Findings and advances on Ganoderma in oil palm.

Transcription

1 Tristan Gerardo!...!...It es is Phytophothora for you Findings and advances on Ganoderma in oil palm. Tristan Durand-Gasselin, Nicolas Turnbull, Hubert de Franqueville, Fréderic Breton, Indra Syahputra and Benoit Cochard.

2 Ganoderma is a major disease to oil palm It causes considerable losses in Asia and in Africa (Up to 80 %)

3 Field symptoms Thailand Indonesia Cameroon

4 Carpophorus

5 Basal Stem Rot B S R

6 Ganoderma?

7

8 Ganoderma species may cause diseases on : Oak Maple Sycamore Areca (Betelnut) Acacia.. and oil palm About Ganoderma Ganoderma boninense on Bactris

9 About Ganoderma Ganodermatacae are basidiomycota fungi. Taxonomy is very confused : it is a difficult genera among the polypore More than 400 names but probably only 100 to 150 species. May be only 80. Colour, shiny or dull, morphology, Geography, spores/basidiospores, hyphal elements leads to a lot of confusions.

10 About Ganoderma Today we have different molecular tools that has their own urlity. Among them : ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer from ribosome DNA) is very convenient to characterize species and to construct phylogenerc relaronship. (Supraspecific, specific, subspecific, less efficient for popularon- level relaronships). SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats (microsatellites)) are useful to study the generc diversity within species and to idenrfy races.

11 PhylogeneEc of Ganoderma G. Lucidum (medecine) In Asia, G. boninense is generally the one associated to oil palm G. zonatum G. boninense Frequently related to palms From J- M. Moncalvo

12 Ganoderma : diversity 372 isolates Asia SE (Thailand + Penninsular Malaisia + Indonesia Sumatera) From : J. S. Tan F. Breton L. Camus M. Mercière N_sumatra malay_p S_sumatra Thai Borneo G.res G. resinaceum 34 isolates from Bornéo Afr 32 isolates from Cameroun Is the work done in Sumatra valid for Borneo or Africa?

13 Biology of Ganoderma Ganoderma, as most basidiomycota, have a monocaryorc (n) and a dicaryorc phase (2n). The dicaryorc phase result from the fusion 2 monocaryorc mycelium as long as they are of marng comparble type. Only the dicaryoec mycelia is pathogenic

14 What did we learn from the field?

15 Ganoderma & Previous crop Rubber Forest Oil Palms Coconut Ganoderma infecron will increase with 2 nd generaron of oil palm and further From Singh, 1991

16 Dispersion of Ganoderma Palm to palm through roots? Yes Dispersion through spores? Very likely yes also. Some confirmaron : Role of roots has been confirm since long (Turner/Arifin) Bait palms are infected by the same strain (Flood) Huge diversity within a field (Sanderson/Piloh)

17 Dispersion of Ganoderma (Cont..) One palm and different strain : We have to keep in mind that situaeons are diverse

18 Bait Palms Infected adult palm Bait young palm Bait Palms InfecRon of bait palms is very fast (< 2 years) It has been found that the strains were idenrcal (J. Flood)

19 Bait Palms/ removing the source Removing the source Status of the bole Depth of the bole % bait seedling infected Infected (BSR) 0 75 % Infected (BSR) 20 cm 58 % Infected (BSR) 40 cm 28 % Infected (BSR) 60 cm 21 % Infected (BSR) 80 cm 0 % Infected (BSR) 100 cm 0 % Control (Healthy) 60 0 % From Flood et al ReplanEng to be done far from the sources

20 ReplanEng at the same density ReplanEng between old palms is a good compromise

21 ReplanEng at 160 palms/ha Changing the inieal density Increase the risk of BSR

22 GeneEc back ground Akbar was the first to report, in 1971, the high susceptibility to BSR of pure Deli planted in North Sumatra as compared to Deli x Yangambi Mata Pao : Plantations 1955 and 1958 Tanah Gambus : Plantations 1957 Observations : % Basal Stem Rot (Ganoderma) Mata Pao Pure Deli Deli x Yangambi Tanah Gambus Source: from Akbar et al. 1971

23 GeneEc back ground

24 GeneEc back ground Mata Pao Estate (Indonesia) : 17 years old plantaeon Commercial material normal Other clones Clone SOC 001

