Investigating Trait-Anger in Habitual Khat Chewers in Yemen and Germany*

Transcription

1 Investigating Trait-Anger in Habitual Khat Chewers in Yemen and Germany* Stephan Bongard & Mustafa al Absi Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany University of Minnesota Medial School, Duluth, MN, USA *) Supported by an NIH FIRCA grant (PI: Mustafa al Absi) March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 1

2 Objectives of the Frankfurt group within the Khat Research Program Research on effects of acute and habitual khat use on emotion and emotion regulation processes. Research on individual differences in habitual khat users and non-users. March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 2

3 Background According to clinical reports acute effects of khat chewing in social settings are initially characterized by states of: optimism, elation euphoria, alertness, general sense of well being After about 2 hours: tension, emotional instability, irritation, sluggishness, general low mood March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 3

4 Background Few reports of systematic research on emotional effects of khat chewing: Nencini et al. (1986)*: visual analog scales (N = 14, men) chewing period: increased euphoria, subj. improved intellectual efficiency, and alertness post chewing period: dysphoria and mild sedation *) Nencini, P., Ahmed, A.M., Elmi, A.S. (1986). Subjective effects of khat chewing in humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 18, March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 4

5 Background Gelaye et al. (2008)* reported an 1.45 higher odds ration for violent behavior in male college students (N = 1294) when they also were regular khat chewers compared to non chewers. *) Gelaye, B., Philpart, M., Goshu, M., Berhane, Y., Fitzpatrick, L., & Williams, M. (2008). Anger expression, negative life events and violent behavior among male college students in Ethiopia. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36, March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 5

6 Method of Our Study in Yemen* Sample: 54 women and 81 men from Yemen age year (M = 24, SD = 5.5) Trait measures: State-Trait Anger Expression Scale (Spielberger, 1988) Trait-Anger, Anger-In, Anger-Out, Anger Control Administered during a screening session prior to lab session *) Bongard, S. al'absi, M., Khalil, N.S., al Habori, M. (2011). Khat use and trait anger: effects on affect Regulation during acute stressful challenge. European Addiction Research, 17, March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 6

7 Lab session stress protocol: baseline measures Method mental arithmetic (continuous backward subtraction by 7, starting at 4001) recovery Subjective measures: 7-point Likert rating scales negative affect states (e.g. anger, depression, tension ) positive affect states (e.g. happy, calm, refreshed ) administered before and after challenge, and after recovery March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 7

8 26 24 men women Trait An nger no sometimes regularly Khat use March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 8

9 2,5 2,3 no sometimes regularly khat chewing 2,1 negative affec ct rating 1,9 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,1 0,9 0,7 0,5 baseline stress recovery March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 9

10 4,5 no sometimes regularly khat chewing 4 rating positive affect 3,5 3 2,5 2 baseline stress recovery March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 10

11 Regular khat chewing is associated with: higher trait anger ratings, Conclusions from our Study in Yemen: more pronounced negative emotional responses during mental stress challenge, and less pronounced positive emotional states at all times. Caution, the causal direction appears to be not clear! Regular khat chewing might provoke negative emotional and physical states OR individuals with a negative emotional disposition might tend to more regular khat chewing. March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 11

12 Research Questions for the Study in Frankfurt (Germany): How can the khat consume behavior of migrants in Germany be described? Can we find a similar association of khat consumption and anger disposition in migrants in Germany? Is there a correlation between khat chewing and the migrants acculturation processes? March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 12

13 Hypotheses We expected: more khat consumption for men than for women differences between nations of descent positive correlations between khat chewing and: trait-anger (STAXI) orientation towards culture of origin March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 13

14 Method Sample: Descent Ethiopian Eritrean Somali others total male female total age years (M = 33.8, SD = 6.5) March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 14

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18 Measures: Socioeconomic data Method Questionnaire on khat consumption STAXI (State-Trait Anger Expression Scale) Trait anger scale High scores mean individual feels often angry or has the impression of being treated unfair reliability Cronbach s α =.76 FRACC (Frankfurter Acculturation Scale) Factor 1: orientation towards culture of origin (CO) Cronbach s α =.70 Factor 2: orientation towards host culture (HC) Cronbach s α =.57 March 05, 2013 KRP Symposium SARC 1st at the Annual Global Scientic Addiction Meeting, Conference Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 2011, Lisbon, Portugal 18

19 Method Interviews: African culture clubs/east African pubs and restaurants separated rooms with a quit atmosphere 5 pm till 1 am Duration of an interview was min. The study was approved by the University Review Board March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 19

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23 reasons for chewing khat * bad memories problem solving unable to quit concentration taste relaxation yes friends part of me community percentage *) multiple answers were possible March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 23

24 bundles consumed the week before March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 24

25 44 acculuturation strategy 42 orientation tow wards culture of origin >10 bundles consumed the week before March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 25

26 Conclusions from our Study in Frankfurt (Germany): Migrated khat chewers show a similar consume pattern as users in countries with a khat tradition though many started khat chewing in Germany. Regular khat use is associated with: higher trait anger less orientation towards the culture of origin Khat consumption in Frankfurt seems: to be the same for men and women to be the same for descents of all nationalities to help chewers to overcome stress related problems March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 26

27 Thank you very much for your attention! March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 27

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30 Differences in reliability score (Cronbach s α) depending the measuring times questionnaire early late STAXI FRACC_CO FRACC_HC March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 30

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32 Thank you very much for your attention! March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 32

33 Khat and Trait Anger From: Bongard, S. al'absi, M., Khalil, N.S., al Habori, M. (2011). Khat use and trait anger: effects on affect Regulation during acute stressful challenge. European Addiction Research, 17, March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 33

34 Khat and Trait Anger 7,0 6,0 non khat users nega ative affect 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 y = 0,0401x + 0,2652 R 2 = 0,111 1,0 0, trait anger March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 34

35 Khat and Trait Anger 7,0 6,0 regular khat users negativ ve affect 5,0 4,0 3,0 y = 0,1307x - 1,2113 R 2 = 0,2455 2,0 1,0 0, trait anger March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 35

36 Khat and Emotion Regulation March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 36

37 52 50 acculturation strategy orientation towards host culture >10 bundles consumed the week before March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 37

38 Khat and Emotion Regulation Conclusions from our 1st Study in Yemen: Regular Khat use is associated with: higher trait anger, more pronounced negative emotional responses during mental stress challenge, and less pronounced positive emotional states at all times. Khat use and Trait Anger interact in their effect on negative affect Causal direction appears to be not clear. Regular Khat use might provoke negative emotional and physical states OR individuals with a negative emotional disposition might tend to more regular Khat use. March 05, 2013 SARC 1st Annual Scientic Meeting, Jazan, Saudi-Arabia 38