Microbiology Most Common

Transcription

1 Microbiology Most Common

2 Terms Sabouraud's agar Eaton's agar "Soap bubble" lesion in brain Opportunistic fungal infection in ketoacidotic diabetic or leukemic patients Definitions Cryptococcus neoformans Mycoplasma pneumonia Cryptococcus neoformans Mucor or Rhizopus spp. Fungal infection with rhinocerebral, frontal lobe abscesses Mucor or Rhizopus spp. Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii Treatment for local infection by systemic mycoses Treatment for systemic infection by systemic mycoses Treatment for Tinea versicolor Treatment for superficial candida infection Treatment for systemic candida infection Treatment for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis Prophylaxis in close contacts of pts w/haemophilus influenzae meningitis Tx for Legionella pneumophila Tx for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Tx for Lyme dz Yaws Cellulitis from animal bite C. tetani exotoxin: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Shiga toxin Shiga toxin: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Itraconazole or potassium iodide Fluconazole or ketoconazole Amphotericin B Topical miconazole, selenium sulfide Nystatin Amphotericin B Ceftriaxone Rifampin Erythromycin Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum penicillin (piperacillin, ticarcillin) Doxycycline, ceftriaxone T. pertenue Pasteurella multocida Plasmid Cleaves host cell rrna (inactivates 60S ribosome); enhances cytokine release, causing HUS. Bacterial chromosome

3 O Ag of Salmonella: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Botulinum exotoxin: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Erythrogenic exotoxin of strep pyogenes: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Diphtheria toxin: Plasmid, lysogeny, bacterial chromosome? Alpha toxin Exotoxin A Corynebacterium diptheria toxin Rickettsia transmitted by aerosol; no rash, no vector, neg Weil-Felix Organisms causing rash on palms and soles Protozoa: Bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain Lysogeny Lysogeny Lysogeny Lysogeny Clostridium difficile - gas gangrene, double zone of hemolysis on blood agar Pseudomonas - inactivates EF-2 ADP ribosylating A-B toxin inactivates EF- 2 Coxiella burnetti Coxackie A, syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever Entamoeba histolytica Protozoa: Bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea Giardia lamblia Protozoa: Severe diarrhea in AIDS, mild dz in nonimmunocompromised Protozoa: Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis Protozoa: Brain abscess in HIV Triad of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (d/t Ag variation), somnolence, coma Dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus Kala-azar: spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia Shuffner dots Cycles occuring every other day; dormant form in liver -> Cryptosporidium Naegleria fowleri Toxoplasma gondii Congenital Toxoplasma gondii Trypanosoma (T. gambiense, T. rhodiesiense); African sleeping sickness Trypansoma cruzi. Chagas dz, S. America Leishmania donovani P. vivax/ovale P. vivax/ovale

4 tx w/primaquine Severe; daily cycles; parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain, kidneys, lungs Fever and hemolytic anemia; predominantly in NE USA Maltese cross in RBC Tx for Trypanosoma cruzi Tx for Leishmania donovani Tx for Babesia Foul-smelling, greenish discharge from vag; itching and burning; STD Tx for Trichomonas vaginalis Eggs visible in feces; intestinal infection Giant roundworm Pinworm Food contaminated with eggs; intestinal infection; causes anal pruritis Undercooked meat (pork) Inflammation of muscle (larvae encyst in muscle) Periorbital edema Larvae in soil penetrate skin; lung sx; intestinal infection; causes vomiting, diarrhea, and anemia, abdominal bloating, weight loss. P. falciparum Babesia Babesia Nifurtimox Sodium stibogluconate Quinine, clindamycin Trichomonas vaginalis Metronidazole Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Enterobius vermicularis Trichinella spiralis Trichinella spiralis Trichinella spiralis Strongyloides stercoralis Larvae penetrateskin of feet; intestinal infection can cause anemia (suck blood from intestinal walls). Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus Hookworms In drinking water; skin inflammation and ulceration. Transmitted by female blackflies; causes hyperpigmented skin. Can have allergic reaction to microfilaria River blindness Tx for Onchocerca volvulus Necator americanus Dracunculus medinensis Onchocerca volvulus Onchocerca volvulus Ivermectin

5 Transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) Tx for Loa Loa Food contaminated with eggs; causes granulomas (in in retina -> blindness) and visceral larva migrans Tx for Toxocara canis Female mosquito; causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephantitis). Takes 9 months to 1 year after bite to get elephantiasis sx. Tx for Wuchereria bancrofti Loa Loa Diethylcarbamazine Toxocara canis Diethylcarbamazine Wuchereria bancrofti Diethylcarbamazine Ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork. Taenid solium Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, mass lesions in brain. "swiss cheese" appearance in brain Tx for Taenid solium Tx for neurocystercercosis Ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish. Causes vitamin B12 defic anemia. Tx for Diphyllobothrium latum Taenid solium Praziquantel -bendazoles Diphyllobothrium latum Praziquantel Eggs in dog feces when ingested can cause cysts in liver; causes anaphylaxis if Ags are released from cysts (surgeons Echinococcus granulosus inject ethanol before removal to neutralize Ags). Tx for Echinococcus granulosus Snails are host Cercariae penetrate skin of humans; causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver. Chronic infection can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Causes inflammation of the biliary tract -> pigmented gallstones Cholangiocarcinoma Undercooked fish Tx of Clonorchis sinensis -bendazoles Schistosoma Schistosoma Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchis sinensis Praziquantel

