush at least 10,000 votes. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
14 Florida, , ,200 Census data from 1996 suggest that about 1/12 of voters go to the polls during the last hour. The call was made with 10 minutes to go, so perhaps 1/72 of voters who would have voted had not yet arrived at the polls. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
15 Florida, , Research on media exposure suggests that 20% or fewer of people in the panhandle would have heard the media call during the 10 minutes before the polls closed. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
16 Florida, , Bush was supported by about 2/3 of panhandle voters. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
17 Florida, , Prior quantitative research suggests that about 10% of intended voters who hear an early call before they arrive at the polls may be dissuaded from voting. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
18 Rights and Liberties Survey research on tolerance, civil liberties, individual rights J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
19 Rights and Liberties Survey research on tolerance, civil liberties, individual rights In-depth analysis of 30 think-aloud transcripts from a survey pretest J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
20 Rights and Liberties Do citizens anchor their opinions to what they understand of current law? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
21 Rights and Liberties Q. Do you think that a person who is caught red-handed deserves a full blown trial? A. Yeah, I think that s one of our rights. I think that s in the Bill of Rights that, uhh, you have the right to a trial. Uhh how, what defense the attorney would take I don t know. I mean it but again it s a matter of making the punishment fit the crime which I think a trial, that s one purpose of a trial. I mean I don t think a man that s stealing a loaf of bread should be executed. And I think a trial would bring out, uh, how serious the crime was and maybe there were some mitigating circumstances. And I think all that s part of a trial. So I think anyone deserves a trial. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
22 Rights and Liberties Q. What if the police stop someone for weaving dangerously in traffic. Do they have the right to search the glove compartment or trunk of the car if they suspect that he s on drugs? A. I think the courts have said that they haven t, isn t that what they courts have said? Well, you hear verdicts where it s on and off but it, it seems to me that they, they probably shouldn t. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
23 Why Multi-Method Research Assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
24 Why Multi-Method Research Assumptions Characteristic Strengths J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
25 Why Multi-Method Research Assumptions Characteristic Strengths Multiple Audiences J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
26 Regression Assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
27 In-Depth Interview Assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
28 CHA Assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
29 Assumptions for an Experiment J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
30 Sensitivity to Assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
31 Assumptions = Epistemologies? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
32 Assumptions = Epistemologies? Appreciation of the social construction of knowledge however, should not close off techniques of inquiry, only objectivist, value-neutral epistemological positions. (Lawson 1995, 452) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
33 Characteristic Strengths J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
34 Multiple Audiences J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
35 Critiques of Multi-Method Research Epistemologies J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
36 Critiques of Multi-Method Research Epistemologies Presumed infallibility of one method? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
37 Critiques of Multi-Method Research Epistemologies Presumed infallibility of one method? Critiques of rigid research sequences J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
38 Critiques of Multi-Method Research Epistemologies Presumed infallibility of one method? Critiques of rigid research sequences Narrow assumptions regarding goals and strengths of methods J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
39 Ahmed and Sil What is different about the more recent movement toward MMR is the extent to which the use of multiple methods is undertaken self-consciously by a single scholar in a single work in relation to a single research question, predicated on the assumption that the use of different methods will yield better results in addressing the question. (pg. 2) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
40 Multi-method research in a study vs. a research program J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
41 Multi-method research in a study vs. a research program Untested (untestable?) assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
42 Ahmed and Sil The claim that MMR is inherently better than SMR is built on the faulty premise that one method can offer external validity for the findings of another. (pg. 3) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
43 External validity vs. internal validity J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
44 Ahmed and Sil We do not know more or know better as a result of triangulating different methods because different methods rest upon incommensurable epistemological foundations that even the most heroic attempts at translation cannot overcome. (pg. 3) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
45 Methods vis-a-vis epistemologies J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
46 Methods vis-a-vis epistemologies Untested assumptions, again J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
47 Ahmed and Sil Combining case studies and statistical analysis? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
