Viral Hepatitis. Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention EDITED BY. Steven Specter. College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa

Transcription

1 Viral Hepatitis

2 Viral Hepatitis Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention EDITED BY College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa * Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

3 01999 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally pubiished Ьу Нumana Press Inс. in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 AII rights reserved. No рзrt of this book тау ье reproduced, stored in а retrieval system, or transmitted in 8Оу form or Ьу 8Оу means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission froт the Publisher. Methods in Molecular BiologY'" is а trademark of 1Ье Humana Press Inс. А11 authored papers, соттепtз, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), 80d do not necessarily reflect the views of the pubiisher. 1bis publication is printed оп acid-free paper. ANSI Z (Americ8O Standards lnstitute) Реrmanеncе ofpaper for Printed иьшу Materials. Cover iiiustration: Cover design Ьу Patricia Р. Cleary. Рor additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, 8Odlor information about other Humana titles, contact Нumana at the аьоуе address or at 8Оу ofthe following numbers: Теl: ; Рах: ; or visit our Website at Photoeopу Authorlzatlon Рoliey: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specific clients, is granted Ьу Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, provided that the base fee of US $10.00 per сору, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid direcdy to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, D8Overs, МА For those organizations that Ьауе Ьееп gr80ted а photocopy Iicense (roт the ССС, а separate system of paymenthas Ьееп arranged 80d is ассершые to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 1Ье feecode for users ofthetransactional Reporting Service is: [ $ $00.25] Library of Congress Cata1oging-in-Publication Data Vira1 hepatitis: diagnosis. therapy, and prevention/edited Ьу. р. ст. Includes index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Viral hepatitis. 1. Specter, Steven. [DNLM: 1. Hepatitis, Vira1, Human--diagnosis. 2. Hepatitis, Vira1, Human--therapy. WC S36V ] RC848.H43VS I6.3'623--dc21 DNLМlDLC for Library of Congress CIP

4 Preface Hepatitis continues to be a major health threat in both developed and developing nations. This occurs despite the recognition over the past few decades of the viral agents responsible for this disease, and despite development of methods to detect these viruses and of vaccines to prevent the spread of some of them. Nevertheless, the number of viruses that are known to cause hepatitis continues to increase. This has been both helpful in developing strategies to combat viral hepatitis and disconcerting as we realize that the problem is more complex than was realized. The artificial grouping of these totally unrelated viruses, based on the disease they cause, requires careful examination of the biology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of these agents. Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention examines the five well-recognized hepatitis viruses, A through E, and examines some newer agents (so called non-a-e hepatitis viruses or GB viruses), whose description has emerged in the past few years. These agents can all be transmitted by human blood products, which makes them potentially important pathogens. The book's chapters will examine the biological nature of each of the viruses, the pathogenesis of the disease(s) they cause, both acute and chronic, information on how, and how readily, they are transmitted, and the clinical signs and symptoms of the diseases. This will provide an in depth understanding of the current state of knowledge of these agents. The hepatitis viruses are tested for during the diagnosis of disease. The specific types of diagnosis and the most practical way to approach this will be evaluated. The prevention of and therapy for hepatitis virus infections are a major public health goal. Significant progress has been made in this regard through the 1980s and 1990s. There are now vaccines for hepatitis B virus (and consequently hepatitis D virus) and for hepatitis A virus. In addition, interferon and some antiviral drugs are now being used for therapy. These are all discussed in chapters devoted to each of the topics noted. Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention concludes with a look at where the study of viral hepatitis is headed and what impact new developments in this field might have on world health. v

5 Contents Preface... v Contributors... ix 1 Introduction Hepatitis A Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Description, and Diagnosis... 7 Jack T. Stapleton 3 Hepatitis B Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Description, and Diagnosis Girish N. Vyas and T.S. Benedict Yen 4 Hepatitis C Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Description, and Diagnosis Mauro Bendinelli, Maria Linda Vatteroni, Fabrizio Maggi, and Mauro Pistello 5 Hepatitis D Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Description, and Therapy Antonia Smedile and Giorgio Verme 6 Hepatitis E Virus: Biology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Description, Diagnosis, and Prevention Patrice o. Yarbough and Albert W. Tam 7 The GB Viruses: Discovery, Molecular Biology, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology Thomas P. Leary and Isa K. Mushahwar 8 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis Richard L. Hodinka 9 Antiviral Chemotherapy for Viral Hepatitis Christopher O'Brien and Dilip Moonka 10 Hepatitis A Vaccines John A. Lewis 11 Hepatitis B Vaccines Index vii

6 Contributors MAURO BENDINELLI Dipartmento di Biomedicina Sperimentale, Infettiva e Pubblica, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy RICHARD L. RODINKA Clinical Virology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA THOMAS P. LEARY Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL JOHN A. LEWIS Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA FABRIZIO MAGGI Dipartmento di Biomedicina Sperimentale, Infettiva e Pubblica, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy DILIP MOONKA Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA ISA K. MUSHAHWAR Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL CHRISTOPHER O'BRIEN Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA MAURO PISTELLO Dipartmento di Biomedicina Sperimentale, Infettiva e Pubblica, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy ZHI-REN Lm Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL ANTONIA SMEDILE Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, Regione Piemonte; Divisione di Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera, S. Giovanni Battista di Torino, Ospedale Molinette, Torino, Italy CHRISTOPHER W. J. SMITH Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom STEVEN SPECTER Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL JACK T. STAPLETON Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA ALBERT W. TAM GeneLabs Technologies, Redwood City, CA MARIA LINDA VATTERONI Dipartmento di Biomedicina, Sperimentale, Infettiva e Pubblica, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy GIORGIO VERME Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, Regione Piemonte; Divisione di Gastroenterologia, Azienda Ospedaliera, S. Giovanni Battista di Torino, Ospedale Molinette, Torino, Italy GIRISH N. VYAS Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA PATRICE O. YARBOUGH GeneLabs Technologies, Inc., Redwood City, CA T.S. BENEDICT YEN Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA lx