THE SITE OF RELEASE OF THE DIURETIC HORMONE IN RHODNIUS A NEW NEUROHAEMAL SYSTEM IN INSECTS
|
|
- Gabriel Mitchell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 J. Exp. Biol. (1966), 45, With 4 plates and 3 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE SITE OF RELEASE OF THE DIURETIC HORMONE IN RHODNIUS A NEW NEUROHAEMAL SYSTEM IN INSECTS BY S. H. P. MADDRELL Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge (Received 9 August 1966) INTRODUCTION Diuresis in freshly fed larvae of Rhodnius is caused by the appearance in the haemolymph of a very active diuretic hormone (Maddrell, 1962, 1963). It has been claimed that this hormone is released from the mesothoracic ganglionic mass (Maddrell, 1963). This paper presents evidence to show that this hormone is in fact released not from the ganglionic mass but from close behind it at a series of swollen axon endings lying at the surface of the abdominal nerves which fan out from the back of the ganglionic mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifth-stage larvae of Rhodnius prolixus Stal taken from a laboratory culture were used in all the experiments. Nervous tissues were assayed for their diuretic hormone content by grinding them up in Ringer's solution and adding portions of the resulting breis to preparations of isolated Malpighian tubules (Maddrell, 1963). Material for examination with the electron microscope was fixed in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde and, after treatment in osmium tetroxide, the tissue was dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. Thin sections were cut on glass knives using a Huxley microtome and, after double staining with uranyl acetate and Reynold's lead stain, they were examined in a Philips EM 200 electron microscope. RESULTS The evidence which leads one to believe that the diuretic hormone is released from the surface of the abdominal nerves close to the mesothoracic ganglionic mass comes from three sources. (1) Evidence from the assay of the abdominal nerves for diuretic hormone To expose the abdominal nerves (see Text-fig. 2) insects were opened from the dorsal side under Ringer's solution. The abdominal nerves were removed and assayed for their content of material possessing diuretic activity. They were found to contain a large amount of such material, often as much as 20% of the total activity extractable from the mesothoracic ganglionic mass in which lie the neurosecretory cell bodies responsible for the synthesis of the diuretic hormone (Maddrell, 1963). In a further set of experiments the lengths of nerve which lie behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass but in front of a line across the middle of the 2nd abdominal segment were cut out
2 500 S. H. P. MADDRELL and assayed. They were compared for their hormonal content with the lengths of nerve that occur behind the level of the 2nd abdominal segment. The results are displayed in Table 1 and they clearly show that material possessing diuretic activity is largely confined to the lengths of abdominal nerve just behind the ganglionic mass. A further localization of the diuretic hormone was revealed by a comparison of the amounts of diuretic activity to be found in each of the different abdominal nerves. More hormone occurs in the nerves supplying abdominal segments 1, 2 and 3 than in the nerves supplying the other abdominal segments (Table 1). Table 1. The amounts of diuretic hormone to be found in the various parts of the abdominal nervous system Distal lengths of all Proximal lengths of One proximal length of the abdominal nerves all the abdominal each of nerves to (behind the 2nd nerves (in front abdominal segments Approximate concentration in number of parts/100/tl. needed to produce the same diuretic response from a set of isolated Malpighian tubules Number of assays Relative amount of diuretic hormone abdominal of the 2nd, * > segment) abdominal segment) And segments farther back. (2) Evidence from electron microscopy This study necessarily involved something which has apparently not been attempted previously; the tracing, in an almost complete series of sections, of axons running from individual cell bodies. In this case the axons followed were those leaving the neurosecretory cell bodies that lie at the back of the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. Some at least of these cell bodies are known from direct assay to contain the diuretic hormone (Maddrell, 1963). The axons were found to run forward in the ganglionic mass away from the cell bodies. Upon reaching the neuropile, each axon divides into two branches. One branch runs more deeply into the neuropile and appears to end there; quite possibly this is where the neurosecretory cell receives afferent stimulation. The other branch turns and runs back with other axons as a fibre tract which soon leaves the back of the ganglionic mass as an abdominal nerve. Text-fig. 1 shows diagrammatically the course of a neurosecretory axon, and representative sections can be seen in PI. 1. The tracing of the neurosecretory axons in the abdominal nerves becomes progressively more difficult; the distances involved are much greater and the axons themselves contain progressively fewer electron-dense granules and they change in diameter and in their position in the nerve. Tracing them by serial section was, therefore, no longer possible and the organization of the system was examined by looking at sections taken at numerous positions along the length of the nerves. In this way the neurosecretory axons were followed for some way down the nerves and although it was not possible to say exactly where they ended, from the appearance of the nerves at the level of the 2nd abdominal segment it is most likely that only a few of them run farther into the abdomen than this. However, some at least of the axons were observed to branch (Pis. 2 a, b) and in a few cases such a branch was seen to run to what appears
3 Site of release of the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius 501 to be a neurosecretory axon ending just under the fibrous nerve sheath (Pis. 2c, d). Indeed, a very obvious feature of this region is the presence just under the nerve sheath of numerous such neurosecretory axon endings (PL 3 a). They are characteristically swollen with neurosecretory granules; they contain no neurotubules; and not only is there no process from a Schwann cell intervening between them and the nerve sheath, but the nerve sheath over them is often much thinner than it is elsewhere and may be as thin as A (PL 36, c). The large number of these endings can be judged from the fact that a single transverse section of one nerve can show as many as twenty axon endings. Several of the endings contain groups of vesicles similar in appearance to synaptic vesicles (PL 4a). It has been suggested that such vesicles are involved in some way in the release of neurosecretion from neurosecretory axon terminals (for a discussion of this point see Bern &Hagadorn (1965) and Johnson (1966)). Neurosecretory cell body Swollen axon endings Text-fig, i. Diagrammatic representation of the course followed by a neurosecretory axon from one of the neurosecretory cells found at the back of the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. The dotted lines indicate the edges of the neuropile and of the ganglionic mass. The neurosecretory axons are not uniformly distributed among the abdominal nerves: six axons run into each of the abdominal nerves which supply abdominal segments i and 2, three enter each of the nerves which run to abdominal segment 3 and only one goes into each of the other nerves which supply the rest of the abdomen. The occurrence of neurosecretory axon endings follows a similar pattern in that many more are to be found at the surfaces of the nerves which innervate abdominal segments 1, 2 and 3 than in the others. It is not clear whether this is merely a reflexion of the numbers of axons in the nerves or whether it is that only one or a few axons branch in each nerve but that they branch more profusely in the more lateral nerves. Possibly some of these neurosecretory axons which originate from cell bodies in the mesothoracic ganglionic
