Problem-Based Pain Management

Transcription

1 Problem-Based Pain Management

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3 Problem-Based Pain Management Eric S. Hsu Clinical Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA Charles Argoff Professor of Neurology, Albany Medical College, and Director, Comprehensive Pain Center, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA Katherine E. Galluzzi Professor and Chair, Department of Geriatrics, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Raphael J. Leo Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, NY, USA Andrew Dubin Program Director and Associate Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA

4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / Eric S. Hsu, Charles Argoff, Katherine E. Galluzzi, Raphael J. Leo, and Andrew Dubin 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by CPI Group Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Problem-based pain management / Eric S. Hsu... [et al.]. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (Paperback) I. Hsu, Eric S. [DNLM: 1. Pain Management. 2. Diagnosis, Differential. 3. Pain diagnosis. WL 704.6] RC dc ISBN Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors, and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors, and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

5 Contents List of contributing authors Preface page ix xi Section 1 Headache 1 Migraine headache 1 2 Cluster headache 8 3 Tension-type headache 13 4 Chronic daily headache 18 5 Post-lumbar-puncture headache 23 Section 2 Head pain 6 Trigeminal neuralgia 27 7 Temporomandibular joint syndrome and orofacial pain 32 8 Occipital neuralgia 37 Section 3 Neck and shoulder 9 Neck strain/sprain Cervical radiculopathy Cervical facet syndrome Cervicobrachial pain syndrome, cervical dystonia, and spasmodic torticollis Brachial plexopathy Thoracic outlet syndrome 63 v

6 vi Contents 15 Shoulder arthritis Shoulder bursitis and tendinitis Rotator cuff tear 77 Section 4 Upper limb 18 Elbow degenerative joint disease and elbow bursitis Tennis and golfer s elbow: lateral and medial epicondylitis Nerve entrapments at the elbow Hand and wrist arthritis Carpal tunnel syndrome 102 Section 5 Thorax 23 Costosternal, costochondral, and costovertebral syndromes Intercostal neuralgia Post-thoracotomy, post-cardiac surgery, and post-mastectomy pain syndromes Thoracic spinal pain 125 Section 6 Abdomen and pelvis 27 Acute and chronic pancreatitis Functional abdominal pain Groin pain, ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral neuralgia Coccydynia Interstitial cystitis Pelvic pain and endometriosis 161 Section 7 Spine 33 Acute and chronic back pain, back strain and sprain 167

7 Contents vii 34 Compression fracture Lumbosacral radicular pain and lumbar radiculopathy 185 With contributions from Jeffrey Loh 36 Sciatica and piriformis syndrome Lumbar spinal stenosis Lumbar facet syndrome Sacroiliac joint pain Lumbar post-laminectomy syndrome 211 With contributions from Christine Lee and Talin Evazyan Section 8 Hip and lower limb 41 Hip arthritis and bursitis pain Meralgia paresthetica Knee arthritis and bursitis pain Knee sprains and tendinitis Degenerative joint disease pain of the ankle, foot, and toe 238 Section 9 Pain syndromes and special topics 46 Myofascial pain syndrome Fibromyalgia pain syndrome Pain in rheumatism Herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia Complex regional pain syndrome I (RSD) and II (causalgia) Painful polyneuropathy Pain in human immunodeficiency virus-related neuropathy Central pain and neurologic disorders Phantom limb pain Burn pain 307

8 viii Contents 56 Acute postoperative pain management Pain during pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation Sickle cell disease Pain in critical care Pediatric pain Geriatric pain Cancer pain, palliative and end-of-life care Opioid tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction 360 Index 368

9 Contributing authors Talin Evazyan, MD Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA Christine Lee, MD Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA Jeffrey Loh, MD Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA ix

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11 Preface Pain management is an essential part of clinical practice for all healthcare providers. However, there is no suitable choice for a quick, concise, and pertinent reference book covering the diagnosis and management of common pain syndromes. There are a few comprehensive and cumbersome books with more detailed information, but these are suitable for use only as academic textbooks or as resources in research. On the other hand, thinner books are usually geared toward review and preparation for the subspecialty board exams in pain medicine, and illustrated atlases on interventional pain procedures serve only as instruction manuals for various options in the diagnosis and treatment of pain. In preparing this book I am very privileged to have collaborated with four outstanding co-authors in neurology, psychiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and internal medicine/gerontology. This is a new book that consists of problem-based chapters geared toward real-world pain management. All the chapters follow a standard, easy-to-read, and quick-access format covering (1) clinical presentation, (2) signs and symptoms, (3) laboratory tests, (4) imaging studies, (5) differential diagnosis, (6) pharmacotherapy, (7) non-pharmacologic approaches, (8) interventional procedures, (9) follow-up, and (10) prognosis. This is a pocket-size book and an e-book. Although this first edition is in black and white, illustrations and colorful icons could be used in future editions to catch the eye at a glance and facilitate reading and comprehension. The book is planned to be regularly updated, with a new edition every four or five years. In addition to this practical reference book on pain management, readers may also find it useful to refer to a number of other books published by Cambridge University Press for further information, including Stahl s Essential Psychopharmacology, Essential Neuropharmacology, and Essential Pain Pharmacology. We anticipate that the market for this book will be very wide, encompassing primary care, anesthesiology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, psychiatry, and any specialty with an interest in pain management. This book is intended for medical students, for residents, fellows, and trainees in medicine, for mid-level providers such as nurse practitioners and physician assistants, and it may also prove useful as a quick update for the practicing attending physician and consultant. The book may also have a potential use in the pharmaceutical industry, as an aid to facilitate marketing and promotion. xi

12 xii Preface Our aim is to provide the tools for an education in the proper diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of acute and chronic pain conditions. We hope that our book may also inspire various research and development teams to take an interest in the clinical study of pain. We hope that the book will enhance the understanding of painful conditions, eliminate the barriers to adequate treatment, and improve the quality of life of pain patients and their loved ones. The team at Cambridge University Press offers tireless effort to guide authors throughout the journey to publication. I would like to thank Deborah Russell, editorial director of medicine; Jane Seakins, assistant editor/publishing assistant; and Hugh Brazier, copy-editor. The book is dedicated to my wife and children, who have encouraged me throughout, and have provided the motivation to accomplish this project. Eric S. Hsu