Persuasive Speech. Persuasive Speaking: Reasoning with Your Audience

Transcription

1 Persuasive Speaking: Reasoning with Your Audience Persuasive Speech A speech whose goal is to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior of audience members 1

2 Elaboration Likelihood Model People process information in one of two ways: Central route - intense and more time consuming, listen carefully, think about what is said, mentally elaborate on message. Peripheral route - relies on simple cues, quick evaluation of the speaker s credibility, check about what the listener feels about the message. Elaboration Likelihood Model Cont. What determines if we use the central or peripheral route is how important we perceive the issue to be for us. We are less likely to change our mind when our attitudes are based on central processing. 2

3 Persuasive Appeals Logos logical appeals, evidence used Ethos speaker s credibility Pathos emotional appeals, evoke feelings in listeners Preparing a Persuasive Speech Construct a persuasive speech goal Identify good reasons and sound evidence Avoid fallacies of reason Organize your main points into a pattern the audience can follow 3

4 Adapting Your Persuasive Goal to Audience Attitude Attitude a general or enduring positive or negative feeling about some person, object, or issue Opposed No opinion In favor Phrasing Persuasive Speech Goals Proposition a declarative sentence that clearly indicates the position that the speaker will advocate in a persuasive speech Proposition of fact Proposition of value Proposition of policy Example: I want to convince my audience that smoking causes cancer. 4

5 Example Propositions Finding Reasons to Use as Main Points Reasons main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something Is the reason directly related to proving the proposition? Do I have strong evidence to support the reason? Will the reason be persuasive for this audience? 5

6 Selecting Evidence to Support Reasons Does the evidence come from a wellrespected source? Is the evidence recent and, if not, is it still valid? Does the evidence really support the reason? Will the evidence be persuasive for this audience? Reasoning with Audiences Reasoning the mental process of drawing inferences (conclusions) from factual information Arguments the process of proving conclusions you have drawn from reasons and evidence 6

7 Basic Elements of Reasoning Claim a conclusion to be proven Support support a claim with reason or evidence Warrant logical statement that connects the support to the claim. Types and Tests of Arguments Arguing from example Are enough examples cited? Are the examples typical? Are negative examples accounted for? Arguing from analogy Are the subjects being compared similar in every important way? Are any of the ways in which the subjects are dissimilar important to the outcome? 7

8 Types and Tests of Arguments Cont. Arguing from causation Are the events alone sufficient to cause the stated effect? Do other events accompanying the cited events actually cause the effect? Is the relationship between the causal events and the effect consistent? Types and Tests of Arguments Cont. Arguing from sign Do the signs cited always or usually indicate the conclusion drawn? Are a sufficient number of signs present? Are contradictory signs in evidence? Combining arguments in a speech 8

9 Avoiding Fallacies of Reasoning Hasty generalization wrong assumption False cause failed to relate to the effects Either-Or not two but more than two Straw Man Ad Hominem Organizational Patterns Statement of Reasons Pattern 9

10 Organizational Patterns Cont. Comparative Advantages Pattern Organizational Patterns Cont. Criteria Satisfaction Pattern 10

11 Organizational Patterns Cont. Refutative Pattern Persuasive Speeches Click on the box to view the video. 11

12 Websites Persuasive appeals ogosethospathos.html Persuasive fallacies 12