4 5<D2 S. H. P. MADDRELL mass do not branch and are the ones which run right out to supply the epidermis in which neurosecretory axon terminals have been found (Maddrell, 1965, 1966). However, it is clear that the majority of neurosecretory axon endings to be found at the surface of the abdominal nerves are confined to those lengths of the more lateral nerves which he closest to the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. From this ultrastructural picture one can say that the axons from the neurosecretory cells at the back of the mesothoracic ganglionic mass run out into the abdominal nerves where some of them at least branch and end in the proximal lengths of nerve as swollen structures separated from the haemolymph solely by the nerve sheath. Since the distribution of axon endings corresponds with that of the diuretic hormone revealed by direct assay (section i), it seems very likely that large numbers of the axon endings contain the diuretic hormone, especially since some at least of the neurosecretory cell bodies from which the axons come have been directly shown to contain the hormone. The system looks as if it operates to release diuretic hormone not from the mesothoracic ganglionic mass but from a large number of points spread widely over the surface of the abdominal nerves, especially in the region just behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. The appearance of the neurosecretory axon endings in an insect fed 1 hr. before its nervous system was fixed backs up this idea. The swollen axon endings appeared to contain fewer granules and there was some evidence of release of neurosecretory granules by extrusion (PI. 4.0-d) similar to that which is thought to occur during the release of neurosecretory material in other animals (see, for example, Weiss, 1965; Normann, 1965; Smith & Smith, 1966). However, the following series of experiments were carried out as a more direct test of this suggestion. (3) Evidence from the effects of constriction on diuresis in fed insects In these experiments freshly fed insects were constricted at two different positions behind the level of the mesothoracic ganglionic mass to see what was the effect on subsequent diuresis. If the idea put forward at the end of section 2 is correct, then a constriction at the level of the 2nd abdominal segment (BB in Text-fig. 2) should stop diuresis because it comes between the release point of most of the hormone and the Malpighian tubules; conversely a ligature just behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass (AA in Text-fig. 2) should not affect diuresis. The insects were constricted by squeezing them with fine forceps held shut with clamps. At the level of the junction of the mesothorax and metathorax, i.e. just behind the ganglionic mass the constriction used was one in which the blades of the forceps were more or less uniformly separated across the width of the thorax by about 150/4 (measured under a dissecting microscope fitted with a micrometer eyepiece). The cuticle of the abdomen is much thinner and more flexible than that of the thorax and so it was feared that a tight constriction here might crush the abdominal nerves. To prevent this a thin glass rod of diameter about 150/4 was held between the tips of the forceps. This resulted in a uniform constriction comparable to the one used on the thorax, though, as explained below, because the cuticle is thinner such a constriction on the abdomen might reasonably be expected to be less effective than one on the thorax. The rate of diuresis in the constricted fed
5 Site of release of the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius 503 insects was followed by allowing the drops of urine to fall into wax-lined Petri dishes filled with liquid paraffin when their diameters could be measured and a note taken of the time at which they were produced (Maddrell, 1964 a). Text-fig. 3 displays some typical results. Clearly, a constriction placed just behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass does not prevent an effective and long-lasting release of the diuretic hormone Mesothorax Ganglionic mass 2 8 Abdomen Rectum Text-fig. 2. A diagram to show the relation of constrictions along the lines AA and BB to the mesothoracic ganglionic mass and the abdominal nervous system. into the haemolymph behind the constriction. However, a constriction at the level of the 2nd abdominal segment usually stops diuresis after a short period during which the diuretic hormone already in the haemolymph is being used up. That this is not due to damage to the nerves was shown in a number of cases where diuresis was resumed after the constrictions were removed. These results are obtained in spite of the fact
6 S. H. P. MADDRELL that the cross-sectional area occupied by the haemocoel, through which hormone in the haemolymph might move, must be much less under a constriction to 150 fi on the thorax than under a similar constriction on the abdomen, because the cuticle of the thorax is thicker than that of the abdomen (about 70 and 30/i respectively), and the thorax is less wide from side to side when constricted than is the abdomen (about 4-0 and 6-5 mm. respectively). This experiment shows that the release of the diuretic hormone is largely confined to that part of the insect behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass and in front of the 2nd abdominal segment = 40 o 30 I Time after constriction applied (min.) Text-fig. 3. The course of diuresis in freshly fed insects which were constricted either at the junction of the mesothorax and metathorax (open circles) or at the level of the 2nd abdominal segment (closed circles). Since this conclusion tallies with the suggestion made above from a consideration of the ultrastructure of the system and of the results of the assays for the diuretic hormone, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius is indeed released from the series of swollen neurosecretory axon endings which are found dotted over the surface of the abdominal nerves. DISCUSSION The nature of this system for the release of the diuretic hormone, which constitutes a neurohaemal system, is at first sight a little unexpected in that it involves many release points spread out over the surface of peripheral nerves. It is worth pointing out that very few insect hormones are released in such quantities that they can be detected in a single sample of haemolymph (for a discussion of this point see Fraenkel & Hsiao, 1965) but the diuretic hormone is one (Maddrell, 1962,1963). In fact the system for the release of the diuretic hormone is not an unreasonable one if one considers what
