Bio-equivalence Study of Two Oral Flumequine Formulations (Flumisol and Maquin ) in Broiler Chickens

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1 Bio-equivalence Study of Two Oral Flumequine Formulations (Flumisol Maquin ) in Broiler Cickens Journal of Medical Biomedical And Applied Sciences Doi : /jmbas.v3i Received : 5 November 2016 Accepted : 29 November 2016 Saber El-Hanbally 1 Abstract Te present study was designed to assess te comparative bio-equivalence of Flumisol Maquin in ealty broiler cickens after oral administration of bot products in a dose of 12 mg flumequine /kg.b.wt. Twenty four broiler cickens were divided equally into two groups (12 cickens for eac group). Te first group was designed to study te parmacokinetics of Flumisol, wile te 2 nd group was designed to study te parmacokinetics of Maquin. Eac broiler cicken in bot groups was orally administered wit 12 mg flumequine /kg b.wt. Blood samples were obtained from te wing vein collected immediately before at 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, ours after a single oral administration. Te disposition kinetics of Flumisol Maquin following oral administration of 12 mg flumequine/kg b.wt, revealed tat te maximum blood concentration [C max ] were µg/ml, attained at [t max ] of ours, respectively. In conclusion: Maquin is bioequivalent to Flumisol since te ratios of C max, AUC 0 24 AUC 0 (T/R) were 0.93, , respectively. Tese are witin te Bio-equivalence acceptance range. Flumisol Maquin are terefore bioequivalent intercangeable. Introduction Quinolones are often used in livestock fis farm industries in cases of pulmonary, urinary digestive infections as tey act by inibiting bacterial DNA gyrase 1. Flumequine (9-fluoruro-6, 7-diydro-5-metyl-1- oxo-1h, 5H-benzo-quinolizine -2-carboxylic acid) is a member of te alogenated quinoline carboxylic acid group of antibacterial agents wit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria 2. Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are widely used to treat pulmonary enteric diseases in poultry 3 ; among tese, colibacillosis is considered te main cause of economic loss for turkey breeding 4,5. Flumequine (FLU), a second-generation fluoroquinolone drug, is useful in te treatment of systemic Escericia coli infections possibly oter infections tat are caused by gram-negative bacteria in poultry. Despite te availability of newer fluoroquinolone; Flumequine is still employed because of its relatively low cost good tolerability, especially in minor species suc as turkey; for wic te cost of terapy is relevant. In avian species; drinking water is te most common route of administering mass medication, te treatments can be conducted following 2 scemes: continuous administration during te entire ligt period or pulsed administration for a limited period between Flumequine is particularly active in vitro against Escericia coli, Salmonella spp. Pasteurella spp. 7,8 is commonly used in food producing species (ruminants, pigs, birds, fis) Te minimal inibitory concentrations (MIC) of flumequine for tese bacteria are reported in te range µg/ml 9 11,13,17. Studies on te kinetic beaviour of flumequine in rats, dogs, calves, seep, goats, pigs fis are available 10,12,14, However, limited information is available on disposition, metabolism safety of flumequine in birds 9,17,23,24. Wile several studies ave described te calves seep, tere is no suc information available for cickens. In calves 12, seep 14, rat dog 19 man 25, flumequine is glucuronidated to a lesser extent ydroxylated to 7- ydroxyflumequine. Tis metabolite exibits approximately one/eigt te antimicrobial activity of flumequine 26. Te major parmacodynamic effect of flumequine is its antimicrobial activity. From a clinical point of view, flumequine microbiologically active metabolites sould be assayed in te plasma to compare tese plasma concentrations wit te MIC values of potential patogens 1. On te oter, tere is a strict legislative framework controlling te use of quinolone substances, wit te aim of minimizing te risk to uman ealt associated wit consumption of teir residues. Terefore, to ensure uman food safety, te European Union (EU) as set tolerance levels for tese compounds as maximum residue limits (LMR). Te LMR in cicken turkey was fixed for flumequine at Department of Parmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt Innovative Journal

