Director of the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture

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1 Today s Speakers: Dr. David Swayne Director of the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Dr. Elizabeth Krushinskie Vice President, Food Safety and Production Programs U.S. Poultry and Egg Association James H. Sumner President USA Poultry & Egg Export Council

2 The Science of Avian Influenza: Busting the Myths Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Athens, Georgia

3 Avian Influenza (AI) Small RNA virus Surface spikes hemagglutinin & neuraminidase proteins 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes Ex. H5N1, H9N2, H7N7 Vary in severity of disease: Low Pathogenicity (LP) High Pathogenicity (HP)

4 Swayne, D.E. Understanding the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza viruses: implications for zoonotic potential. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases of Animals. pp , ASM Press, 2000.

5 Concepts Exposure: access to the virus strain Adaptation: progressive genetic changes in a virus strain that result in increasing efficiencies of replication in a host species Infectivity: ability of the virus strain to infect and replicate in a particular host species Transmissibility: natural host-to-host spread Pathogenicity: ability to produce lesions, disease and/or death in a host

6 Ecology and Epidemiology LPAIV

7 Ecology and Epidemiology LPAIV Exposure Outdoor rearing Outdoor access Wild bird access to buildings Environmental exposure

8 Ecology and Epidemiology LPAIV Exposure LPAIV (H1-16) Adaptation Outdoor rearing Outdoor access Wild bird access to buildings Environmental exposure

9 Ecology and Epidemiology LPAIV Exposure LPAIV (H1-16) Adaptation Outdoor rearing Outdoor access Wild bird access to buildings Environmental exposure

Critical Factors Infectivity for the host (quantity of virus replication directly associated with pathogenicity) Receptor binding sites (HA) + host cell receptors AI viruses bind to 2,3-galactose

10 Critical Factors Infectivity for the host (quantity of virus replication directly associated with pathogenicity) Receptor binding sites (HA) + host cell receptors AI viruses bind to 2,3-galactose linkage receptors on cells Swine and human influenzavirus A bind to 2,6-galactose linkage receptors Other receptors contribute to host species and cell type specificity? Cleavage of HA: HA0 HA1 + HA2 (Trypsin-like vs. Furin proteases) needed for infectivity Replication machinery (polymerase complex - PB1, PB2 & PBA)

11 Host Adaptation & Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Most Common: Intraspecies, e.g. human-tohuman, pig-to-pig, chicken-to-chicken, etc. Occasional: Interspecies & intraclass, e.g. pig-tohuman, wild-mallard-to-domestic turkey, etc. Recently, but rarely: Interspecies & interclass, e.g. bird-to-human, bird-to-pig, etc. Conclusion: Influenza viruses express host adaptation to various levels

12 Introduction from Wild Bird Reservoir Wild bird poultry: adaptation required Minnesota Turkeys: first infections incidental 50% bird infectious dose (BID 50 ) A/mallard/Ohio/338/86 (H4N8) Egg-type chickens EID 50 Broiler chickens EID 50 Turkeys EID 50 A/mallard/Ohio/184/86 (H5N1) Egg-type chickens EID 50 Broiler chickens EID 50 Turkeys EID 50 Need transfer species: Domestic Duck, Turkey, others

13 Adaptation is a Spectrum But with adaptation to poultry, the infectivity still varies with host species 50% bird infectious dose (BID 50 ) A/turkey/Virginia/158512/02 (H7N2) LPAIV Egg-type chickens (631) EID 50 Broiler chickens (1585) EID 50 Turkeys (6.6) EID 50 (Av Dis 48: , 2004)

14 Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Respiratory disease Reproductive disease FMI 8-05

15 Ecology and Epidemiology LPAIV Adaptation LPAIV (H1-16) HA Mutation HPAIV (H5/H7)

16 Mechanism LPAIV HPAIV 1. Insertion of extra basic amino acids in HA cleavage site and substitutions of non-basic with basic Example - Mexico 1994 Virus Virulence Hemagglutinin Sequence Glycos Hidalgo 5/94 Low Pro-Gln...Arg-Glu-Thr-Arg/Gly + Puebla 11/94 Int. Pro-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Arg/Gly + Queretaro 19/95 High Pro-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Arg/Gly + Queretaro 20/95 High Pro-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Arg/Gly +

