Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abuse, child, 255 Activities of daily living, energy conservation in, 385 Acupuncture, Adrenergic receptors, in pain generation, 286 Affective distress scale, 304 Aging, premature, Allodynia, 425 Allostasis, 289, Amitriptyline, 258, 362 Analgesics, 365 Antidepressants, 362 Antiepileptic drugs, Antinociception, Antioxidants, Anxiety, assessment of, 333, 343 Arterial spin labeling, Assessment, of fibromyalgia, See also Neuroimaging. future tools for, 345 legacy instruments for, patient-reported outcomes in, quality of life issues in, 341 relevant domains for, symptom domains for, Attention, problems with, 303 Auditory constant trigram test, 301 Auditory threshold, low, 241 Autogenic training, Autonomic dysfunction, , 384 B Balance problems, 220 Beck Depression Inventory, 333, Benzodiazepines, 279 Biofeedback, Botanicals, 401 Brain, imaging of. See Neuroimaging. Breathing, dysfunctional, 383 Brief Pain Inventory, 342, 361 Rheum Dis Clin N Am 35 (2009) doi: /s x(09) rheumatic.theclinics.com X/09/$ see front matter ª 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 438 C Catastrophizing, Catecholamine(s), in central sensitivity syndromes, 243, , 423 Catechol-O-methyltransferase defects, abnormal pain modulation in, 243, 265, 289 Central sensitivity syndromes, abnormal pain modulation in, dietary relationships of, epidemiology of, exercise and, 318 genetic factors in, 240 neurotransmitters in, overlapping of, pain sensitivity mechanisms in, spectrum of, , 340 treatment of, 244 Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 333 Cerebral blood flow imaging arterial spin labeling in, diffusion tensor imaging in, functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in, functional magnetic resonance imaging in, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 321 neurochemical changes and, 321 positron emission tomography in, single-photon emission computed tomography in, voxel-based morphometry in, Child abuse, 255 Chiropractic treatment, 400 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 254, 352 Citalopram, 362 Cognitive dysfunction, , , 332, 426 assessment of, 336, 343 computerized test batteries for, 306 impact of, 300 improvement of, 307 mechanisms affected, neuroimaging in, , reasons for, Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 258, Complementary and alternative medicine, , Complex Medical Symptoms Inventory, Complex neural pulse stimulation, 366 Complexity paradigm, in fibromyalgia, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, holistic approach and, 289, Computer adaptive testing, 344 Concentration, problems with, 303 Corticosteroids, 366 Cyclobenzaprine, 258, 362 Cytokines, in central sensitivity syndromes, 243

3 439 D Data mining, in symptom domain selection, Decision making, 303 Deconditioning, exercise in, 385 Delphi exercise, in symptom domain selection, 331 Depression, assessment of, 333, neuroimaging in, 316 treatment of, 362 Device strategies, 366 Dietary intervention, Diffuse noxious inhibitor control alterations, Diffusion tensor imaging, Dorsal root ganglia, in pain generation, 288 Duloxetine, 244, 258, 279, , 363, 367, Dysesthesia, 220 E Eccentric muscle use, in exercise, Education, about fibromyalgia, 257, exercise resources, in holistic approach, 295 Effort, cognitive dysfunction and, Electroencephalography, in sleep disorders, Electromagnetic wave devices, 366 Electromyogram biofeedback, 399 Energy conservation, 385 Environmental factors, in central sensitivity syndromes, , 265 Episodic memory, problems with, 302 Event-related potentials, 306 Executive function, 303 Exercise, 257, autonomic dysfunction and, 384 balance considerations in, 384 comorbid conditions and, 384 eccentric muscle protection in, energy conservation for, 385 for peripheral pain generators, 381 group, 386 historical review of, in deconditioned persons, 385 information resources for, low-intensity nonrepetitive, machines for, 382 obesity and, 385 obstacles to, optimization of, principles of,