7 Site of release of the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius 505 sort of system might be involved in releasing such a hormone as the diuretic hormone which has a profound effect (acceleration of Malpighian tubule secretion by more than a thousand times) for a short space of time (a few hours) and which starts to take effect very quickly (within 2-3 min. of feeding starting (Maddrell, 1963)). A large number of release sites as in this system for the release of the diuretic hormone must obviously increase the rate at which an effective concentration of the hormone in the haemolymph can be attained. Depending on whether it is considered that flow of neurosecretory granules down the axons would be fast enough to replenish the axon endings or not, a large number of endings would reduce the speed at which such a movement would have to occur, or would allow a relatively slow rate of release of hormone at each axon ending to add up to a very much higher rate for the system as a whole so that release during a few hours might occur without replenishment of individual axon endings. The thinness of the nerve sheath over some of the axon endings should allow the hormone to appear in the haemolymph very soon after being released from the axon. It seems clear that the system for releasing the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius is rather well adapted to its function. Such a system is not the only way in which a rapid response can be achieved. A more local delivery of a pharmacologically active substance direct from a peripheral efferent nervous supply such as has been suggested for the plasticization of the abdominal cuticle in larvae of Rhodnius (Maddrell, 1965, 1966) and for the acceleration of the heart rate in Pcriplaneta (Johnson & Bowers, 1963; Johnson, 1966) could lead to such a result. However, Malpighian tubules are not known to be innervated and their structure is matched with their function in that they expose a large surface area to the haemolymph. It is not surprising, therefore, that they are controlled by a hormone carried in the haemolymph. A close parallel to the hormone-releasing system described in this paper for Rhodnius is to be found in the pericardial organs of crabs (Cooke, 1964; Maynard & Maynard, 1962). In this organ also there are axon endings packed with neurosecretory granules which are arranged at the surface of peripheral nerves. Here too the system releases a hormone which causes a rapid response, in this case of the heart rate, and finally here too the hormone is sufficiently concentrated in the haemolymph to be detectable in a single sample. The discovery of this neurohaemal system in Rhodnius, and analogy with the situation in Crustacea, leads one to suggest that there may turn out to be several different sites in the central nervous system of insects other than the corpus cardiacum from which hormones may be released into the haemolymph. Indeed, recent work by Raabe (1965, 1966) and Chalaye (1966) has described structures in the stick insect and locust which are associated with the ventral nerve cord and which appear to be sites of accumulation of large amounts of neurosecretion; possibly, therefore, these structures are neurohaemal organs. The neurosecretion involved was found to be rather unusual in that it does not stain with the usual neurosecretory stains, chrome haematoxylin phloxin and paraldehyde-fuchsin; it does, however, stain intensely with azan. This unusual staining reaction can now be correlated with the appearance of the neurosecretion as seen with the electron microscope. Instead of the more usual electron dense granules, the axons contain rather larger vesicles whose contents are nearly electron transparent (Brady & Maddrell, 1967). Structures similar to these possible
8 506 S. H. P. MADDRELL neurohaemal organs of the stick insect and locust have now been found in the cockroach (Brady & Maddrell, 1967). Just what hormones these structures might release is not clear, but it is possible that they release some of the products of the neurosecretory cells to be found in the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Some earlier work on the control of the release of the diuretic hormone (Maddrell, 19646) needs reconsideration in view of the conclusion reached here that the diuretic hormone is released from axons running a short way into the abdominal nerves. In the earlier work it was claimed that the cutting of the abdominal nerves just behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass stopped diuresis because it prevented sensory information from reaching the neurosecretory cells in the ganglionic mass. It is now clear that this operation must cut the axons from the neurosecretory cell bodies as indeed was suggested by Nunez (1963). However, it has now been possible to cut the abdominal nerves to segments 3-7 at the level of the 2nd abdominal segment, i.e. behind the points from which most of the diuretic hormone is released, and yet the operation still absolutely prevented any diuresis after feeding. Therefore, it still seems reasonable to suppose that sensory information from the abdomen is necessary for the release of the diuretic hormone, the more so when it is remembered that any of the nerves running from the mesothoracic ganglionic mass, other than the abdominal nerves, can be cut without affecting the diuretic response after feeding (Maddrell, 19645). It is worth noting at this point that diuresis in Anisotarsus also seems to be controlled by sensory information from the abdomen (Nunez, 1956) and a similar situation has now been shown in the cockroach (Dr. R. R. Mills, personal communication). SUMMARY 1. This investigation has sought the site of release of the diuretic hormone which appears in the haemolymph of larvae of Rhodnius shortly after they begin feeding. 2. Material possessing diuretic activity can be extracted in high concentration from those lengths of the peripheral abdominal nerves which lie just behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. 3. An electron microscope study of the mesothoracic ganglionic mass and the abdominal nerves which leave it has shown that the axons from the neurosecretory cell bodies in the ganglionic mass some of which at least have previously been shown to contain the diuretic hormone run out into the proximal lengths of the abdominal nerves where they branch. Some of the branches have been followed to neurosecretory axon endings which typically are packed with neurosecretory granules and lie immediately beneath the fibrous nerve sheath. 4. By constricting fed insects at various positions it has been possible to show that most of the diuretic hormone is released into the region close to but behind the mesothoracic ganglionic mass. 5. It is concluded that the release of diuretic hormone in Rhodnius is from a series of swollen neurosecretory axon endings dotted over the surface of those lengths of the peripheral abdominal nerves which lie close to the mesothoracic ganglionic mass.