25 IPM of Ganoderma Development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) GENETIC (BREEDING) CHEMICAL CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL CULTURAL PRACTICES Field screening trials Nursery screening trials Screening fungicides ApplicaEon method Trichoderma spp. EndophyEc Bacteria Land PreparaEon SanitaEon Felling Breeding is now a key component provided good cultural praceces are followed

26 CULTURAL PRACTICES PracEce SanitaRon before replanrng : Bole removing Shipping Distance to previous palm SanitaRon during the generaron Removing fruirng bodies Trenches Mounding Effect / Usefulness Yes Yes Yes probably Probably no No Yes for a few month

27 Breeding for Ganoderma resistance GeneRc resistance to Ganoderma in the field was reported in 1971 (Akbar..) in 2001 (de Franqueville..) rd BB CL 4 (1989 planting, 3 planting cycle) LMC 074 SOC 0903 (a) Clearly suscepeble 30 % Ganoderma LMC 044 LMC 043 (a,b) SOC 0901 LMC 063 (b) C 2501 (b) LMC 051 (b) Years

28 Breeding for Ganoderma resistance 1974->1998 Incidence of Ganoderma Parental Material. The Deli origin is a source of high susceptibility Deli x Deli : 82 % Deli self : 83 % Deli x Deli : 69 % Deli x Deli : 77 % Deli self : 93 % DP IRHO 23 % TP Yang. 17 % TT la Mé 12 % TT Yang. 24 % TP la Mé 32 % T self la Mé 29 %

29 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1992

30 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1993

31 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1994

32 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1995

33 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1996

34 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1997

35 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1998

36 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 1999

37 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2000

38 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2001

39 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2002

40 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2003

41 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2004

42 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2005

43 BB CL 2 PlanRng nd generaron 2006

44 BC 68 LM LMC 36 SOC 0001 SOC % 94 % Overall infecron levels will depend on planeng material but also on land preparaeon and agricultural praceces

45 Breeding for Ganoderma resistance Specific Resistance (monogenic resistance) = complete resistance to some specific isolates/races Specific resistance may be easily broken Versus Non- specific Resistance (mul7gene resistance) = pareal resistance effeceve against all isolates/races of the pathogen. As a consequence the planters must not expect «Zero Disease»

46 About resistance The International Seed Federation encourage seed producer to define following wording : Immunity, resistance, tolerance, susceptibility... The ISF encourage to classify varieties in three levels: highly resistant or intermediate resistant or non resistant. Our strategy aims at selecting for multiple defense genes involved in (partial) resistance. This selection will push toward providing sustainable resistance.

47 Early screening test A burden! crosses x 100 plants /test - 10 tests / year / locaron palms /year

48 index Susceptibility Base 100: Trial mean Resistance x

49 Early screening test Repeatability : To what extend is the test consistent? Trial SuscepEble Resistant cross cross Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Yes : but needs reperrons.

50 Early screening test InteracRon : Are resistances to one isolate of Ganoderma valid for all isolates? Progenies Islolate (agressivity) A B C D E F V ( +) W (++) X ( +) Y ( +) Z ( -) Yes : ranking is very much the same.

51 Early screening test Can resistance be explain by an addirve model? Origin Yangambi 1 & 1' Yangambi 2 La Mé 1 La Mé 2 La Mé 3 Deli Susceptible Gano Index Deli Deli Deli Deli Intermediate to resistant Susceptible to intermediate Susceptible to intermediate Intermediate resistant Susceptible Susceptible Resistant Susceptible to resistant intermediate Resistant x Resistant origins à Resistant progeny (82) Yes transmission is addirve SuscepRble x SuscepRble origins à SuscepRble progeny (125) SuscepRble x Resistant originsà Intermediate progenies (97-109)

52 Early screening test As Early screening test is : 1. Repeatable 2. Does not show interacron isolate / planrng material. 3. AddiRvity is the main effect This enables us to design tests with reference parents (testors) : Pisifera Deli 1 Pisifera Deli 2 Pisifera Deli 3 Pisifera Deli 4 x Same pisifera Dura Pisifera Deli can can be be compared

53 GeneRc structure Testors x Palm 1 Palm 2 Palm 3 Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm. Palm... Family 1 Family 2 Family x Family y Family.. Origin 1 Origin A Group, (Deli, Angola,.. B Group (La Mé, Yangambi, Nigeria,