4 440 Exercise (continued) restorative sleep and, 383 self-efficacy promotion and, 386 Eye problems, 221 F Falling, risk for, 384 Fatigue, assessment of, 333, 342, 352 sleep disorders due to, treatment of, 360 Fibromyalgia assessment of, , clinical manifestations of, , 254 clinical studies of, cognitive dysfunction in. See Cognitive dysfunction. diagnosis of, disorders associated with, , , 384, epidemiology of, , etiology of, genetic factors in, 240, , , 289, 429 historical review of, in pediatric patients, neuroimaging of, pain in. See Pain. pathogenesis of. See Pathogenesis. sleep disorders in. See Sleep disorders. spectrum of, 234 symptom domains in, treatment of. See Treatment, of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, 332, 361 Fibrositis, as early name for fibromyalgia, 234, 340 Fluoxetine, 362 Focus groups, in symptom domain selection, 331 Functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in, Functional impairment, 221, 343 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Functional somatic syndromes, 254 G Gabapentin, 258, 365 Genetic factors, in pain sensitivity and fibromyalgia, 240, , , 289, 429 Glial cells, in central sensitization, 268 Glutamate, 415, 423 Gray matter, losses of, 320, Growing pain, 256 Guanosine triphosphatase cyclohydrolase-1 defects, abnormal pain modulation in, 265

5 441 Guided imagery, Gulf War illness, 239 H Hamilton Depression Scale, 333 Headache, 222 assessment of, exercise and, 384 treatment of, 360 Health Assessment Questionnaire, 332 Health-related quality of life, assessment of, Heart rate variability analysis of, in biofeedback, Herbal preparations, 401 Holistic approach, to fibromyalgia, 289, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 343 Hydrotherapy, 401 Hypermobility, joint, 256 Hypnotics, 365 Hypotension, 384 I Iowa Gambling Task, 303 Irritable bowel and bladder syndrome, 241 assessment of, 353 exercise and, 384 treatment of, 360 J Joint(s), hypermobility of, 256 L Late potential complex, 306 Living Foods diet, M McGill Pain Questionnaire, 342 Magnetic resonance imaging, 307 functional, functional connectivity, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 321 Manual therapies, 400 Massage therapy, 400 Medical Outcomes Study, sleep scale, 334, 342

6 442 Medical Outcomes Survey, 361 Meditation, 398 Memory problems, , , Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IM-MPACT), 342 Migraine, assessment of, Milnacipran, 258, 279, , , , 367, Mind-body training, 400 Modeling, in exercise program, 386 Monosodium glutamate, 415 Morning stiffness. See Stiffness. Morphine, 365 Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue, 342 Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, 361 Multiple Ability Self-Report Questionnaire, 343, 361 Muscle stiffness. See Stiffness. N Nerve growth factor, 428, 431 Neuroimaging, allodynia detection in, 425 arterial spin labeling in, cognitive dysfunction and, diffusion tensor imaging in, first studies of, functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in, functional magnetic resonance imaging in, magnetic resonance spectroscopy in, 321 neurochemical changes in, 321 positron emission tomography in, single-photon emission computed tomography in, voxel-based morphometry in, 320 Neurophysiopathogenesis, of fibromyalgia, cognitive dysfunction and, 426 comorbidities and, genetic factors and, 429 gray matter loss in, 320, hypothetical sites for experimental interventions in, imaging in, 425 nociception and, oxidative stress in, premature aging and, spinal fluid neurochemical levels in, 423 treatment based on, unifying model of, Neurotransmitters, in central sensitivity syndromes, , 423 Nociception, Nonrestorative sleep. See Sleep disorders. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 359, 365 Norepinephrine, in central sensitivity syndromes, 243