9 Site of release of the diuretic hormone in Rhodnius 507 It is a pleasure to record my thanks to the Science Research Council and to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, for the awards of Research Fellowships, during the tenure of which this work was done. REFERENCES BERN, H. A. & HAGADORN, I. R. (1965). Neurosecretion. In Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates (eds. T. H. Bullock and G. A. Horridge), vol. I, pp San Francisco and London: Freeman. BRADY, J. & MADDRELL, S. H. P. (1967). Segmental neurohaemal organs in insects. Z. Zellforsch, (in the press.) CHALAYE, D. (1966). Recherches sur la destination des produits de neurosecretion de la chaine nerveuse ventrale du Criquet migrateur, Locusta imgratoria. C. r. hebd. Sianc. Acad. Sci., Paris 26a, COOKE, I. M. (1964). Electrical activity and release of neurosecretory material in crab pericardial organs. Comp. Biochem. Pkysiol. 13, FRAENKEL, G. & HSIAO, C. (1965). Bursicon, a hormone which mediates tanning of the cuticle in the adult fly and other insects. J. Insect Physiol. 11, JOHNSON, B. (1966). Fine structure of the lateral cardiac nerves of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) J. Insect Physiol. ia, JOHNSON, B. & BOWERS, B. (1963). Transport of neurohormones from the corpora cardiaca in insects. Science 141, MADDRELL, S. H. P. (1962). A diuretic hormone in Rhodnius prolixus Stal. Nature, Lond. 194, MADDRELL, S. H.P. (1963). Excretion in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus Stal. I. The control of diuresis. J. exp. Biol. 40, MADDRELL, S. H. P. (1964a). Excretion in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus Stal. II. The normal course of diuresis and the effect of temperature. J. exp. Biol. 41, MADDRELL, S. H. P. (19646). Excretion in the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus Stal III. The control of the release of the diuretic hormone. J. exp. Biol. 41, MADDRELL, S. H. P. (1965). Neurosecretory supply to the epidermis of an insect. Science 150, MADDRELL, S. H. P. (1966). Nervous control of the mechanical properties of the abdominal wall at feeding in Rhodnius. J. exp. Biol. 44, MAYNARD, D. M. & MAYNARD, E. A. (1962). Thoracic neurosecretory structures in Brachyura. III. Microanatomy of peripheral structures. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. a, NORMANN, T. C. (1965). The neurosecretory system of adult Calliphora erythrocephala I. The fine structure of the corpus cardiacum with some observations on adjacent organs. Z. Zellforsch. 67, NUNEZ, J. A. (1965). Untersuchungen iiber die Regelung des Wasserhaushaltes bei Amsotarsus cupripennis Germ. Z. vergl. Physiol. 38, JNUNEZ, J. A. (1963). Probable mechanism regulating water economy in Rhodnius prolixus. Nature, Lond. 194, 704. B.AABE, M. Recherches sur la neurosecretion dans la chaine nerveuse ventrale du Phasme, Clitumnus extradentatus: les epaissements des nerfs transverses, organes de signification probablement neurohemale. C. r. hebd. Sianc. Acad. Sci. Paris a6i, RAABE, M. (1966). Etude des phenomenes de neurosecretion au niveau de la chaine nerveuse ventrale de Phasmides. Bull. Soc. Zool. 90, SMITH, U. & SMITH, D. S. (1966). Observations on the secretory processes in the corpus cardiacum of the stick insect, Carausius morosus. J. Cell Sci. 1, "WEISS, M. (1965). The release of pituitary secretion in the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus (Guenther). Z. Zellforsch. 68, EXPLANATION OF PLATES PLATE I ~i(a) A field from a section through the mesothoracic ganglionic mass to show a neurosecretory cell body (nsc) and (top right) a bundle of axons which are running back to leave the ganglionic mass as a peripheral abdominal nerve. The bundle of axons contains several neurosecretory axons (asterisks) one of which (double asterisk) is the axon from the cell body in the field, x i(b) A section through a group of four neurosecretory axons shortly after they have left the cell bodies and before they reach the neuropile. Note that their profiles contain many more neurosecretory granules than do the profiles of the neurosecretory axons in i(a) which are farther from their cell bodies, x 11,500.
10 508 S. H. P. MADDRELL PLATES (a, b) Two sections at different levels through the same abdominal nerve to show the branching of a neurosecretory axon (asterisk). In z(a) the axon is beginning to branch, while in 2(6) the branches are separate. 2(0) x 15,500; 2(6) x 21,500. 2(<r, d) Two sections through the periphery of an abdominal nerve. In z(c) a neurosecretory axon (black asterisk) touches a neurosecretory axon ending (white asterisk) but is separated from it by a wall (arrow) In z(d), which is the next section but one, the cytoplasm of the axon is continuous with that of the ending (arrow). Note that neurotubules are confined to the preterminal portions of the axon. (c, d) x 25,5000. PLATE 3 3(a) A section through an abdominal nerve which supplies one side of abdominal segment 1. Note the large number of neurosecretory axon terminals situated at the periphery of the nerve immediately beneath the nerve sheath, x (6, e) Sections through large neurosecretory axon endings to show how thin the nerve sheath can be over such endings; in places it is less than 800 A thick. The section shown in 3(6) is a very thin one so that the neurosecretory granules appear uncharacteristically pale. 3(6) x 22,500; 3(c) x 25,500. PLATE 4 4(0) A section through the edge of an abdominal nerve to show two neurosecretory axon endings which contain structures similar to synaptic vesicles (in the areas close to the asterisks). The section also includes the nucleus of a Schwann cell (ten) and axons embedded in Schwann cell cytoplasm which contains very numerous microtubules (mt). x 31,500. 4(6, c, d) Sections through the edge of a small abdominal nerve of an insect fed 1 hr. prior to the fixation of its nervous system. In several places (arrows) neurosecretory granules appear to have been extruded from the neurosecretory axon endings beneath (asterisks). (6, c, d) all at x 60,500.
11 Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3 Plate 1 H. P. MADDRELL (Facing p. 508)
12 Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3 Plate 2 S. H. P. MADDRELL
13 Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3 Plate 3 S. H. P. MADDRELL
14 Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 45, No. 3 Plate 4 S. H. P. MADDRELL
HORMONAL CONTROL OF EXCRETION IN THE AMERICAN COCKROACH
J. Exp. Biol. (197), 4, 35-* 1 35 With 2 text-figures Printed in Great Britain HORMONAL CONTROL OF EXCRETION IN THE AMERICAN COCKROACH I. RELEASE OF A DIURETIC HORMONE FROM THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL GANGLION
More information[485] THE BREAKDOWN OF THE THORACIC GLAND IN THE ADULT INSECT, RHODNIUS PROLIXUS
[485] THE BREAKDOWN OF THE THORACIC GLAND IN THE ADULT INSECT, RHODNIUS PROLIXUS BY V. B. WIGGLESWORTH Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge (Received 3 November 1954) The thoracic or ' prothoracic'
More informationMaintenance of function in single epithelial cells spatially isolated from similar cells
J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 90, 409-414 (1985) 409 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 Maintenance of function in single epithelial cells spatially isolated from similar cells S.
More informationTHE HORMONAL CONTROL OF DIURESIS IN THE CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLY PIERIS BRASSICAE
J. exp. Biol. (1976). 65, 56S-S75 565 fvith 5 figures Printed in Great Britain THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF DIURESIS IN THE CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLY PIERIS BRASSICAE BY SUSAN W. NICOLSON Department of Zoology,
More informationAspects of the control of diuresis in the blood gorging insect, Rhodnius prolixus
Aspects of the control of diuresis in the blood gorging insect, Rhodnius prolixus 17 Pestycydy, 2008, (1-2), 17-26. ISSN 0208-8703 Aspects of the control of diuresis in the blood gorging insect, Rhodnius
More informationInternal Insect Anatomy
EEB 286 - Lab 4 (Internal insect anatomy) 1 Internal Insect Anatomy During today's lab we will look at the internal anatomy of Gromphadorhina portentosa, a tropical, Madagascan cockroach. Dissection of
More informationTHE PENETRATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE COCKROACH PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.
