Scott Johnson UC Pomology Specialist Kearney Ag Center

Transcription

1 Cost Effective Zinc Nutrition Scott Johnson UC Pomology Specialist Kearney Ag Center

2 Hiawatha Nemaguard

3 Peach Rootstocks and Zn Uptake December 2006 Shoot Zn 100 a Shoot Zn (ppm) b 20 c c 0 Nemaguard Controller 5 Controller 9 Hiawatha

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9 Granular ZnO + Sulfur Material Added d to Planting Hole of Peach (1.25 lbs/tree) Zn (ppm m) Jul ly Leaf a b Control Granular ZnO + S Treatment

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11 July Leaf Zn (ppm m) Granular ZnO + Sulfur Material Added to Planting Hole of Peach (1.25 lbs/tree) b b a a 0 Control Treatment Granular ZnO + S

12 Granular ZnO + Sulfur Added to Planting Hole of Zee Fire Nectarine January 2009 July 2009 Lea af Zn (ppm m) c b b a 0 1 / 4 # 1 / 2 # 1# Granular ZnO + S

13 Zinc Materials Added to Planting Hole of Friar / Nemaguard Plums February 2009 a July 2009 Lea af Zn (ppm m) d d d cd cd bc b 0 1 / 1 4 # / 2 # 1# 1 / # / 2 # 1# / 8 # Granular ZnO + S ZnO ZnSO 4

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16 Zinc Materials Added to Planting Hole of Friar / Nemaguard Plums February 2009 a July 2009 Lea af Zn (ppm m) d d d cd cd bc b 0 1 / 1 4 # / 2 # 1# 1 / # / 2 # 1# / 8 # Granular ZnO + S ZnO ZnSO 4

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18 Zinc Materials Basic Chemicals Zn sulfate Zn oxide Zn carbonate Zn chloride Zn oxysulfate Zn nitrate Chelates & Complexes EDTA Lignosulfonate Amino acid Sugar Citric acid Fulvic acid, humic acid

19 Cost of Zinc Materials - October 2007 Zn Metalosate 6.8% Zn Fulvic 10% N Zn 5% Zn Leonardite 6.5% Zn EDTA 9% Zn Ligno-Sulfonate 7% ZnO Suspension 40% Neutral Zn 52% Zn Sulfate 36% Zn Oxide 80% $1.15 $9.15 $7.55 $4.12 $2.22 $17.01 $16.51 $15.19 $12.88 $

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21 Leaf & Fruit Damage on Peach, Plum and Apricot Trees Sprayed in April with Different Formulations of Zn at 1,000 ppm Nitrate EDTA A.A. Complex Lignosulfonate Sulfate Fulvic Neutral -52% Control Fruit damage Leaf damage Damage Rating

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25 Comparing Zinc Formulations Ranking Formulation Anion Size Solubility (g/100 H 2 O) Phytotoxicity Most Effective Zinc Chloride High (58*) Almost As Good Next Best Zinc Nitrate High (54) Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & High (59) Zinc Sulfate Moderate (12) Zinc Carbohydrate 96 &? High Moderate Zinc Polyamine 96 & High Moderate Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15) Zinc EDTA 292 High Low Less Effective Zinc Leonardite High Low Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & None Least Effective Zinc Phosphite 79? Low (17) Zinc Oxide Suspension 16 Insoluble None

26 Zinc Materials Zinc Nitrate Mixes Not cheap Very soluble Very phytotoxic Not used much 4to7%zinc

27 Comparing Zinc Formulations Ranking Formulation Anion Size Solubility (g/100 H 2 O) Phytotoxicity Most Effective Zinc Chloride High (58*) Almost As Good Next Best Zinc Nitrate High (54) Zinc Nitrate Mix 62 & High (59) Zinc Sulfate Moderate (12) Zinc Carbohydrate 96 &? High Moderate Zinc Polyamine 96 & High Moderate Zinc Glycine 96 & 75 Moderate (15) Zinc EDTA 292 High Low Less Effective Zinc Leonardite High Low Zinc Oxysulfate 16 & None Least Effective Zinc Phosphite 79? Low (17) Zinc Oxide Suspension 16 Insoluble None

28 Zinc Materials Zinc Sulfate Inexpensive Very soluble Widely used Considered to be effective Can be phytotoxic t

29 Strategies t with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns 2. All Season Low rate 3. Fall or Dormant

30 Fruit Damage from Zinc Sprays

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33 Leaf & Fruit Damage on Peach, Plum and Apricot Trees Sprayed in April with Different Formulations of Zn at 1,000 ppm Nitrate EDTA A.A. Complex Lignosulfonate Sulfate Fulvic Neutral -52% Control Fruit damage Leaf damage Damage Rating

34 Strategies t with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate 3. Fall or Dormant

35 Strategies t with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant

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38 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant Early fall better than late fall Use rate that doesn t defoliate quickly

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42 Nursery Trees in Pots - Application to Dormant Shoots 68 ZnSO 4 vs. 68 ZnO - % of Applied Taken Up 3 a % Uptake 2 b 1 c c 0 d UTC 68 ZnSO 68 4 ZnO Treatment November January

