Neuroinfection by rabies virus: recombinant viruses and infection models for the dissection of neuroinvasion, pathogenesis and virus elimination

Transcription

1 Neuroinfection by rabies virus: recombinant viruses and infection models for the dissection of neuroinvasion, pathogenesis and virus elimination Stefan Finke Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (IMVZ)

2 Cell Biology of... Dynamics of Virus Infections

3 Cellular Virus-Host Interactions at Sites of Entry and Disease Development in Different Virus Systems Henipaviruses Influenza Virus many other zoonotic and livestock pathogens Rabies Virus Henipavirus Influenza viruses many other zoonotic and livestock pathogens

4 Rabies Transmission, In Vivo Spread and Maintenance

5 LLEBV NC IKOV IKOV KY LLEBV Most Lyssaviruses Are Bat Viruses 100 NC WBCV WBCV ABLV GBLV NC ABLV RABV KU GBLV RABV 100 NC SHIBV SHIBV NC MOKV MOKV ARAV BBLV NC ARAV NC BBLV NC KHUV KHUV JX EBLV-2 0,2 EBLV-2 KBLV IRKV EF EBLV-1 NC IRKV EBLV-1 NC DUVV DUVV NC LBV LBV

6 ( 1885 ) Louis Pasteur Tierpassagen: virus fixe Rückenmark infizierter Tiere Inaktivierung durch Trocknung? Joseph Meister Humane Impfstoffe heute: b-propiolacton-inaktiviertes Zellkulturvirus Orale Immunisierung der Überträger Köder mit Lebendimpfstoff: Attenuierte Rabies Viren Rekombinante Vaccinia Viren mit Tollwutvirus G Gen

7 Rabies Particles - Bullets Made of Five Proteins and One RNA - Order: Mononegavirales Family: Rhabdoviridae Genus: Lyssavirus single stranded RNA virus negative polarity bullet shaped

8 Rabies Cell Cycle Fooks, A. R. et al. Rabies. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, (2017). doi: /nrdp

9 Spread of Rabies Virus in Infected Brains - Detection of Infected Cells with GFP-Expressing Viruses µm slice from mouse brain, 4 days post infection rabies virus is not a lytic infection cytopathic effects occur late in infection

10 Knowledge about Pro-Survival Virus Mechanisms May Also Stimulate Research on Non-Viral Neurodegenerative Diseases virus Virusinfektion infection neurodegenerative diseases neurodegenerative Erkrankungen Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Alzheimer s disease (AD) Parkinson s disease (PD) Prion disease Huntington s Disease (HD)

11 RABV Cell Cycle Not Comparable with Standard Cell Cultures receptors: p75ntr NCAM nachr????

12 RABV Cell Cycle Not Comparable with Standard Cell Cultures

13 RABV Cell Cycle Not Comparable with Standard Cell Cultures

14 RABV Cell Cycle Not Comparable with Standard Cell Cultures receptor binding / internalisation take-over and dynamics of retrograde transport manipulation of cellular transport processes post-replicative (anterograde) transport

15 How to genetically manipulate Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

16 Reverse Genetics Systems / Reverse Genetics reverse genetics systems reverse genetics approach Cloning of Virus genomes in vectors (plasmids, phagmids, bacs) Genetic Modification (Engeneering) Recombinant Viruses with Defined Mutations forward genetics Phenotypic Charaterisation Selection of Mutants Phenotypic Characterisation

17 lea Rhabdovirus Transkription und Replikation lea und 5 mrnas P L RNP-abhängige RNA Polymerase 3 gp N P M G L (-) RNP N P L N P L 5 agp (+) RNP lea = leader RNA gp = Genompromotor agp = Antigenompromotor

18 Relaxed (nicht kondensiertes) RNP Ribonukleoprotein (RNP): Nur das RNP, nicht aber die freie genomische RNA kann von der viralen RNP-abhängigen RNA Polymerase als Matrize für die virale RNA-Synthese Verwendet werden. vs kondensiert

19 Polymerase-Template: Ribonukleoprotein ( RNP ) RNA ist nur als RNP Template für die RNA-Polymerase RNP: RNAse resistente Verpackung der genomischen und antigenomischen Virus RNA durch Nukleoprotein N (9 Basen pro N) stabile Genomstruktur intermolekulare Rekombinationsereignisse unwahrscheinlich Structure of nucleoprotein of VSV: Green et al., Science 2006

20 How to genetically manipulate? Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

21 The Idea cdna-plasmid transcription of RNA genomes packaging of RNA in RNPs RNA-Synthesis by P, L (and N) cdnaplasmid vrna transcript RNP + mrnas + vrna