J Exp. Biol. (1967), 46, i53-»59 Printed in Great Britain I53 THE PENETRATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE COCKROACH PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. BY K. A. LORD, G. E. GREGORY AND
More informationDistribution of the Two Kinds of Myofilaments in Insect Muscles
AM. ZOOLOCIST, 7:451-456 (1967). Distribution of the Two Kinds of Myofilaments in Insect Muscles JACQUES AUBER Laboratoire de Cytologie, Faculte des Sciences, Paris, et Laboratoire de Microscopie Electronique
More informationTHE MODE OF ACTION OF THE CORPUS CARDIACUM ON THE HIND GUT IN PERJPLANETA AMERICANA
Exp. BioL (196a), 39, 319-324 219 ith 1 fote and 3 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE MODE OF ACTION OF THE CORPUS CARDIACUM ON THE HIND GUT IN PERJPLANETA AMERICANA BY K. G. DAVEY Zoology Laboratory,
More informationTHE CONTROL OF DIURESIS IN THE TSETSE FLY GLOSSINA AUSTENI: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE DIURETIC HORMONE BY J. D. GEE*
J. exp. Biol. (1975), 63, 391-401 301 ^With 5 figures Printed in Great Britain THE CONTROL OF DIURESIS IN THE TSETSE FLY GLOSSINA AUSTENI: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE DIURETIC HORMONE BY J. D. GEE*
More informationCOPULATION AND EGG-PRODUCTION IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS: THE ROLE OF THE SPERMATHECAE
J. Exp. BM. (1965), 4*. 373-378 3-73 With 1 text-figure Printed in Great Britain COPULATION AND EGG-PRODUCTION IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS: THE ROLE OF THE SPERMATHECAE BY K. G. DAVEY Institute of Parasitology,
More informationPSYCHE THE FUSED THORACIC GANGLIA OF THE FIBER TRACTS OF THE ADULT EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDZE) BY ROBEttT W.
PSYCHE VOL. XLVIII DECEMBER, 1941 No. 4 THE FIBER TRACTS OF THE FUSED THORACIC GANGLIA OF THE ADULT EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDZE) BY ROBEttT W. PYLE Biological Laboratories, Harvard
More information5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE: A SECOND DIURETIC HORMONE IN RHODNIUS PROUXUS. Accepted 26 October 1990
J. exp. Biol. 156, 557-566 (1991) 557 Primed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE: A SECOND DIURETIC HORMONE IN RHODNIUS PROUXUS BY S. H. P. MADDRELL 1, W. S. HERMAN
More informationTHE ACTION OF THE EXCRETORY APPARATUS OF CALLIPHORA VOMITORIA IN HANDLING INJECTED SUGAR SOLUTION
J. exp. Biol. (1976), 64, 131-140 With 8 figures Printed in Great Britain THE ACTION OF THE EXCRETORY APPARATUS OF CALLIPHORA VOMITORIA IN HANDLING INJECTED SUGAR SOLUTION BY G. KNOWLES* Department of
More informationStimulation of Shell Regeneration by Crude Extract of Subesophaqeal Ganglionic Mass in Giant African Snails, Achatina fulica (Bowdich)
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 36 : 30-34 (2002) Stimulation of Shell Regeneration by Crude Extract of Subesophaqeal Ganglionic Mass in Giant African Snails, Achatina fulica (Bowdich) Viyada Seehabutr ABSTRACT
More informationFACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIURNAL RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.
[ 224 ] FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIURNAL RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. BY JANET E. HARKER Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge {Received 7 October 1955) INTRODUCTION Two main
More informationUltrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich)
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 36 : 285-290 (2002) Ultrastructure of Connective Tissue Cells of Giant African Snails Achatina fulica (Bowdich) Viyada Seehabutr ABSTRACT The connective tissue sheath of cerebral
More informationPHYSIOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITY IN AN EPITHELIUM WITH AN APPARENTLY UNIFORM STRUCTURE
J. exp. Biol. (1978), 75. 133-145 133 With 7 figures frinted in Great Britain PHYSIOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITY IN AN EPITHELIUM WITH AN APPARENTLY UNIFORM STRUCTURE BY S. H. P. MADDRELL Agricultural Research
More informationCENTRAL CONTROL OF AN INSECT SENSORY INTERNEURONE
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), S3, 137-145 With 4 text-figures Printed in Great Britain CENTRAL CONTROL OF AN INSECT SENSORY INTERNEURONE BY J. M. MCKAY* Department of Zoology, Makerere University College, Kampala,
More informationIntroduction to Nervous Tissue
Introduction to Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life Three basic functions 1. sensing changes with sensory receptors 2. interpreting
More informationSOME species of Nephtys, particularly those from the north-east Pacific, but
505 The 'Posterior Lobes' of Nephtys: Observations on three New England Species By R. B. CLARK (From the Department of Zoology, University of Bristol) With one plate (fig. 2) SUMMARY The disposition of
More informationACTIVITY IN THE LOCUST NERVE CORD IN RESPONSE TO WING-NERVE STIMULATION
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), 5a, 667-673 667 With 3 text-figures Printed in Great Britain ACTIVITY IN THE LOCUST NERVE CORD IN RESPONSE TO WING-NERVE STIMULATION BY ERIK GETTRUP* Department of Zoology and Department
More informationsusceptibility of either the axons in the dorsal and ventral roots, or the intramedullary
213 J. Physiol. (31958) I40, 2I3-2I9 THE SITE OF ACTION OF PROCAINE ON THE ISOLATED SPINAL CORD OF THE FROG BY M. HARMEL AND J. L. MALCOLM From the Department of Physiology, State University of New York,
More informationBiology 218 Human Anatomy
Chapter 17 Adapted form Tortora 10 th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Overview of the Nervous System (p. 537) 1. The nervous system and the endocrine system are the body s major control and integrating centers.
More information[1920], in studies on the human pleural membrane, pointed out the
'ca -.101 6II.25:6II.OI8.86 NERVES AND NERVE ENDINGS IN THE VISCERAL PLEURA OF THE CAT. BY A. I. G. McLAUGHLIN. (From the Unit Laboratories, University College Hospital Medical School.) (Received September
More informationENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION
ENHANCEMENT OF THE GRANULATION OF ADRFNERGIC STORAGE VESICLES IN DRUG-FREE SOLUTION TAKASHI IWAYAMA and J. B. FURNESS. From the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Dr.