2 2 3 (12) µg/kg in muscle, 250 µg/kg in skin + fat, 800 lg/kg in liver 1000 µg/kg in kidney 27. Depletion of drugs from food producing animals must be assessed in order to determine te time needed before te antibiotic disappears from animal tissue to assess in a definitive way wen te treated animal can be safely consumed. In tis framework, tere is a dem for suitable sensitive analytical metods tat can be used to monitor te levels of quinolone residues in foods to establis drug witdrawal times in cickens after parmacological treatments 1. Several scientific ealt institutions ave expressed serious concern over te emergence of FQ resistance, manifesting te need for risk management intervention regarding te use of FQ in umans animals. Due to te development of FQ resistance in Campylobacter strains of poultry origin, te Food Drug Administration as banned te use of FQ for te treatment of poultry infections since In te European Union (EU), risk evaluation is ongoing, according to te guidelines for risk management, FQ sould be reserved for te treatment of clinical conditions tat ave responded poorly to oter classes of antimicrobials. In addition, better dosage regimens sould be determined based on parmacokinetic/parmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration 29. Te Bio-equivalence studies play an important role in determining terapeutic efficacy to register te generic drug products according to te Food Drug Administration (FDA) regulations 30. Bio-equivalence is defined as statistically equivalent between two products at te same molar dose of te terapeutic moiety under similar experimental conditions 30,31. Te drug products are said to be bioequivalent if tey are parmaceutical equivalents or parmaceutical alternatives if teir rate extent of absorption do not sow a significant differences statistically according to te FDA regulations 30. Te aim of tis study is to evaluate Bio-equivalence of two oral flumequine solutions (Flumisol Maquin ) after oral administration of a single dose of 12 mg flumequine /kg b.wt. in broiler cicken Materials Metods Drugs Flumisol : is manufactured by CEVA Animal Healt, France. It is dispended as oral solution. Eac 1 ml contains 100 mg flumequine it was used as reference product. Maquin : is manufactured by Medmac (Veterinary division), Amman, Jordan. It is dispended as oral solution. Eac 1 ml contains 100 mg flumequine it was used as test product. Broiler Cickens Experimental Design Twenty four ealty Hubbard one day old broiler cickens were obtained from El-Sadat city private poultry farm, Egypt. Tey were kept individually in cages, witin a ventilated, eated room (20 C), 23 ours of day ligt. Tey received a stard commercial ration free from any antibiotics for 30 days before starting te experiment to insure complete clearance of any anti-bacterial substances from teir bodies. Water was offered ad-libitum. Bio-equivalence Study Broiler cickens (30 days old weiging kg) were used to study te bio-equivalence of Flumisol Maquin after oral administration. Broiler cickens were divided into two groups. Te 1 st group (12 broiler cickens) was used to study te parmacokinetics of Flumisol. Te 2 nd group (12 broiler cickens) was used to study te parmacokinetics of Maquin. Broiler cickens in te 1 st group were administered orally (intra-crop) wit Flumisol at a dose of 12 mg flumequine/kg.b.wt, wile broiler cickens in te 2 nd group were administered orally wit Maquin at a dose of 12 mg flumequine/kg b.wt. Blood Samples Blood samples were obtained from te wing vein (1 ml) collected in test tubes immediately before at 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, ours after a single oral administration (groups 1 2). Samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes te obtained sera were used for te estimation of flumequine concentration. Te serum samples were stored at 20 C until analysis, te assay was performed witin a week of obtainment. Analytical Procedure Flumequine samples in serum were determined by microbiological assay 32 using Escericia coli ATCC as test micro-organism. Stard curves were constructed using antibacterial free serum collected from cickens. Parmacokinetics Statistical Analysis Serum concentrations of flumequine versus time data obtained during te study were utilized for calculating various parmacokinetic variables using non-compartmental analysis using computerized program, WinNonline 4.1 (Parsigt, USA). Te peak concentrations (C max ) time to peak (T max ) were obtained from te serum concentration-time data directly. Te areas under te serum concentration of flumequine time curves from time 0 to te last sample collected (AUC 0 24 ) were calculated using linear trapezoidal metod 33. Wile AUC 0 was derived from AUC AUC 24, were AUC 24 = C 24 /β. For Bio-equivalence evaluation, te ratios of C max (T/R), AUC 0 24 (T/R) AUC 0 (T/R) were calculated. Values witin te Bio-equivalence acceptable range at 90% confidence interval, were considered for accepting te null ypotesis of Bio-equivalence between te reference te test brs 34,35. Results Te mean serum concentrations of flumequine in Flumisol Maquin following oral administration of 12 mg flume-quine/kg.b.wt. in broiler cickens are sown in Table 1 Figure 1. Te mean parmacokinetic parameters of flumequine in Flumisol Maquin after oral administration of 12 mg flumequine/kg.b.wt. in broiler cickens were sown in Table 2.

