Sand an fl f y l & pathogens

Transcription

1 Sandfly & pathogens

2 Sandflies

3 Sandfies ORDER Diptera FAMILY Psychodidae GENUS Phlebotomus This family also includes the Psychodinae Very tiny insects (2-4 mm), difficult to see without lens or microscope

4 Larvae Larvae live in ground, and develop in dark and highly humid environments (very sensitive to desiccation): burrows of wild animals, shelter of livestock, cracks and fissures in the ground up to cm, buildings of stone and brick, cellars, holes of trees, leaf litter. Individuation of larval breeding sites is very hard The larvae feed on decaying organic material (dry leaves, remains of insects, animal feces, etc.), pass through four larval instars, with size increasing from 0.5 to 4.6 mm and a pupal stage. With the lowering of the temperature the larvae diapausingthrough the winter, adults are present in summer and autumn.

5 Adults After moultingadults remain near the site of emergency ( m, maximum recorded distance 1.2 km), they have little aptitude fly and are very sensitive to windy conditions Both sexes are gliciphagyd, only the females have the blood to mature the eggs Nocturnal insects, they rest in humid dark places during the day: vegetation, natural crevices and cracks Development time are strongly linked to environmental conditions and are approximately days (from egg to adult)

6 Adults Samples often abundand Species difficult to separate

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8 Biomomics In North-Italy sandflies appear around June to September-October Egg Specie Matur. Hatcing LARVA(I-IV) PUPE Total P. perniciosus 9(7-12) 6(4-8) 18(16-20) 9(8-11) 42(42-45) P. perfiliewi 8(5-12) 6(5-8) 22(18-26) 8(6-10) 44(41-48) P. papatasi 8(7-9) 7(6-8) 28(21-36) 8(7-9) 51(43-58)

9 Italian sandflies P. perniciosus (Centro Sud, Nord Ovest) P. ariasi (Nord Ovest) P. neglectus (Sicilia, Calabria, Puglia e Veneto), P. perfiliewi (Sud e Centro Italia), P. papatasi (Centro Sud, Veneto), P. mascitti (Centro Sud), P. sergenti(sicilia) Emilia-Romagna Sandflie presence/absence in ER The most common species of sandflies is Phlebotomus perfiliewi, followed by Phlebotomus perniciosus. Higher density in the hilly areas, present also in plain, reporting of P. mascittii Phlebotomus papatasi linked with human dwellings and anthropophilic

10 Vectorial competence Subgenere Specie L. infantum Phlebotomus P.papatasi ipotizzato Larroussius P.perniciosus provato P.perfiliewi provato P.neglectus sospetto P.ariasi provato Transphlebotomus P.mascittii? Paraphlebotomus P.sergenti? Arbovirus Phlebovirus human disease Febre da pappatacio(sicilian virus) Phlebotomus spp. yes Febre da pappatacio(napoli virus) P. papatasi, P. perfiliewi yes Tosacana virus P. perniciosus, P.perfiliewi yes Arbia virus P. perniciosus, P.perfiliewi no Corfù virus P. neglectus(major) no Rabdoviridae Radi virus P.perfiliewi no Yug Bogdanovac virus P.perfiliewi no

11 P. papatasi P. perfiliewi P. perniciosus

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17 Leishmania and sandfly Proven or suspected vector species Country* P. ariasi Algeria, France *, Italy, Portugal *, Spain *, Morocco P. galileus Syria P. halepensis Azerbaijan, Georgia, Syria P. kandelakii Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia *, Iran P. langeroni Egypt *, Spain, Tunisia * P. longicuspis Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia P. major s.l. Iran * P. neglectus Albania *, Cyprus, Croatia, Greece *, Kosovo, Italy, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine Albania, Algeria *, Croatia, Greece, Israel, Italy *, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Republic ofmacedonia, Romania, P. perfiliewi Tunisia, Turkey P. perniciosus Algeria *, France *, Italy *, Malta *, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal *, Spain *, Tunisia P. syriacus Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Turkey P. tobbi Albania *, Croatia, Cyprus *, Greece, Israel, Syria, Turkey * P. transcaucasicus Azerbaijan, Iran *, Turkey P. arabicus Israel *, Ethiopia P. chabaudi Morocco, Tunisia P. sergenti Afghanistan *, Algeria *, Azerbaijan, Ethiopia *, Greece, Iran *, Iraq, Israel *, Jordan, Libya, Morocco *, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia *, Syria, Tunisia *, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen P. papatasi Afghanistan *, Algeria *, Azerbaijan, Egypt *, Iran *, Iraq, Israel *, Jordan *, Kazakhstan, Libya, Morocco *, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia *, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia *, Turkmenistan *, Uzbekistan *, Yemen 1. * Countries in which the sandfly species is a proven vector (for criteria, see text). Elsewhere, a sandfly species is suspectedtobe a vector on the basis of epidemiological evidence or because it is a proven vector elsewhere.