More informationMajor Structures of the Nervous System. Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors
Major Structures of the Nervous System Brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors Nervous System Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) consists
More information(From the Kerckhoff Laboratories of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena)
Published Online: 20 November, 1950 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.34.2.137 Downloaded from jgp.rupress.org on January 12, 2019 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SYNAPSES OF A SINGLE MOTOR FIBER BY C.
More informationNervous system. Made up of. Peripheral nervous system. Central nervous system. The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system.
Made up of The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Brain Spinal Cord Cranial nerve Spinal nerve branch from the brain connect
More informationPOSTSYNAPTIC INHIBITION OF CRAYFISH TONIC FLEXOR MOTOR NEURONES BY ESCAPE COMMANDS
J. exp. Biol. (1980), 85, 343-347 343 With a figures Printed in Great Britain POSTSYNAPTIC INHIBITION OF CRAYFISH TONIC FLEXOR MOTOR NEURONES BY ESCAPE COMMANDS BY J. Y. KUWADA, G. HAGIWARA AND J. J. WINE
More informationINTERNAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SUB- OESOPHAGEAL GANGLION NEURO SECRETORY CYCLE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.
INTERNAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE SUB- OESOPHAGEAL GANGLION NEURO SECRETORY CYCLE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L. BY JANET E. HARKER Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge {Received 31 August 1959)
More informationBIOH111. o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system
BIOH111 o Cell Module o Tissue Module o Integumentary system o Skeletal system o Muscle system o Nervous system o Endocrine system Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 TEXTBOOK AND REQUIRED/RECOMMENDED
More informationInternal Morphology. 1.Cut the legs and wings (if present) off your specimen. 5.Use forceps to pull skeleton apart, exposing internal systems.
Internal Morphology Insect Dissections Often the best approach to understanding internal morphology is by way of a dissection. For this reason, the entire chapter should be treated as a laboratory activity.
More informationFine Structure of the Normal Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cat and Monkey*
Fine Structure of the Normal Trigeminal Ganglion in the Cat and Monkey* DAVID S. MAXWELL, PH.D. Principal Contributor and Leader of Discussion HE inclusion of animal material m a y be justified as a means
More informationEssentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation. Short Answer. Figure 1.1
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Short Answer Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, identify the following: 1) Label A points to the cavity. 2) Label B
More informationNervous system Overview ( The master communication system)
Nervous system Overview ( The master communication system) Neuron process Cell body nucleus Neuroglia Nerve Tissue COMPOSITION OF NERVE TISSUE Two principal types of cells, neurons and supporting cells
More informationElectron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis
JOURNAL of BAcTRiowOY, Dc. 1969, p. 1402-1408 Copyright 0 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 100, No. 3 Printed In U.S.A. NOTES Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis JACK MANILOFF
More informationSHORT AND LONG MEMORIES IN OCTOPUS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL LOBE SYSTEM
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), 53. 385-393 385 With 4 text-figures fprinted in Great Britain SHORT AND LONG MEMORIES IN OCTOPUS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL LOBE SYSTEM BY J. Z. YOUNG Department of Anatomy,
More informationULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE INFECTIVE LARVAE OF NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS IN THE SKIN OF IMMUNE MICE by D. L. Lee ABSTRACT Infective stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are immobilized within
More informationNervous Tissue. Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology
Nervous Tissue Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Associate Professor of Anatomy and Histology Controls and integrates all body activities within limits that maintain life Three basic functions 1. sensing changes with
More informationNervous System. Master controlling and communicating system of the body. Secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
Nervous System Master controlling and communicating system of the body Interacts with the endocrine system to control and coordinate the body s responses to changes in its environment, as well as growth,
More information2401 : Anatomy/Physiology
Dr. Chris Doumen Week 5 2401 : Anatomy/Physiology Introduction Neural Tissue TextBook Readings Pages 388 through 397. Make use of the figures in your textbook ; a picture is worth a thousand words! Work
More informationInsect nervous system. Zoo 514 Dr. Reem Alajmi
Insect nervous system Zoo 514 Dr. Reem Alajmi Nervous System The nervous system is the primary mechanism of conduction and control in the body. In insects it serves as an elaborate (complex) connecting
More informationANSC/FSTC 607 Biochemistry and Physiology of Muscle as a Food INNERVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MUSCLE
ANSC/FSTC 607 Biochemistry and Physiology of Muscle as a Food INNERVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MUSCLE I. Organization of the motor neuron and myofibers A. Motoneuron bifurcates into many branches (terminal
More informationNervous System. Electrical Signals.III Signal Transmission at Synapses Neurotransmitters.V Neural Circuits.VI
Nervous System Overview.I Histology.II Electrical Signals.III Signal Transmission at Synapses Neurotransmitters.V Neural Circuits.VI Repairs.VII Pathology.VIII.IV 1 Controls and integrates all body activities
More informationTHE QUESTION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOLGI VESICLES AND SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN OCTOPUS NEURONS
J. Cell Set. 7, 89- (97) Printed in Great Britain THE QUESTION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOLGI VESICLES AND SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN OCTOPUS NEURONS E. G. GRAY Department of Anatomy, University College London,
More information******************************************************************************************************* MUSCLE CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY
BIOLOGY 211: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ******************************************************************************************************* MUSCLE CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY *******************************************************************************************************
More informationThe Nervous System: Neural Tissue Pearson Education, Inc.
13 The Nervous System: Neural Tissue Introduction Nervous System Characteristics Controls and adjust the activity of the body Provides swift but brief responses The nervous system includes: Central Nervous
More informationEM: myelin sheath shows a series of concentrically arranged lamellae
EM: myelin sheath shows a series of concentrically arranged lamellae ---- how to form myelin sheath? Schwann cell invagination and envelop the axon form mesaxon mesaxon become longer and longer winding
More informationNeurophysiology scripts. Slide 2
Neurophysiology scripts Slide 2 Nervous system and Endocrine system both maintain homeostasis in the body. Nervous system by nerve impulse and Endocrine system by hormones. Since the nerve impulse is an
More informationThe Neuron. Consists Of: - cell body. - Dendrites - axon - axon terminal - myelin. dendrites Axon terminal. Cell body. nucleus. axon.