22

23 Reverse Genetics Systems / Reverse Genetics reverse genetics systems reverse genetics approach Cloning of Virus genomes in vectors (plasmids, phagmids, bacs) Genetic Modification (Engeneering) Recombinant Viruses with Defined Mutations forward genetics Phenotypic Charaterisation Selection of Mutatants Phenotypic Characterisation

24 History of RABV Reverse Genetics vaccinia virus free systems Buchholz et al., 1999; Finke et al., low diversity of cloned virus genomesin Reverse Genetics vectors bacteriophage T7-RNA polymerase free systems Inoue et al., modern population genetics researchers reality optimized ribozyme sequences Ghanem et al., Rescue Efficiency

25 To investigate natural RABV replication and pathogenesis, there is a need for reversed genetics systems on the basis of not-cell culture adapted isolates

26 laborious clones generated from multiple fragments may not exist in nature a single cdna clone may not represent a quasispecies virus population rescue / virus stock preparation in cell culture (risk of adaptation)

27 How to genetically manipulate? Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

28 Reverse Genetics System for Rabies Viruses - Efficient Shotgun-cloning of Complete Rabies Virus Genomes- Cloning of Virus Genomes by Linear to Linear rece/t Recombination RT-PCR PCR Nolden et al. 2016, Scientific Reports

29 One Shot Results in > 100 Full Length Clones Nolden et al. 2016, Scientific Reports

30 Recombinant Wild-Type Derived RABV Nolden et al. 2016, Scientific Reports

31 Recombinant Wild-Type Derived RABV isolate vs clone in mice Nolden et al. 2016, Scientific Reports

32 Effiency of Full Genome Cloning and Virus Recovery Allows Multiple Rounds of Reverse Genetics Nolden et al. 2017, Springer Protocols

33 How to genetically manipulate? Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

34 The question is: What happened in between?

35 surprised! and sometimes you are

36 Fluorescence Labeling Stragies - GFP-P Fusion Protein and membrane anchored RFP- N GFP P M G L N P M G Gcvs RFP L N GFP P M G Gcvs RFP L Finke et al., JVI 2004 Klingen et al., JVI 2008

37 Indeed they are Individual Virus Particles

38 How to genetically manipulate? Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

39 Rabies Cell Cycle Fooks, A. R. et al. Rabies. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, (2017). doi: /nrdp

40 Characterisation of RABV Transport in DRG Neurons Retrograde transport of fluorescent rabies virus particles? Co-transport of virus-receptor complexes? Virus transport after replication in neuronal soma?

41 Directed Infections in Compartmentized Primary Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) Neuron Cultures Bauer et al., JVI 2014

42 Infect only at axon endings - Compartmentized Primary DRG Neuron Cultures - Bauer et al., JVI 2014

43 How to genetically manipulate? Fast access to relevant recombinant street viruses How to tag for live virus imaging Importance of relevant infection models Live tracking of axonal virus transport Advanced 3D-Imaging of infected tissues

44 Retrograde Axonal RABV Transport in DRG Neurons retrograde mean velocity: 1.5 µm/sec Bauer et al., JVI 2014

45 Post-replicative Axonal RABV Transport anterograde retrograde Bauer et al., JVI 2014

46 Post-Replicative Axonal Transport of Particles Glycoprotein Dependent Bauer et al., JVI 2014

47 Bauer et al., JVI 2014 Co-transport of EGFP-P and tmcherry

48 Post-replicative Axonal Transport of RABV in DRG Neurons anterograde married or separate Bauer et al., JVI 2014

49 Post-replicative Axonal Transport of newly formed RABV in DRG Neurons?

50 RABV Axonal Transport in Peripheral Senory and CNS Neurons

51 Virus Isolate / Strain Specific Differences in Glycoprotein Transport

52 Glycoprotein Distribution in Plasmid Transfected Hippocampus Neurons G SAD G Dog attenuated / cell culture adapted pathogenic / not cell culture adapted

53 Glycoprotein Distribution in Plasmid Transfected Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) Neurons

54 Ectodomain of Dog Virus G results in Accumulation at Inclusion Bodies

55 Introduction of Cell Culture Adaptive Mutations Increases Surface Presentation of Field Virus G in Neurons (plasmid expression)

56 Glycoprotein Distribution in Wild-Type and Mutant Virus Infected Cells

57 Virus Isolate / Strain Specific Differences in Glycoprotein Transport

58 3D-Imaging of RABV Infection of Mouse Brain - 3D Reconstruction - green: a-rabv P; blue: nuclei

59 Workflow

60 RABV P, Glycoprotein and Blood Vessels

61

62 Summary efficient reverse genetics primary neuron cultures as a relevant in vitro infection model live and glycoprotein dependent axonal virus transport G distribution / transport may be decisive for in in vivo spread and virus elimination (attenuation) Uncontrolled virus release and infection of non-neuronal cells may result in strong local innate immune responses and virus elimination