Ethic Problems Related to the Microorganisms
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1 "Bioethics in Life and Environmental Sciences" Lublin 22 March 05 April 2009 Ethic Problems Related to the Microorganisms Prof. Iskra Ivanova Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Applied Microbiology Laboratory Molecular Biology of Prokaryotes
2 MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOWEAPONS Could the tools of biotechnology, coupled with our exponentially expanding understanding of microorganisms, be perverted to create pathogens even worse than those nature throws at us?
3 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CATEGORIES Targeted hosts: Humans Commercial Animals Commercial Plants Environmental Systems
4 Natural human bacterial pathogens: R1. Coxiella burnetii R2. Bartonella Quintana (Rochalimea quintana, Rickettsia quintana) R3. Rickettsia prowasecki R4. Rickettsia rickettsii B1. Bacillus anthracis B2. Brucella abortus B3. Brucella melitensis B4. Brucella suis B5. Chlamydia psittaci B6. Clostridium botulinum B7. Francisella tularensis B8. Burkholderia mallei (Pseudomonas mallei) B9. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei) B10. Salmonella typhi B11. Shigella dysenteriae B12. Vibrio cholerae B13. Yersinia pestis WB1. Clostridium perfringens* WB2. Clostridium tetani* WB3. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, serotype 0157 and other verotoxin producing serotypes WB4. Legionella pneumophila WB5. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
5 Natural commercial animal bacterial pathogens: AB3. Mycoplasma mycoides AB1. Bacillus anthracis Natural commercial plant bacterial pathogens: PB1. Xanthomonas albilineans PB2. Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri PWB1. Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae PWB2. Xylella fastidiosa
6 B. Viruses Natural human viral pathogens: V1. Chikungunya virus V2. Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever virus V3. Dengue fever virus V4. Eastern equine encephalitis virus V5. Ebola virus V6. Hantaan virus V7. Junin virus V8. Lassa fever virus V9. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus V10. Machupo virus V11. Marburg virus V12. Monkey pox virus
7 B. Viruses Natural human viral pathogens: V13. Rift Valley fever virus V14. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis virus) V15. Variola virus V16. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus V17. Western equine encephalitis virus V18. White pox V19. Yellow fever virus V20. Japanese encephalitis virus WV1. Kyasanur Forest virus WV2. Louping ill virus WV3. Murray Valley encephalitis virus WV4. Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus WV5. Oropouche virus WV6. Powassan virus WV7. Rocio virus WV8. St. Louis encephalitis virus
8 Natural commercial animal viral pathogens: AV1. African swine fever virus AV2. Avian influenza virus2 AV3. Bluetongue virus AV4. Foot and mouth disease virus AV5. Goat pox virus AV6. Herpes virus (Aujeszky's disease) AV7. Hog cholera virus (synonym: Swine fever virus) AV8. Lyssa virus AV9. Newcastle disease virus AV10. Peste des petits ruminants virus AV11. Porcine enterovirus type 9 (synonym: swine vesicular disease virus) AV12. Rinderpest virus AV13. Sheep pox virus AV14. Teschen disease virus AV15. Vesicular stomatitis virus
9 C. EUKARYOTIC BW PATHOGENS Natural plant fungal pathogens: PF1. Colletotrichum coffeanum var. virulans (Colletotrichum Kanawae) PF2. Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Helminthosporium oryzae) PF3. Microcyclus ulei (syn. Dothidella ulei) PF4. Puccinia graminis (syn. Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) PF5. Puccinia striiformis (syn. Puccinia glumarum) PF6. Pyricularia grisea/pyricularia oryzae PWF1. Deuterophoma tracheiphila (syn. Phoma tracheiphila) PWF2. Monilia rorei (syn. Moniliophthora rorei)
10 Natural biologically derived bioactive substances (BDBS): A. TOXINS T1. Botulinum toxins T2. Clostridium perfringens toxins T3. Conotoxin T4. Ricin T5. Saxitoxin T6. Shiga toxin T7. Staphylococcus aureus toxins T8. Tetrodotoxin T9. Verotoxin T10. Microcystin (Cyanginosin) T11. Aflatoxins biologically WT1. Abrin WT2. Cholera toxin WT3. Tetanus toxin WT4. Trichothecene mycotoxins WT5. Modeccin WT6. Volkensin WT7. Viscum Album Lectin 1 (Viscumin)
11 Category A Easily disseminated or transmitted person to person Cause high mortality Require special action for public health preparedness Bacteria Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) Yersinia pestis (plague) Francisella tularenis (tularemia) Clostridium botilinum toxin (botulism)
12 Category A Easily disseminated or transmitted person to person Cause high mortality Require special action for public health preparedness Viruses Variola major virus (smallpox) Viruses causing hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Hanta, Congo, South American, Rift valley, Tick-born and Yellow fever
13 Category B Moderately easy to disseminate Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality Require special enhancements of diagnostic capacity and disease surveillance Bacteria Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) Brucella species (brucellosis) Burkholderia mallei (glanders0 Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus enterotoxin B Foodborne or waterborne agents also are included, such as pathogenic Salmonella spp, Shigella spp., Escherihia coli spp., Vibrio cholerae Coxiella burnetti Burkholderia mallei Clostridium perfringens
14 Category B Moderately easy to disseminate Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality Require special enhancements of diagnostic capacity and disease surveillance Viruses Alphavirus (Venezuelan encephalomymyelitis and eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis)
15 Category C Pathogens that could be engineeredfor mass dissemination in the future because of availability, easy of production and dissemination Potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact Bacteria Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
16 Category C Pathogens that could be engineeredfor mass dissemination in the future because of availability,easy of production and dissemination Potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact Viruses Nipah virus Hantavirus Tickborne hemorrhagic fever virus Tickborne encephalitis viruses, Yellow fever virus
17 The analysis of behavior of man in the field of biology is carried out through bioethics, considered the science of the survival. In the microbiology, there are numerous discoveries related with pathogenic microorganisms, including those that can be used as weapons in a biological war or in an attack considered bioterrorism. The scientist involved in microbiology can participate with his knowledge in the development and improvement of bioweapons, however from the point of view of bioethics it is not acceptable that he works in an investigation related with these topics, because the defense research can evolve in offensive one. The war is an antisurvival activity, therefore it is not acceptable. In the same way, the biological weapons composed with virus, fungi or alive bacteria, or with toxins from them, neither they are morally accepted. Tthe time is of promoting the idea that the responsible use for the microorganisms is a moral imperative for all microbiologists around the world, since the biological weapons are a threat for the human life.
18 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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