The Neuron Consists Of: - cell body - Dendrites - axon - axon terminal - myelin dendrites Axon terminal Cell body nucleus myelin axon THE SYNAPSE Definition: It is a point of contact between the axon of
More informationThe 7 th lecture. Anatomy and Physiology For the. 1 st Class. By Dr. Ala a Hassan Mirza
The 7 th lecture In Anatomy and Physiology For the 1 st Class By Dr. Ala a Hassan Mirza Nervous System (part I) The Nerve Tissue and the Nervous System The Tissues of the Body There are 4 types of tissues
More informationON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1
ON THE PRESENCE OF A CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELL TYPE WITHIN THE BOVINE CERVICAL MUCOSA 1 R. I. Wordinger, 2 J. B. Ramsey, I. F. Dickey and I. R. Hill, Jr. Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
More informationNERVOUS TISSUE. 1. Functional units of the nervous system; receive, process, store and transmit information to other neurons, muscle cells or glands.
NERVOUS TISSUE LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Characterize and contrast the structure of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and axons 2. List the classification of synapses and identify the basic structures of a
More information(From the Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, Kansas)
Published Online: 25 July, 1955 Supp Info: http://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.1.4.271 Downloaded from jcb.rupress.org on September 3, 2018 THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ADULT VERTEBRATE PERIPHERAL MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
More informationUltrastructural studies of human cutaneous nerve
J. clin. Path. (1965), 18, 188 Ultrastructural studies of human cutaneous nerve with special reference to lamellated cell inclusions and vacuole-containing cells MARJORE J. EVANS, J. B. FNEAN, AND A. L.
More information20 2 Stomach Fig. 2.1 An illustration showing different patterns of the myenteric plexus peculiar to the regions in the guinea-pig stomach stained wit
Stomach 2 The stomach is unique in that ICC have a different distribution in proximal and distal regions of the same organ. ICC-CM and ICC-LM are densely distributed throughout the thick circular and longitudinal
More informationThe Histology of the Nervous System of an Insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) II. The Central Ganglia. By V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
299 The Histology of the Nervous System of an Insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera) II. The Central Ganglia By V. B. WIGGLESWORTH (From the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge) With four plates
More informationSHORT COMMUNICATION STRETCH RECEPTOR ORGANS IN THE THORAX OF A TERRESTRIAL ISOPOD (ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE)
J. exp. Biol. 149, 515-519 (1990) 515 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1990 SHORT COMMUNICATION STRETCH RECEPTOR ORGANS IN THE THORAX OF A TERRESTRIAL ISOPOD (ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE)
More informationThe Structure of Viruses of the Newcastle Disease- Mumps-Influenza (Myxovirus) Group
680 * VALENTINE, R. C. & ISAACS, A. (1957). J. gen. Microbiol. 16, 680-685 The Structure of Viruses of the Newcastle Disease- Mumps-Influenza (Myxovirus) Group BY R. C. VALENTINE AND A. IsAAcS National
More information(From The Rockefeller Institute) Materials and Methods. Observations with the Electron Microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE SKIN OF THE RABBIT* BY ROBERT S. STONE,~ M.D., RICHARD E. SHOPE, M.D., DAN H. MOORE, P,~.D. (From The Rockefeller Institute) PLATES
More informationELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A SMALL PIGMENTED CUTANEOUS LESION*
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF A SMALL PIGMENTED CUTANEOUS LESION* The description of the lesion in the title of this rcport is intentionally non-committal. Diagnosed clinically as a lentigo, it was removed as
More informationChapter 7 Nerve tissue 1 Liu Jiamei
Chapter 7 Nerve tissue 1 Liu Jiamei General description: nerve tissue nerve cells (neurons): show numerous long processes receive the stimulation make contact with each other, conduct the nerve impulse
More informationCALCIUM-DEPENDENCE OF NEUROSECRETION BY EXOCYTOSIS
J. Exp. Bid. (1974). 6i, 401-409 4 plates and 1 figure Great Britain CALCIUM-DEPENDENCE OF NEUROSECRETION BY EXOCYTOSIS BY TOM CHRISTIAN NORMANN* Institute of General Zoology, University of Copenhagen,
More informationAxon Nerve impulse. Axoplasm Receptor. Axomembrane Stimuli. Schwann cell Effector. Myelin Cell body
Nervous System Review 1. Explain a reflex arc. 2. Know the structure, function and location of a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron 3. What is (a) Neuron Axon Nerve impulse Axoplasm Receptor
More informationFundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue. Nervous System. Basic Divisions of the Nervous System C H A P T E R 12.
C H A P T E R 12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Nervous System Sensory input Integration Motor output Figure 12.1 Basic Divisions of the Nervous System Brain CNS Spinal cord Nerves
More informationThe Nervous System PART A
7 The Nervous System PART A PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION ELAINE N. MARIEB Structural Classification
More informationWhat Cell Make Up the Brain and Spinal Cord
What Cell Make Up the Brain and Spinal Cord Jennifer LaVail, Ph.D. (http://anatomy.ucsf.edu/pages/lavaillab/index.html) What kinds of cells are these?" Neuron?" Epithelial cell?" Glial cell?" What makes
More informationNervous Tissue and Histology of CNS
Nervous Tissue and Histology of CNS Functions of Nervous System Like the CPU of a computer, the nervous system is the master controlling system of the body. It is designed to constantly and rapidly adjust
More information2. What is the difference between a compound eye and your eye?