6 Tx of Schistosoma Tx of Paragonimus westermani Undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung, causing hemoptysis Parasite: Portal hypertension Parasite: Hematuria, bladder CA Parasite: Microcytic anemia Parasite: Liver cysts Colorado tick fever Rotavirus Hepevirus Calicivirus Norwalk virus - viral gastroenteritis HCV Yellow fever Dengue fever St. Louis encephalitis Western equine encephalitis West nile virus Rubella Eastern equine encephalitis Togavirus HTLV Praziquantel Praziquantel Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Ancylostoma, Necator Echinococcus granulosus No envelope DS linear segments Icosohedral (double) No envelope, SS + linear, Icosahedral No envelope, SS + linear, Icosahedral Calicivirus Togavirus Enveloped, SS+, linear, icosahedral Togavirus Togavirus Enveloped, SS+, linear, icosahedral Retrovirus

7 Influenza virus Parainfluenza - croup RSV Rubeola Mumps Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever LCMV - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Lassa fever encephalitis California encephalitis Sandfly/Rift valley fevers Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus HDV Retroviruses Coronaviruses Orthomyxoviruses Paramyxoviruses Rhabdoviruses Filoviruses Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses Deltaviruses Picornaviruses Poliovirus Orthomyxovirus Paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus Paramyxovirus Filovirus Arenavirus Arenavirus - spread by mice Bunyavirus Bunyavirus Bunyavirus Bunyavirus - hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia Deltavirus Enveloped, SS +, Icosahedral Enveloped, SS +, Icosahedral Enveloped, SS -, linear, 8 segments, Helical Enveloped, SS -, linear, nonsegmented, Helical Enveloped, SS -, linear, Helical Enveloped, SS -, linear, Helical Enveloped, SS -, circular, 2 segments, helical Enveloped, SS -, circular, 3 segments, helical Enveloped, SS -, circular, helical Nonenveloped, SS +, Icosahedral Picornavirus

8 Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxackievirus HAV Echovirus Coxackievirus Warthin-Finkeldy giant cell Tx for RSV Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) in liver High fever, black vomitus, jaundice dsrna segmented virus 3-day rash 5-day rash Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Fever then rash Rash spreads from head to toe Generalized lymphadenopathy particularly postauricular and occipital Severe congenital infection Picornavirus Picornavirus Picornavirus Picornavirus Most common cause of aseptic meningitis Aseptic meningitis, herpangina, mycarditis Pathognomonic for measles or live attenuated vaccine Ribavirin Yellow fever Yellow fever Rubella Rubeola Rubeola HHV-6 (Roseola) Rubeola Rubella Rubella Ocular problems (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmos, glaucoma), cardiovascular problems (PDA, VSD, pulmonary Congenital rubella stenosis), deafness, thrombocytopenia purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, CNS problems, bony lesions All contain surface F "fusion" protein Used in RSV to neutralize F protein Rash preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis HIV - Superficial vascular proliferation; biopsy reveals Paramyxoviruses Palivizumab Rubeola Bartonella henselae (bacillary

9 neutrophilic inflammation HIV - Superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature; biopsy reveals lymphocytic inflammation angiomatosis) HHV-8 HIV - Chronic watery diarrhea; acid-fast cysts seen in stool Cryptosporidium spp. HIV - Meningitis; India ink stain reveals narrow-based budding HIV - Encephalopathy HIV - Abscesses, ring-enhancing lesions on imaging HIV - Retinitis; cotton-wool spots on funduscopic exam HIV - Hairy leukoplakia; often on lateral tongue HIV - Non-hodgkin's lymphoma (large cell type); often on oropharynx (Waldeyer's ring) HIV - Squamous cell carcinoma; often in anus (MSM) or cervix (females) HIV - Interstitial pneumonia; biopsy reveals cells with intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies HIV - Pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, infiltrates on imaging HIV - Pneumonia CD4<200 HIV - TB like dz CD4<50 Protein A IgA protease M protein Optochin Bacitracin Novobiocin Cryptococcus neoformans JC virus (PML) results in demyelination Toxoplasma gondii CMV EBV EBV HPV CMV Invasive aspergillosis Pneumocystis jiroveci Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare S. aureus. Binds Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis. Cleaves IgA. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, Neisseria (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa. Group A streptococcus. Helps prevent phagocytosis. S. pneumoniae sensitive, S. viridans resistant Group A beta-hemolytic strep (S. pyogenes) sensitive. Group B (S. agalactiae) resistant. S. epidermidis sensitive. S. saprophyticus

10 resistant. Mucicarmine Lyme disease Enterotoxin A Enterotoxin A Cytotoxin B Cytotoxin B Stains cryptococcus neoformans red Heart block, bilateral Bell's palsy C. Difficile Watery diarrhea C. Difficile Colonic epithelial cell necrosis and stimulation of fibrin deposition