7 443 Numbness, 220 Nutritional supplements, 401 O Obesity diets for, exercise for, 385 Ocular symptoms, 221 Opiates, 365 Oral symptoms, 221 Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT), 276, , , Oxidative stress, P Paced auditory serial attention test, for memory, 301 Pain, See also Headache; Tenderness. abnormal modulation of, acute pain intensity and, analgesic response variability and, 266 causes of, 268 glia role in, 268 ìnterindividual differences and, mechanisms of, 267 muscle changes in, new-onset chronic pain and, 266 allostasis concept in, 289, as diagnostic criteria, as exercise obstacle, assessment of. See Assessment, of fibromyalgia. augmentation of, neuroimaging in, cognitive dysfunction and, complexity paradigm of, 289, dietary relationships of, growing, 256 history of, interindividual differences in, 264 management of. See Treatment, of fibromyalgia. new-onset, 266 preoperative, sensitivity to, sleep disorders due to, Pamiprexole, 279, Paresthesias, Paroxetine, 362 Pathogenesis, of fibromyalgia, See also Neurophysiopathogenesis. complex adaptive systems allostasis in, environmental factors in, , 265 evolution of clinical construct for,

8 444 Pathogenesis (continued) historical review of, neurotransmitters in, pain sensitivity in, treatments based on, 244 Patient Global Impression of Change, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), Pediatric patients, fibromyalgia in, clinical manifestations of, 254 epidemiology of, etiology of, treatment of, Pelvic pain syndrome, exercise and, 384 Polysomnography, Positron emission tomography, 307, Postural hypotension, 384 Posture, for central sensitization prevention, 381 Pregabalin, 258, 279, , , 367 Progressive muscle relaxation, 397 Pronociception, Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 307 Psychological distress, 222 Q Qigong, 400 Quality of life, assessment of, R Raynaud phenomenon, Relaxation techniques, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 366 Restless legs syndrome, 218 Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, 302 Rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials, fibromyalgia symptom domains derived from, S Sedative hypnotics, 365 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, , 367 Self-efficacy, in exercise program, 386 Semantic memory, problems with, Sensory neuropathy, 220 Serotonin, modulators for, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 244, , 367 Sexual dysfunction, Single-photon emission computed tomography, Skin, sensitivity of, 219 Sleep disorders, , assessment of, , 336, 342

9 445 clinical studies on, cognitive dysfunction and, pathogenic effects of, pathophysiology of, 278 treatment of, 279, 365, 383 Sodium channels, in pain generation, 288 Sodium oxybate, 279, , 365 Spinal glial cells, in central sensitization, 268 Stiffness, , 333, 343 Stimulus, painful, neuroimaging in, Stress reduction of, 398 response to, 374 Stretching exercise, for central sensitization prevention, 381 Structural equation modeling, in neuroimaging, 322 Substance P, 428 Sympathetic nervous system, pain and, Symptom Inventory (Wolfe s), Systematic review, in symptom domain selection, T T ai chi, 400 Temporomandibular joint disorder assessment of, 357 treatment of, 360 Tender point count, Tenderness, 219 as diagnostic criteria, assessment of, 334 Test of Everyday Attention, 301 Tilt-table test, 287 Tramadol, 244, 365 Transcranial direct current stimulation, 366 Treatment, of fibromyalgia, biofeedback, clinical trials of, cognitive function effects of, 307 cognitive-behavioral therapy, 258, complementary and alternative, , complexity theory and, 289, dietary, educational approaches, evidence-based recommendations for, exercise in, 257, holistic approach to, 289, neuroimaging in, , 323 nonpharmacologic, 257, 295, 323,

10 446 Treatment (continued) outcome of, 258 pathogenesis-based, 244, 424, pharmacologic, 258, 295, relaxation techniques, Tricyclic antidepressants, 362 Trigger points, 269 Tropisetron, 366 Twin studies, in central sensitivity syndromes, 238 U Ultrasound therapy, 279 V Vasospasm, Vegetarian diets, Venlafaxine, 362 Verbal persuasion, in exercise program, 386 Visual analog scales, 332, 342, 361 Voxel-based morphometry, 320 Vulvodynia, assessment of, 364 W Walking, 383 Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, 302 Wind-up measures, in pain modulation, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, 303 Wolfe s symptom inventory, Working memory, problems with, , Z Zolpidem, 279, 365 Zopiclone, 279, 365