INTRODUCTION: If numbers alone are used as a measure of success, the jointedlegged animals are the most successful animals. Their body segmentation suggests that they evolved from segmented worms. The
More informationThe Alimentary Canal of the Aphid Prociphilus Tesselata Fitch
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 38, Issue 3 (May, 1938) 1938-05 The Alimentary Canal of the Aphid Prociphilus
More informationHOLE S ANATOMY CHAPTER 5, PART II Lecture notes
HOLE S ANATOMY CHAPTER 5, PART II Lecture notes I. Connective Tissue A. Structure 1. have few cells that are spaced apart and can divide; two categories: a. fixed cells cells that are present in tissue
More informationGIANT FIBRE AND SMALL FIBRE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE EVASIVE RESPONSE OF THE COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA
J. Exp. Biol. (1970), 5a, 313-324 313 With 8 text-figuru Printed in Great Britain GIANT FIBRE AND SMALL FIBRE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN THE EVASIVE RESPONSE OF THE COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA BY D. DAGAN
More informationChapter 22. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Worksheets. 561
Chapter 22 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Worksheets (Opening image copyright by Sebastian Kaulitzki, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.) Lesson 22.1: The Nervous System Lesson 22.2: The
More informationLec #2 histology. Bronchioles:
Lec #2 histology. Last lecture we talked about the upper respiratory tract histology, this one is about the lower part histology. We will discuss the histology of: -bronchioles -respiratory bronchioles
More informationHASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 11a Lab Activity
HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 11a Lab Activity Name(s): Period: Date: The Nervous System The nervous system is an incredibly complex network of tissues that are capable of carrying information throughout
More informationNervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization
Nervous Systems: Diversity & Functional Organization Diversity of Neural Signaling The diversity of neuron structure and function allows neurons to play many roles. 3 basic function of all neurons: Receive
More informationHuman Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 11: Neural Tissue & The Nervous System
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 11: Neural Tissue & The Nervous System Question No. 1 of 10 The human body contains different types of tissue. The tissue is formed into organs and organ systems.
More informationSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE OF NEURONS (a) (b) Dendrites Cell body Initial segment collateral terminals (a) Diagrammatic representation of a neuron. The break in
More informationChapter 17 Nervous System
Chapter 17 Nervous System 1 The Nervous System Two Anatomical Divisions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Two Types of Cells Neurons Transmit nerve impulses
More informationAutonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system organization Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
More informationBasic Body Structure
Basic Body Structure The Cell All life consists of microscopic living structures called cells. They perform various functions throughout the body. All cells are similar in structure, but not identical.
More informationSkeletal Muscle : Structure
1 Skeletal Muscle : Structure Dr.Viral I. Champaneri, MD Assistant Professor Department of Physiology 2 Learning objectives 1. Gross anatomy of the skeletal muscle 2. Myofilaments & their molecular structure
More informationNeurosecretory control of ovarian development in Schistocerca gregaria
57 Neurosecretory control of ovarian development in Schistocerca gregaria By K. C. HIGHNAM (From the Department of Zoology, The University, Sheffield 10) With i plate (fig. 5) Summary Cautery of the neurosecretory
More informationMuscle Tissue. Xie Fenfen. Department of Histology and Embryology School of Basic Medicine Anhui Medical University
Muscle Tissue Xie Fenfen Email:xff2005024@126.com Department of Histology and Embryology School of Basic Medicine Key points The structural differences (LM) of 3 types of muscle fibers Molecular structure
More informationThe developmental history of a sensory ganglion cell
(bozza v1, luglio 2016 per VC) The developmental history of a sensory ganglion cell by Brian Freeman, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW (b.freeman@unsw.edu.au) The sensory ganglion cell (e.g., in spinal
More informationTHE PASSIVE PERMEABILITY OF INSECT MALPIGHIAN TUBULES TO ORGANIC SOLUTES
y. Exp. Biol. (1974), 60, 641-651 64.! With 5 text-figures Printed in Great Britain THE PASSIVE PERMEABILITY OF INSECT MALPIGHIAN TUBULES TO ORGANIC SOLUTES BY S. H. P. MADDRELL AND B. O. C. GARDINER A.R.C.
More informationNervous System C H A P T E R 2
Nervous System C H A P T E R 2 Input Output Neuron 3 Nerve cell Allows information to travel throughout the body to various destinations Receptive Segment Cell Body Dendrites: receive message Myelin sheath
More informationChapter 12 The Nervous System INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Central Nervous System (CNS): STRUCTURE BRAIN SPINAL CORD NERVES
Chapter 12 The Nervous System PowerPoint by John McGill Supplemental Notes by Beth Wyatt INTRODUCTION TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE BRAIN SPINAL CORD NERVES Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain Spinal
More informationOutline. Neuron Structure. Week 4 - Nervous System. The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Outline Week 4 - The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses Neurons Neuron structures Types of neurons Electrical activity of neurons Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Synapses Release of
More informationNeuromuscular Control and Proprioception of the Shoulder
Neuromuscular Control and Proprioception of the Shoulder Neuromuscular Control and Proprioception of the Shoulder 3 Neuromuscular Control and Proprioception of the Shoulder 5 6 Atlas of the Shoulders
More informationBASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY NERVE ENDINGS ZSOLT LIPOSITS
BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY NERVE ENDINGS ZSOLT LIPOSITS 1 11. előadás. Prof. Liposits Zsolt NERVE ENDINGS I. Effectors and receptors 2 NERVE ENDINGS NEURONS COMMUNICATE WITH NON-NEURONAL ELEMENTS VIA SPECIALIZED
More informationNerve Cell Flashcards
1. What does the word innervates mean? Refers to a nerve supplying a muscle or organ. For example, The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm muscle. 2. 3 parts of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous
More informationCrayfish Dissection. Objectives: Describe the appearance of various organs found in a crayfish. Name the organs that make up systems of the crayfish.
Crayfish Dissection Objectives: Describe the appearance of various organs found in a crayfish. Name the organs that make up systems of the crayfish. Background: Like all crustaceans, a crayfish has a fairly
More informationAnatomy Review Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.
Anatomy Review Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction The structure of neurons reflects their function.
More informationIdentification of the spermatogenic stages in living seminiferous tubules of man
Identification of the spermatogenic stages in living seminiferous tubules of man V. Nikkanen, K.-O. S\l=o"\derstr\l=o"\m and M. Parvinen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Central
More informationThe development of projections and connections from transplanted locust sensory neurons
J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 85, 207-224 (1985) 207 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1985 The development of projections and connections from transplanted locust sensory neurons HILARY
More informationRespiration Cellular Respiration Understand the relationship between glucose breakdown and ATP when you burn glucose with the help of oxygen, it
Respiration Cellular Respiration Understand the relationship between glucose breakdown and ATP when you burn glucose with the help of oxygen, it traps chemical energy into ATP Energy found in glucose stores
More informationLesson 33. Objectives: References: Chapter 16: Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 16:
Lesson 33 Lesson Outline: Nervous System Structure and Function Neuronal Tissue Supporting Cells Neurons Nerves Functional Classification of Neuronal Tissue Organization of the Nervous System Peripheral
More information