3 El-Hanbally 3 Table 1. Mean (X ± S.E) serum concentrations (µg/ml) of flumequine in Flumisol Maquin following oral administration of 12 mg flumequine/kg.b.wt. in broiler cickens(n = 12) Time post Administration (our) Mean serum concentration (µg/ml) Flumisol (Reference) 0.16± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.001 Maquin (Test) 0.10± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.001 Figure 1. Semilogartimic plot sowing te serum concentrations-time profile of flumequine in Flumisol ( ) Maquin ( ) following oral administration of 12 mg flumequine/kg.b.wt. in broiler cickens (n = 12). Te disposition kinetics of flumequine in Flumisol Maquin following oral administration of 12 mg flumequine /kg.b.wt. revealed tat te maximum blood concentration [C max ] were µg/ml attained at [T max ] of ours, respectively. Te mean ratios of C max AUC of te tested reference formulations were witin Bio-equivalence range summarized intable 3. All te experimental cickens remained ealty during after te study. Bio-equivalence ratio (Table 3) for mean C max, AUC 0 24, AUC 0 (T/R) of Maquin versus te reference products (Flumisol ) were 0.93, , respectively. Te two oral formulations of flumequine (Flumisol Maquin ) in tis experiment could terefore be considered bioequivalent. Discussion Flumequine, a second generation fluoroquinolone, is a promising drug in te treatment of systemic E. coli infection possibly of oter infections wit Gram-negative bacteria suc as Salmonella spp. P. multocida in poultry very few reports are available on its kinetics in tese food producing animals 9,17,23,24. Wen given orally, flumequine was rapidly (t 1/2ab : ) for bot Flumisol Maquin, respectively, efficiently absorbed in cickens resulting in a similar maximal serum concentration (C max : µg/ml) for bot Flumisol Maquin, respectively. Tese values were lower tan values reported previously in te literature for poultry (range µg/ml) 9,17,23,24 tose in calves (C max : 4.47 & 6.73 µg/ml) 10,12. Also, flumequine as a T max in cickens (1.42 1nd 1.41 ) for bot Flumisol Maquin, respectively, similar to oter birds 9,17,23,24 lower tan mammals (range 2 3) 10,12,18 Neverteless, effective blood concentrations against microorganisms were acieved in a relatively sort time (10 20 min) were maintained up to 24 after oral administration. Te t 1/2el of flumequine in cickens was for bot Flumisol Maquin, respectively. Tis result was lower tan tat recorded in cicken Suc differences are relatively common frequently related to interspecies variation, assay metods used, te time between blood samplings, / or te ealt status age of te animals 36. Bio-equivalence study is a test to assure te clinical efficacy of a generic versus br drugs 30. Bio-equivalence refers to a comparison between generic formulations of a drug, or a product in wic a cange as been made in one or more of te ingredients or in te manufacturing process, a reference dosage form of te same drug. Tis study sows tat te Bio-equivalence ratio for mean C max, AUC 0 24, AUC 0 (T/R) of Maquin versus te reference products (Flumisol ) were 0.93, respectively. Tese values were witin te recommended range at te level of 90% confidence i nterval, T e t wo oral formulations of flumequine ( Flumisol Maquin ) in tis experiment could terefore be considered bioequivalent. Conclusions Based on te above parmacokinetic statistical results tat calculated in te current study, we concluded tat Maquin wic manufactured by Medmac (Veterinary division), Amman, Jordan, is bioequivalent to Flumisol wic manufactured by CEVA Animal Healt, France. And bot products can be used as intercangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice especially in poultry.

