Kajal K. Biswas, Shruti Godara, Utpal K Bhattacharyya and Pranjib K. Chakraborty

Transcription

1 C. Chattopadhyay and D. Prasad (eds), Dynamics of Crop Protection and Climate Change Studera Press 2016 Complex Interactions of Begomoviruses, Satellite Molecules and Whitefly Vector Associated With Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) Epidemic in Northwest India 14 Kajal K. Biswas, Shruti Godara, Utpal K Bhattacharyya and Pranjib K. Chakraborty Cotton is the most important commercial crop in the agrarian and industrial economy of India earning more than fifty thousand crores rupees of foreign exchange. India is the second largest producer of cotton in the world after China accounting for about 18% of the world cotton production. It has the distinction of having the largest area under cotton cultivation in the world ranging between 12.2 million hectares and constituting about 25% of the world area under cotton cultivation (CCI Report 2014). The Bt cotton hybrids now accounts for 94.75% of the country s entire cotton cultivation. During last two decades, introduction of high yielding hybrids/varieties and lack of crop diversity result into newer and escalated insect and disease problem. Recent devastating epidemics in Pakistan and other areas have brought new awareness to the potential for disaster of cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). Of several virus diseases reported to be affecting cotton worldwide, 10 virus diseases caused by whitefly transmitted monopartite begomoviruses are economically important to cause CLCuD in cotton in Indian subcontinent (Figure 14.1). They are Cotton leaf curl Alabad virus (CLCuAV), Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV), Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), Cotton leaf curl Shahdadpur virus (CLCuShV), Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV) and Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV), all are reported first from Pakistan; Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGaV) reported from Sudan, Africa; Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus (CLCuBV), Cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus

2 266 Plant Diseases and Climate Change (CLCuRaV) and Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus (ToLCBV) all reported from India. The CLCuV species, viz., CLCuRaV, CLCuMuV, ToLCBV, CLCuBuV, CLCuKoV, CLCuBV and CLCuAV are reported to be infecting cotton in India showing incidence of % in most of the economically important cotton varieties. Infected crops show a drastic reduction of seed yield up to 79.2%, ball weight up to 73.2%, span length up to 6.1% and lint up to 50% in epidemic year. Figure 14.1 The figure showing overall ten CLCuV species identified so far infecting cotton (A) in cotton growing countries of the world and seven CLCuV species identified so far infecting cotton in India. Historical Background The CLCuD known as African leaf curl of cotton was reported for the first time in Nigeria on Gossypium barbadense in 1912, and subsequently, reported from Sudan in 1924 and Tanzania in 1926 (Kirkpatrick 1931). With the increased cultivation of cotton, the disease has had been started to progress and become widespread in many cotton growing regions but a heavy loss has been reported in (Kirkpatrick 1930; Massey and Andrews 1932). Since then CLCuD was found to have caused serious economic losses in Sudan (Nour and Nour 1964). In Indian subcontinent, CLCuD was first noticed infecting a few individual plants near Multan, Pakistan in 1967 and since then, it has become consistent in Pakistan (Hussain and Ali 1975). In Pakistan, this disease has reached at an epidemic proportion in major cotton growing areas during the year 1987 (Hameed et al. 1994) and since then it has spread from a small area to affect about 1 million hectares of cotton (G. hirsutum) mainly in Punjab province and the northern edge of Sindh (Zhou et al. 1998). The losses to the Pakistan economy are estimated to be US $ 5 billion in five years between 1992 and 1997 (Briddon and Markham 2000).

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