48 Ahmed and Sil Case studies are basically for causal mechanisms; statistical analysis is limited in its ability to identify a causal mechanism. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
49 Elaboration method, mediation tests J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
50 Elaboration method, mediation tests The goals of case studies J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
51 Ahmed and Sil Only empiricist case studies, and not deductive or hermeneutic case studies can be combined with statistics. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
52 The goals of statistical research J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
53 Ahmed and Sil In moving from large-n statistical analysis to case study analysis, the case study will by its very nature introduce variables that are not present in the statistical analysis (for example, variables that are not quantifiable but whose effects can be observed within a given context). (pg. 3) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
54 Testing or refining? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
55 Ahmed and Sil Statistical analysis can validate the relationship between hypothesized causal effects and generalize it across cases, but it cannot show that the causal mechanism found in the original case study analysis operates in the same manner and produces the same effect across different spatial and temporal contexts. (pg. 3) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
56 Mechanisms and effects J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
57 Ahmed and Sil The combination of methods in a single study does not resolve the problem of epistemological incommensurability, and thus cannot eliminate the tradeoffs built into each of the methods employed at various stages of a multi-method project. Thus it cannot be said that we know more or know better when multiple methods are deployed. (pg. 4) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
58 Ahram Simply because qualitative and quantitative findings point in the same direction statistical significance and coefficient signs match the outcome of a case study does not make them any more likely to be true, since the concepts applied in one methodological component are not equivalent to those applied in the other. It is impossible for qualitative and quantitative methods to say the same thing because they are talking about different things. (pg. 6) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
59 Coordination asking the same question J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
60 Coordination asking the same question Untested assumptions, yet again J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
61 Ahram Because of their definitional intricacy and high intension, qualitative concepts are designed to apply to only a small number of cases. (pg. 6) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
62 Ahram...the simpler definitions and low intension involved in quantitative concepts are amenable to incorporating [a] much wider universe of cases for interrogation via statistical analysis. (pg. 7) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
63 Qualitative and quantitative concepts? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
64 Qualitative and quantitative concepts? Definitional intricacy vis-a-vis universality J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
65 Chatterjee The specific argument is that since inferential statistics allows for generalization (while case studies normally do not), and case studies are better at tracing what are called causal mechanisms, combining the two affords us the best of both worlds. (pg. 11) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
66 Statistics as tools for conditioning and quantification J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
67 Statistics as tools for conditioning and quantification Statistical tests of causal paths J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
68 Statistics as tools for conditioning and quantification Statistical tests of causal paths Case studies and measurement J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
69 Statistics as tools for conditioning and quantification Statistical tests of causal paths Case studies and measurement Case studies and inductive discovery J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
70 Chatterjee Arguments conceding the usual weaknesses of case studies but nonetheless attempting to justify them imply a metaphysics that makes it impossible to portray case studies as either necessary or sufficient in causal analysis, which in turn also precludes any justification of multi-method research. (pg. 11) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
71 Necessity or sufficiency of methods? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
72 Chatterjee Reductionist and regularist causal ontology. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
73 Potential outcomes framework J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
74 Chatterjee Case studies and inferential statistics cannot logically mix if the definition of causality is reductionist and regularist. (pg. 11) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
75 Again, many goals of case studies J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
76 Again, many goals of case studies How many people hold a strictly reductionist and regularist definition of causality? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
77 Chatterjee What part of the study does the causal work, the case studies or the statistical analysis? If it is the case study then the statistical analysis should not convince us, and if it is the statistical analysis then the case study should not convince us. (pg. 11) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
78 Incompleteness, fallibility, and inference J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
79 Chatterjee Cartwright (1999) and causal capacities. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
80 Rohlfing The peculiar methodological effect of an ontological mistake is that it travels through the design and undermines causal inference in the quantitative and the qualitative part, rendering its identification and elimination arduous. In this instance, nothing is gained from a nested analysis. (pg. 2) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