4 4 3 (12) Table 2. Mean (X ± S.E) parmacokinetic parameters of flumequine in Flumisol Maquin following oral administration of 12 mg flumequine/kg.b.wt. in broiler cickens(n = 12). Parameter Unit Flumisol (Reference) Maquin (Test) Kab Kel t1/2(ab) t1/2(el) Cmax tmax AUC AUMC MRT -1-1 µg ml-1 µg ml-1-1 µg ml ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.47 kab; Kel absorbtion elimination rate constant after oral administration; T0.5(ab) absorbtion alf-life after oral administration; T0.5(el) elimination alf-life after oral administration; Cmax maximum serum concentration; Tmax time to peak serum concentration; AUC; area under serum concentration-time curve; AUMC area under moment curve; MRT mean residence time. Table 3. Bio-equivalence between Flumisol (reference) Maquin (test)formulations. Bio-equivalence Cmax AUC 0 24 AUC 0 Flumisol (reference) Maquin (test) Point estimate Acceptable range Conclusion 1.88± ± ± ± ± ± = Bio-equivalent References 1. Anadón A, Martínez MA, Martínez M. De La Cruz C, Díaz MJ, Martínez-Larrañaga MR. Oral bioavailability, tissue distribution depletion of flumequine in te food producing animal, cicken for fattening. Food Cem Toxicol;2008( ). 2. Neuman M. Flumequine. Drugs Today. 1978;14: Papic MG, Riviere JE. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial drugs. Wiley; p Webber M, Piddock LJV. Quinolone resistance in Escericia coli. Vet. Res; Barnes LKN, Colibacillosis JPV. in Diseases of Poultry. Ames, IA: Blackwell Publising;. p Carleston B, Gate JJ, Aitken IA, Stepan B, Froyman R. Comparison of te efficacies of tree fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents, given as continuous or pulsed-water medication, against Escericia coli infection in cickens. Antimicrob Agents Cemoter. 1998;42: Greenwood D. Activity of flumequine against Escericia coli: in vitro comparison wit nalidixic oxolinic acids. Antimicrob Agents Cemoter. 1978;13: Steer CR, Huby CL, Ball ET, Wilson AMM, Gray JA. Clinical laboratory studies wit R802, a new syntetic quinolone, in urinary tract infection. J Antimicrob Cemoter. 1981;7: Dorrestein GM, Gog HV, Buitelaar MN, Nouws JFM. Clinical parmacology parmacokinetics of flumequine after intravenous, intramuscular oral administration in pigeons (Columba livia). J Vet Parmacol Ter. 1983;6: Ziv G, Soback S, Bor A, Kurtz B. Clinical parmacokinetics of flumequine in calves. J Vet Parmacol Ter. 1986;9: Pijpers A, Klingeren BV, Scoevers EJ, Vereijden JHM. Van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M.,. In vitro activity of five tetracyclines some oter antimicrobial agents against four porcine respiratory tract patogens. J Vet Parmacol Ter;1989;12: Mevius DJ, Breukink HJ, Guelen PJM, Jansen T, Greve BD. Parmacokinetics, metabolism renal clearance of flumequine in veal calves. J Vet Parmacol Ter. 1990;13: Mevius DJ, Breukink HJ, Miert ASJPAMV. In vitro activity of flumequine in comparison wit several oter antimicrobial agents against five patogens isolated in calves in Te Neterls. Vet. Q. 1990;12: Delmas JM, Capel AM, Gaudin V, Sers P. Parmacokinet-ics of flumequine in seep after intravenous intramuscular administration: bioavailability tissue residue studies. J Vet Parmacol Ter. 1997;20: Samuelsen OB. Efficacy of bat-administered flumequine oxolinic acid in te treatment of vibriosis in small Atlantic alibut. J Aquat Anim Healt. 1997;9: Hansen MK, Horsberg TE. Single-dose parmacokinetics of flumequine in alibut (Hippoglossus ippoglossus) turbot (Scoptalamus maximus). J Vet Parmacol Ter. 1999;22: Goren E, Jong WAD, Doornenbal P. Parmacokinetical aspects of flumequine terapeutic efficacy in Escericia coli infection in poultry. Avian Patol. 1982;11: Ruiz-Garcia A, Berejo M, Merino V, o GSC, Freixas J, Garrigues TM. Parmacokinetics, bioavailability absorption of flumequine in te rat. Eur J Parm Bioparm. 1999;48: Harrison LI, Scuppan D, Rolfing SR, Hansen AR, Gester JF, Hansen CS, et al. Disposition of radiolabeled flumequine in rat dog. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1986;14: Villa R, Cagnardi P, Acocella F, Massi P, Anfossi P, Asta F, et al. Parmacodynamics parmacokinetics of flumequine in pigs after single intravenous intramuscular administration. Vet J. 2005;170:

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