43 Strategies with Zinc Sulfate (Timing, Rate, etc) 1. Spring Phytotoxicity concerns Zn Oxide or Neutral Zn? 2. All Season Low rate Efficiency? 3. Fall or Dormant Early fall better than late fall Use rate that doesn t defoliate quickly Fall better than dormant

44 Chemical & Mechanical Thinning R. Scott Johnson University it of California i Extension Specialist

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48 Chemical Blossom Thinning Using Armothin (Entry) Commercial Peach and Nectarine Orchards (% of Co ontrol) % Set 100 A E G A B C D E F G H I J K B C D F H I J K Spring Lady Crown Princess Sparkling June Loadel O Henry Mayglo Spring Bright Loadel 2.5% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2.5% 3% 3% Summer Diamond 3% Summer Lady Carnival 3% 3% Treatment

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50 Chemical Blossom Thinner Fatty Acid Amine Polymer Armothin = Entry Now called N-TER (Wilbur Ellis)

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55 Darwin String Thinner Developed in Germany for blossom thinning i apples Penn State CE tried it in peaches with some success Multi-state research project funded d by the Specialty Crops Research Initiative & the CA Canning Peach Association

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60 Before After

61 Before After

62 Before After

63 Before After

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65 Darwin Thinning Experiment 2009 Summer Fire Nectarine Planted 6 x 16 Trained to Kearney V Pruned for Darwin Thinner Flowering light; Fruit set 50% (frost) Plots = 24 tree rows; Harvested 10 trees 3 Picks; 1 week apart; Separated into 10 size categories 5 Treatments; 6 Reps

66 Summer Fire Darwin Thinning Treatment Strings Gaps RPM Control Hand thinning Trt 1 New 2 rows 1 string 175 Trt 2 Old-2 rows 4 strings 200 Trt 3 Old-2 rows None - top 200 Trt 4 Old-2 rows None - top 275

67 Summer Fire Darwin Thinning Treatment % Flowers Removed Hand Thinning Fruit Load Harvested Control 0 99 hrs/ac 159 frt/tree Trt hrs/ac 154 frt/tree Trt hrs/ac 162 frt/tree Trt hrs/ac 170 frt/tree Trt 4 60 None 125 frt/tree

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71 Summer Fire Darwin Thinning Treatment % Undersize Ave Fruit Weight Control g Fruit Value $/Acre Trt g Tt2 Trt g Trt g Trt g

72 Summer Fire - Darwin Thinning Fruit Size Distribution s/acre #Boxe Control Trt 1 Trt 2 Trt 3 Trt 4 Large Med Small

73 Summer Fire Darwin Thinning Treatment Ave Fruit Weight Fruit Value $/Acre Loss in Fruit Value Control 187.9g $18,497 - Trt g $17,642 $855 Trt g $17,886 $611 Trt g $16,452 $2,045 Trt g $12,050 $6,447

74 Summer Fire Darwin Thinning Treatment Savings Net Fruit Value Loss in in Hand Savings $/Acre Fruit Value Thinning Or Loss Control $18, Trt 1 $17,642 $855 $666 -$189 Trt 2 $17,886 $611 $721 +$110 Trt 3 $16,452 $2,045 $1,062 -$984 Trt 4 $12,050 $6,447 $1,166 -$5,298

75 B-VK Tuolumnes

76 Effect of Darwin String Thinner on Hand Thinning Costs B-VK Tuolumnes. April 30, Thinning Time Thinning Cost Reduction (hours / acre) ($ / acre)* in thinning costs $$ Check Darwin Check Darwin $1328 $1031 $297 *Hand thinning costs based on $11.20 per hour ($ %)

77 Preharvest Fruit Counts B-VK Tuolumnes Average number of fruit per tree Darwin Check *Target ~ fruit / tree Counted 24 trees in each treatment

78 B-VK Tuolumne u Harvest Data a July, 2009 Tons per Acre No. 1 No. 2 Smalls Total salable* Darwin Check (2.4%) (0.4%) 0.3 (5.1%) (1.3%) 25.5 *Total salable = number 1 fruit + 10% number 2 fruit

79 Effect of Darwin String Thinner on Yield & Gross Income Yield Gross Income Difference (tons per acre) ($ / acre)* in Gross $$ Check Darwin Check Darwin Tuolumne $8173 $9127 +$954 *Based on price of $318 / ton for Tuolumnes and $356 for Loadels

80 Effect of Darwin String Thinner on Net Income Decrease in Increase in Total Increase thinning costs Gross Income in Net Income (higher yield) per acre Tuolumne $297 $954 +$1251 Loadel $386 $997 +$1383

81 Darwin String Thinner Avoid: Open vase trees Low setting varieties Varieties with lots of doubles Plums

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83 Darwin String Thinner Avoid: Open vase trees Low setting varieties Varieties with lots of doubles Plums

84 Darwin String Thinner Good potential if: Trees trained right Trees pruned right Heavy set of good fruit Used on peaches and nectarines

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