81 Design research to test, not maintain, assumptions J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
82 Rohlfing Nonsystematic variables are important in explaining the outcome in a particular case, but they are irrelevant to the development of a cross-case model. A model is overfitted if it contains a nonsystematic variable and underfitted when it excludes a systematic variable. (pg. 5) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
83 Nonsystematic is problematic J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
84 Rohlfing It seems paradoxical to use the residuals for case selection when the model fit is considered unsatisfactory. Implicitly, Lieberman acknowledges that the use of a deficient regression model for case selection is questionable. (pg. 6) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
85 Testing, refining, or taking for granted? J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
86 Rohlfing High model fit, which generally is welcomed in quantitative analysis, constitutes a problem in nested analysis [because it prevents the researcher from seeking omitted variables in a case study]. (pg. 7) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
87 Rohlfing Within-case analysis is undermined by bias and inconsistency inasmuch as the status of a case is deduced from its residual. When one believes that the case under scrutiny is typical on the basis of its residual, then one also believes that the observed causal processes are exemplary for a typical case. (pg. 8) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
88 Rohlfing [T]he potential of within-case analysis to detect model misspecification is larger than its current role in nested analysis might lead one to believe. Nonetheless, I also show that qualitative analysis has several limitations that require the application of graphical and quantitative instruments with which one can search for misspecification. (pg. 11) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
89 Kuehn and Rohlfing [T]he ability of case studies to effectively enhance the inferential quality of the large-n method is significantly limited due to the very problems that they are supposed to solve: measurement error and omitted variables. (pg. 18) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
90 Kuehn and Rohlfing First, the case study suffers from a variant of the classic small-n problem because the quality of a concept and measurement must be assessed in a larger set of cases. (pg. 19) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
91 Assume X, therefore conclude X J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
92 Kuehn and Rohlfing Second, within-case analysis is similarly prone to measurement error as large-n analysis, which undermines its utility for cross-validation. (pg. 19) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
93 x quant = x +γw +ǫ quant x qual = x +ωk +ǫ qual J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
94 Suppose, to begin, that cov(w,k) = 0, cov(x,w) = 0, cov(x,k) = 0, and all covariances involving the ǫ s are 0. Then: cov(x quant,x qual ) = var(x)+ωcov(x,k)+γcov(x,w)+ωγcov(w,k) cov(x quant,x qual ) = var(x) J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
95 Shared sources vs. shared fact of measurement error J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
96 Reframing Multi-Method Research Methods are fallible J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
97 Reframing Multi-Method Research Methods are fallible Each methodological family can have many goals J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
98 Reframing Multi-Method Research Methods are fallible Each methodological family can have many goals Different methods are not fallible in exactly the same ways J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
99 Reframing Multi-Method Research Methods are fallible Each methodological family can have many goals Different methods are not fallible in exactly the same ways With careful design, multi-method research can reduce some sources of fallibility J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
100 Concepts of Causation J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
101 Concepts of Causation Potential Outcomes Framework J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
102 Concepts of Causation Potential Outcomes Framework T i, Y i,t J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
103 Concepts of Causation Necessary Causation J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
104 Concepts of Causation Necessary Causation Y i,0 = 0 for all i. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
105 Concepts of Causation Sufficient Causation J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
106 Concepts of Causation Sufficient Causation Y i,1 = 1 for all i. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
107 Concepts of Causation INUS Causation J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
108 Concepts of Causation INUS Causation T i,1, T i,2, T i,3, etc Y i,1,1,1 = 1 for all i. Y i,0,1,1, Y i,1,0,1, Y i,1,1,0, Y i,1,0,0, etc. are indeterminate. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
109 Concepts of Causation Substitutability J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
110 Concepts of Causation Substitutability T i,1, T i,2, T i,3, etc Y i,1,0,0 = Y i,0,1,0 = Y i,0,0,1 = 1 for all i. J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
111 Concepts of Causation Causal Pathways J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
112 Concepts of Causation Causal Pathways T i M i,t,1, M i,t,m1,2, M i,t,m1,m2,3, etc Y i,t,m1,m2,m3 J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
113 Concepts of Causation Additive, Linear Causation J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
114 Concepts of Causation Additive, Linear Causation T i,1, T i,2, T i,3, etc Y i,t1,t2,t3 = α+β 1 T i,1 +β 2 T i,2 +β 3 T i,3 +ǫ i J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
115 Snow on Cholera J. Seawright (PolSci) Essex 2010 August 9, / 84
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