54 Prenursery test Variability within A Group One origin 14 families Index Family from A group (Deli) per origins Each family is represented by a significant number of crosses (vs testors)

55 Link with the field

56 Field test Field trial Gano 1 : % Infection at 10 years old Origins Deli x La Mé La Mé A Yambi IRHO A La Mé B Nigeria A Nigeria B Yangambi Socfin A D Dabou A 18 10,4 8 4 D Dabou B 0 16, D Dabou C 14,6 7,3 9,1 8,3 12,1 10,2 Intermediate resistant Intermediate to resistant Intermediate resistant D Dabou D 15,3 7,4 6,3 3,4 4,8 9,1 8 Resistant D Dabou E 31,3 8,3 12,9 13,2 16,3 22,9 13,1 Susceptible D Nifor A 17,6 6 Susceptible D Nifor B ,3 Intermediate resistant D Socfin A 16,7 2,1 0 12,5 13,4 5 Resistant DSocfin B 6,2 14, ,5 Susceptible Resistant Intermediate resistant Resistant Intermediate resistant Susceptible Intermediate resistant Intermediate resistant Resistant x Resistant genitors à Resistant progeny (7,4%) SuscepRble x SuscepRble genitors à SuscepRble progeny (22,9%) SuscepRble x Resistant genitors à intermediate progeny (8,3%- 13,4%)

57 Parental garden or seed garden SelecEon of parents for Ganoderma resistant seeds Bangun Bandar Seed Garden: 211 ha Aek Kwasan II Seed garden: 160 ha Aek Kwasan II Parental Garden: 160 ha Progeny trials Bangun Bandar : 95 ha (12 trials) Aek Loba Timur Project: 325 ha (28 trials) Aek Kwasan II Project: 392 ha (27 trials) Specific ganoderma trials Bangun Bandar : 259 ha (8 trials) Mata Pao: 107 ha (5 trials) Tanah Gambus: 126 ha (5 trials) Early screening test DP crosses tested test crosses tested (ParRaly available) To select a parent : 3 green lights, and no warning

58 SelecEon of Deli New / WaiEng for field validaeon 5 Deli origins available

59 SelecEon of Pisifera All pisifera have been selected within the best origin (La Mé A)

60 Seed produceon 1 selected la Mé origin 5 selected Deli origins Category S 35** S 50** S 79** S 91** S 94** S **34 P1 P2 P3 P4.. D x P Gano Resistant seeds

61 Use of the genetic variability mb ma All parents for general seed prod Selected parents for MTG seed prod More resistant Group B Group A More susceprble Ganoderma levels More resistant More susceprble MT Gano seeds D x P Gano Resit More resistant More susceprble

62 PerspecEves 1. Seeds will be improved conrnuously from intermediate resistance towards high resistances. 2. Development of molecular markers to help breeders (QTLs, QTAs,.) 3. Development of Clones 4. Beper understanding of the interacron Ganoderma / Oil Palm

63 Conclusion q Ganoderma exist in all continent q Some agricultural practices are efficient to control it q Evidence of genetic resistance in the field. q Development of an early screening test. q Additive inheritance. q Intensive screening of parents A & B groups q Ganoderma partially resistant seeds are available An added value for planters

64 Gracias Mauricio

65 Merci

66

67 Socfindo (1970) Block Planting year Type of material % BSR Mata Pao Deli x Deli Deli x Deli Deli x Deli Deli x Deli Deli x Yangambi Deli x Yangambi 25 Tanah Gambus Deli x Deli Deli x Deli Deli x Yangambi Deli x Yangambi 12 Akbar was the first to report, in 1971, the high susceptibility to BSR of pure Deli Source: Akbar et al. 1971

68 SimulaEon : added value /ha

69 SimulaRon : added value /ha Oil price ActualisaRon rate (for NAV) CompensaRon by neighbor End of compensaron 800 USD 0,05 0,5 0,7 Total oil for one cycle 25 years MT Gano Total oil for one cycle 25 years Commercial Cumul Palm oil 183 t 146 t Net Value /ha USD USD NAV /ha USD USD Mortality rate % Gano T 1,5 Commercial 5,5 AddiEonal Net Value /ha AddiEonal NAV /ha Per palm net Gano T vs Comm Per palm NAV Gano T vs Comm USD USD 120 USD 43 USD