Virus Status of Cherry Cultivars and Elites - Identification, Incidence and Influence on Growth and Yield

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1 Virus Status of Cherry Cultivars and Elites - Identification, Incidence and Influence on Growth and Yield Snezhana Milusheva, Svetoslav Malchev and Argir Zhivondov Fruit Growing Institute, 12 Ostromila str Plovdiv, Bulgaria

2 The negative economic effect of the virus diseases on cherry finds expression in declining leaf and flower buds, forming of less fruits with bad flavour, decreasing of tree vigour and premature dying. Besides the yield of fruit-bearing orchards, the virus infections could be compromise the breeding of new cultivars, as in selection the virus contaminations would reflected on the evaluation of the economic traits of the elites and hybrids. Activities on virus disease in cherry: Investigations during virus status in cherry orchards; -virus status in new bred genotypes (elites and hybrids). Investigations have started in Nepoviruses - Strawberry latent ring spot virus (SLRSV) and Tomato ring spot virus (ToRSV); - little cherry virus (LChV)

3 Identification and incidence of viruses in cherry cultivars Table 1. Results from ELISA. Virus N n % PNRSV PDV ACLSV ApMV CLRV ArMV RpRSV PPV PeAMV Cultivars tested: Bigareau Burlat, Stella, Starcrimson cherry, Bing, Van, Lambert, Regina, Kordia, Summit and Starking Hardy Giant. Fig 1. Mixed infection by PNRSV and CLRV in cv. Van. Screening of nematodes species from family Longidoridae and their density- Xiphinema diversicaudatum, X. pachtaicum and X. simile.

4 Virus identification and incidence in new bred genotypes It was studied the virus status of 2 new bred cherry cultivars (Kosara and Rosalina) and 10 cherry elites. Visual inspections for symptoms presence/absence and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were carried out in three consecutive vegetative cycles. In the spring, the following symptoms were observed: chlorotic spots, deformation, rolling of the leaves; shortened internodes of the shoots and drying of some of branches; smaller fruits incompletely coloured, sometimes with distorted shape and in some cases with necrotic spots. Fig. 2. E 20-77, infected by CLRV. Fig. 3. Mixedinfection by ACLSV+CLRV on E

5 Serological identification The data showed that the most distributed virus was Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), identified in single or mixed infection in 56.4 % from the tested trees. The infection levels for other phytopathogens tested were as follows: Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) 16.4%, Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) 9%, Prune dwarf virus (PDV) % and Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV) 5.4%. Raspberry ring spot virus (RpRSV), Plum pox virus (PPV) and Petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PeAMV) were not detected in the samples investigated. Table 2. ELISA results of elites. Cultivar / Rootstock PNRSV PDV ACLSV PPV CLRV ArMV RpRSV PAMV n/n n/n n/n n/n n/n n/n n/n n/n `Kossara`/Gisela 5 0/6 0/6 1t/6 0/6 5t/6 2t/6 0/6 0/6 `Коssara`/P.mahaleb 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 `Rozalina`/ `Gisela 5` 0/2 0/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 `Rozalina`/P.mahaleb 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 `Rozalina`/P. avium 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 `B.Burlat`/ P.mahaleb 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 2t/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 Bing'/P.mahaleb 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Bing'/P. avium 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Van'/'Gisela 5' 0/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 Van'/P. avium 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.17-31/'Gisela 5' 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.17-31/P.mahaleb 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.17-31/P. avium 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 2t/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 Еl.17-37/P.mahaleb 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.17-44/P.mahaleb 0/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.17-90/'Gisela 5' 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.17-92/P.mahaleb 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl /Gisela 5 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl /P. mahaleb 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.8-65/'Gisela 5' 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.8-65/P.mahaleb 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.20-31/'Gisela 5' 1t/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 3t/3 1t/3 0/3 0/3 Еl.20-31/P.mahaleb 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 1t/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 Еl.20-47/'Gisela 5' 0/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 Еl.20-47/P. avium 0/2 1t/2 1t/2 0/2 1t/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.20-77/'Gisela 5' 1t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 1t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.20-77/P.mahaleb 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 2t/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Еl.20-77/P. avium 0/3 0/3 1t/3 0/3 2t/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 Total 3t/55 4t/55 9t/55 0/55 31//55 5t/55 0/55 0/55 %

6 In order to find out the influence of the virus infections on the vegetative and reproductive behaviours of the plants, the yield and the mean terminal shoot length of some elites were measured. The data about the yield and the mean shoot length showed that in some cases the yield of the diseased trees was two times less in comparison with the healthy ones and the mean shoot growth was vastly decreased. Table 3 Yield (kg) data from infected nd uninfected trees of 'Van' of tree Cultivar Rootstock Virus status 2010 Yield (кg) nd row 2 nd tree Van' Gisela 5' ACLSV nd row 3 rd tree Van' Gisela 5' CLRV nd row 4 th tree Van' Gisela 5' nv 4.2 nv- no virus identified Table 4 Yield (kg) and mean shoot length (cm) data from infected and uninfected trees of elite in two subsequent vegetative cycles ( ). Elite Rootstock VS '09 VS' 10 Yield Yield MSL MSL of tree (кg) '09 (кg) '10 (cm) '09 (cm) '10 1r-40t El Gisela 5' nv nv r-41t El Gisela 5' CLRV CLRV nd r-10t El P. avium CLRV CLRV nd r-12t El P. avium nv nv MSL - mean shoot length nd - no data avaible nv - no virus identified VS - virus status r -row t - tree

7 Investigations have started in 2012 In the process of the study, trees with stunt growth, viral symptoms on the leaves, little and poor quality fruits were observed but in some cases it was impossible to identified any virus by ELISA, therefore it might concern of an infection caused by viruses, which were not included in the screening or cannot be detected serologically and it is necessary to apply other detection methods. In 2012 has been started ELISA screening for SLRSV and ToRSV. Visual observations and greenhouse tests for LChV by woody indicators.