18 Surveillance Sticky traps, paper of 20x20 cm with castor oil (non attractive) CDC -light CO2 Traps (model CAA) Huge sample in one night Black Light mod. Onderstepoort

19 Results Leishmaniasis monitoring No. of sites Positive sites (%) No. Of sampling Specimens collected Specimens identified (%) Species identified (%) P. perniciosus P. perfiliewi S. minuta Kennels (59.5) (100) 68 (1.7) 3952 (98.2) 6 (0.1) Human dwellings, dog Leishmaniasis 2 2 (100) (48.1) 4 (3.9) 98 (96.1) Human dwellings, human Leishmaniasis 13 7 (53.8) (100) 1 (0.4) 233 (99.6) Toscana virus monitoring Human dwellings, human TOSV disease 12 9 (75) (7.8) 1 (0.2) 555 (99.8) Other sampling Farm, extraordinary samples (38.) (0.4) 32 (14.0) 196 (86.0) Human dwelling, multiple samples 1 1 (100) (100) 0 75 (100.0) Total (6.9) 5109

20 Sandfly mapping Number of collected specimens and number of samplings (specimens/samplings) for different locations and trap models Kennels Dwellings Natural loc. Total CO / / / /725 CDC 662/ /134 1/ /784 ST 679/ /5-808/608 Total 4175/ / / /2117 Site abundance. Average value of collected sandflies were obtained for every monitored site.

21 Occurrence and abundance modelling. Sandflies spatial occurrence and abundance were modelled using Random Forest (RF) approach and two maps at 1 km resolution were created

22 Phlebovirus serocomplexes

23 Alkanet al 2013

24 TOSV ER Calzolari et al eurosurv

25 Toscana virus 2013 Site River a.m.s.l. Date Sand flies Male (P.pf/P.pn) Female Pools Pos./Tot. MLE (Low Lim-Up Lim) Site 1 Santerno Jul 2, (494/0) 1,791 6/ ( ) 30-Aug 2,400 1,075 (1073/2) 1,325 2/ ( ) Site 2 Senio Aug 9, (727/0) 8,568 19/ ( ) 7-Sep 2, (97/0) 2,270 0/24 Site 3 Montone Aug 4, (930/3) 3,727 6/ ( ) 28-Sep 10 1 (1/0) 9 0/2

26 Toscana and In 2014 in the 3 sitespositive for TOSV, TOSV and othertwophleboviruses were detected TOSV A 28 seq Italy Tunisia TOSV B 12 seq Spain Portugal YU 8-76_EF Poona_HM Naples_fever_Sabin_EF Naples_NAMRU_EF201828_Egypt R-3_EF201832_Cyprus Tehran_I-47_JF939848_Iran _s1_9/7_sol_f _s1_9/7_sol_F _s1_9/7_sol_f _s1_9/7_sol_f _s1_9/7_sol_f2 98 Punique_virus_PI-B4-2008_JF Granada_GR25_GU135608_1931_2004 Massilia_EU R-18_EF RM-09_EF Izmir 19_GQ847511_Turkey Cyprus_GU Sabin_EF201822_Italy Sabin Oct-85_AJ Sicilian_fever_J04418 Sicilian_91025B_EF201823_Iran Sicilian_91045I_EF201824_Iran Corfu_Pa Ar 814_EF201821_Greece 100 Karimabad_91019-P_KF Karimabad_91045-AG_KF Karimabad I-58_KF Arbia ISS PHL18_JX Salehabad virus I-81_JX Adana virus strain _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s1_23/8_pon_comp _s2_23/7_pon_comp _s1_23/8_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s3_18/7_pon_comp _s1_23/8_pon_comp _s2_23/7_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s1_23/8_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp _s1_9/7_pon_comp Sole virus Sicilian fever complex Ponticelli virus Naples fever complex

27 Possible vertebrate reservoir? The possible involvement of vertebrates, such as rodents, in the life cycle of various phleboviruses transmitted by sandflies has been suggested Antibodies against TOSV have been detected in horses and sheep in Italy (Cusiet al 2010) and in horses, goats, pigs, cats, dogs, sheep and cows in Spain; in one of the goat samples, the virus was detected by real-time PCR (Navarro-Maríet al 2011). In 2015 in Turkey TOSV neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in 40.4% of the dog and 4% of goat samples; TOSV RNA was detected in 9.9% of 252 samples, mainly comprising dogs (96%) (Dinceret al 2015). Adan avirus, recently discovered in Turkey, has high seroprevalencerates in goats, sheep, and dogs and a low seroprevalencerates in humans (Alkanet al. 2015).

28 Phlebovirus infection was detected in 40 of 499 patients affected acute febrile illness. Phlebovirus RNA (TOSV) was detected in the CSF of one encephalitis case observed in IgM antibodies were detected in all 40 cases, while in 15 cases IgG antibodies were also detected. Differentiationto serogroup level was possible in 25 cases: 19 (12 neurologic) had antibodies only against phleboviruses of the Naples serocomplex(tosv and SFNV) (including the one PCR-confirmed neurological TOSV case), while in six cases (four neurologic) the antibodies were only against SFSV and/or CYPV.

29 Thank you