Pauziah, M., Suhana, O., Rozeita, L. & Maimun, T. Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor.

Transcription

1 IN MALAYSIA Pauziah, M., Suhana, O., Rozeita, L. & Maimun, T. Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, Selangor.

2 i ii iii Banana (Musa spp.) is one of It is ranked 2nd in terms of production This crop will remain as an important the important area and fourth in industry which fruit crops export revenue produces 315,499.6 cultivated in based on the metric tonnes covers 30,710.9 ha Malaysia. balance of trade of the total fruit figures. hectarage (2015).

3 Year *Banana planted area /Ha Production/MT , , , , , , , , , ,499.6 *Including Sabah and Sarawak

4 Johore (10,391 ha), Negeri Sembilan ( ha), Sarawak ( ha), Sabah ( ha) and Perak ( ha) are the five major banana producing states in Malaysia. Banana cultivars grown for export are the Cavendish types, P. Berangan and Pisang Mas. The importing countries are Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand, amounting the value of 4.63 Million USD (MOA, 2015).

5 The area is expanded under the agriculture transformation programme (ATP) by the government as compared to previous 3 year back. About 50% of the banana growing land is cultivated with P. Berangan and the Cavendish types, and the remaining popular cultivars are P. Mas, P. Rastali, P. Raja, P. Awak, P. Abu, P. Nangka and P. Tanduk.

6 Cultivars for local consumption more diverse; Dessert are P. Rastali, P. Lemak Manis and P. Embun and the cooking are P. Raja, P. Abu, P. Tanduk, P. Awak and P. Nangka. The most serious constraint to the production of banana and plantains is considered to be Fusarium wilt or Panama disease.

7 This disease has caused serious crop losses in Malaysia and worldwide. Strain of the Fusarium fungus Called Tropical Race (TR) 4 has occurred and spread, destroying a thousands of hectares of plantations of Cavendish bananas Malaysia since 1990s. With a new emerging bacterial wilt disease dampen the industry and due to that planted banana acreage decreased to 27,418 hectares in 2008.

8 HISTORY OF PANAMA DISEASE IN CAVENDISH BANANAS Tropics Guadeloupe associated with volcanic activity Jamaica associated with flooded soil Philippines associated with flooded soil Indonesia, Malaysia 1989 Northern Territory (AUS) 1997 China, Taiwan??? Canary Island 1926 Natal (SA) 1940 Queensland (AUS) 1953 Taiwan 1967 Subtropics Slide: B. Nel 2006

9 HISTORY OF FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE IN MALAYSIA Tropics Malaysia entered into cultivation of Cavendish. There was report on the incidences. - TR4 race recognised The Cavendish Grande Nain planted by Kulim Montel farm. -Infected by Fusarium wilt after 6 months s Was 1st reported By end of 4 years, 32% of Cavendish plants was infected. Subtropics

10 STATUS OF FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA Fusarium wilt disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium (the full name is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense; FOC). It is a soil pathogen which infects the root system and goes on to colonise the plant through the vascular system hyphae of the fungus can even reach the leaves.

11 STATUS OF FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA Spreads by water, soil and farm tools and machinery. Cannot be controlled or cured other than by soil treatments, which unfortunately have such a detrimental effect on the environment that they are prohibited almost everywhere. FOC has been identified, based on race 1, 2, 3, 4. In Malaysia FOC has been identified as Tropical race 4 (FOCTR4).

12 STATUS OF FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA Tropical race 4 (TR4) is a reinvigorated strain. Cavendish, P. Berangan, P. Rastali and P. Emas are the most susceptible cultivars. In 2007, the Department of Agriculture has conducted a survey to determine the occurrence of the disease in Johore. 3 cultivars namely Awak Abu, Masak Hijau and Pisang Abu were found to be free of FOC

13

14 No. Banana Cultivar Area surveyed (Ha) Fusarium wilt incidence (Ha) % incidence 1 P. Nipah P. Berangan P. Rastali P. Emas P. Kapas P. Nangka P. Raja P. Raja Udang P. Tanduk P. Boyan P. Awak P. Awak Abu P. Lilin P. Lemak Manis Slide Mokhtaruddin Husain & Robert William (DOA, 2011) 15 P. Masak Hijau P. Abu

15 P. Rastali P. Berangan P. Emas Cavendish i. P. Masak Hijau ii. P. Awak Abu iii. P. Awak i ii iii

16 STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE Practice Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). Use of disease-free planting materials in the form of tissue culture. Provide good drainage and adequate supply of water. Practice crop rotation or intercropping. Disinfest all farm tools with soap after use. Destroy and bury infected plants Restrict the movement of planting materials and soils from diseased field. Regular surveillance for early detection of the disease.

17 Research have been conducted aim to control the infection of Fusarium wilt disease of banana in Malaysia Research from metagenomic study to understand the path way of pathogens up to manipulation of microbial available from the crops environments to mitigate the disease.

18

19 Allium tuberosum (Kucai) Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum (Chinese leek) Allium cepa var. aggregatum (Red Indian shallot) Three Allium species were propagated in the glasshouse before being planted in the field for disease evaluation against Fusarium wilt disease of banana. Malaysian Agricultural Research And Development Institute

20 Study on using Allium spp. as an intercrop with banana to reduce infection of FOC had shown promising result in pot trial but subsequent trial in an open field not as expected. In near future, the strategy will be to apply Allium spp. as a land remedy (before planting of banana) instead of using Allium spp. as an intercropping with banana.

21

22

23 8-10 week old banana seedling derived from chronic gamma irradiated materials were screened at nursery level using double tray technique Seedlings from this selection were planted in the Fusarium hot spot for further evaluation.

24 Nursery Screening/Double Tray Technique Banana Seedlings from Gamma House Banana seedlings were uprooted, Washed and then immersed in FOC inoculum spores before planted in the double tray for nursery screening. Outer tray Upper tray

25 Double Tray Screening

26 o Mutated plants now have been planted in the FOC hot spot and waiting for 1 st FOC scoring.

27

28 Modern banana cultivars are primarily interspecific triploid hybrids of two species, Musa acuminata (A genomes) and Musa balbisiana (B genomes). The M. balbisiana genome has been associated with improved vigour and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and is thus a target for Musa breeding programs.

29 Usually, single cultivar consequent lack of genetic variation has potentially highly susceptible to disease pandemics especially Fusarium wilt. To address these problems; Malaya University Malaysia (2013) was carried out Next Generation gdna sequencing of the wild diploid M. balbisiana variety Pisang Klutuk Wulung (PKW). The strategy was to align PKW gdna reads against the published A-genome and to extract the mapped consensus sequences for subsequent rounds of evaluation and gene annotation.

30 (A) Visualisation of Pisang Klutuk Wulung (PKW) gdna reads mapped to the reference Pahang A- genome. (B) Visualization of PKW gdna read mappings to an intergenic region of the reference Pahang A-genome. Slide: BMC Genomics201314:683

31 Based on varietal screening, the source of resistance to FOCTR4 have identified i The inter- and intra- specific Musa hybrids v ii will improved vigour These sources of and tolerance to resistance can be biotic and abiotic exploited by stresses and is thus breeder to develop a target for Musa resistant variety. breeding programs. iv iii Mutation Breeding also Intercropping is one of can produce plant the best techniques to resistant to disease. reduce disease incident.

32