17 Mechanism LPAIV HPAIV 2. Loss of sugar group on site that covers HA cleavage area. Example - USA 1983 Virus Virulence HA Sequence Glycos. 11 A/Ck/PA/1/83 Low Pro-Gln-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg/Gly + A/Ck/PA/1370/83 High Pro-Gln-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg/Gly - 3. Insertion of abundant extraneous genetic information recombination. Example - Chile 2002 Pathotype LPAI HPAI IVPI Hemagglutinin Sequence PEKPKTR*GL PEKPKTCSPLSRCRKTR/GL PEKPKTCSPLSRCRETR/GL

18 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza High death losses Severe depression, no feed consumption Swollen comb/wattle, head & legs Hemorrhage of legs Ilaria Capua FMI 8-05

19 Ecology and Epidemiology Adaptation LPAIV 6 HPAI ( ) - No disease and poor replication in ducks Alexander et al. Av. Pathol. 15: , 1986 LPAIV (H1-16) HA Mutation HPAIV (H5/H7)

20 Ecology and Epidemiology Adaptation LPAIV Re-adaptation Key: Exposure to Domestic Waterfowl Asian H5N1 HPAIV LPAIV (H1-16) HA Mutation HPAIV (H5/H7)

21 24 HPAI Epizootics Scotland, H5N S. Africa, H5N England, H7N Canada, H5N Australia, H7N England, H7N7 * USA, H5N Ireland, H5N Australia, H7N England, H5N Australia, H7N Australia, H7N3 * Mexico, H5N , 2001 & 2004 Pakistan, H7N Australia, H7N Italy, H5N2 ** Asia/Europe, H5N1 * Italy, H7N1 * Chile, H7N3 * Netherlands, H7N7 * USA, H5N2 * Canada, H7N S. Africa, H5N N. Korea, H7N7 *LPAIV HPAIV **Largest epizootic in 50 yrs Epizootic defined a disease in poultry caused by distinct HPAI virus lineage

Asian HPAI Epizootics H5N1 HPAI Total dead or culled: 100-200m Endemic in village poultry and domestic ducks Hong Kong: 1997, 2001-3 (H5N1) S.

22 Asian HPAI Epizootics H5N1 HPAI Total dead or culled: m Endemic in village poultry and domestic ducks Hong Kong: 1997, (H5N1) S. Korea: (H5N1) Vietnam: (H5N1) Japan: 2004 (H5N1) Thailand: (H5N1) Cambodia: (H5N1) Laos: (H5N1) Taiwan: 2003 & 5 (H5N1) Indonesia: (H5N1) China: (H5N1) Malaysia: 2004 (H5N1) Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan: 2005 (H5N1) Turkey, Romania, Croatia: 2005 (H5N1)

Mongolian H5N1 in Wild Birds Mongolia 2 August 2005 Erkhel Lake

HPAI virus - swan Virus (IHC) - autonomic nerves of intestine,

cells in the pneumonic lung Killed 8/8 IV cks in 27 hrs

23 Mongolian H5N1 in Wild Birds Mongolia 2 August 2005 Erkhel Lake Whooper swans, Bar-headed geese, Ruddy Shelduck, Herring gulls H5N1 HPAI virus - swan Virus (IHC) - autonomic nerves of intestine, heart muscle, pancreatic glandular epithelium, and inflammatory cells in the pneumonic lung Killed 8/8 IV cks in 27 hrs Neurological disease w/ death 7/8 IN 2 wk old Pekin ducks Pericardial fluid dk and swans

24 Summary AI viruses are composed of diversely different HA & NA subtypes and pathotypes Most AI viruses are LP AI viruses are host adapted, but they can cross between species and re-adapt Some LP H5 and H7 AI virus have mutated to HP There have been 24 epizootics of HPAI in the past 50 years The Asian H5N1 HPAI virus has spread into northern and western Asia, and eastern Europe, with evidence of involvement of migratory birds

25 Thank You For You Attention!

26 U.S. Poultry Industry Preparedness for an HPAI Outbreak Elizabeth A. Krushinskie, DVM, PhD, dip ACPV VP, Food Safety & Production Programs US Poultry & Egg Association

27 Overview U.S. Poultry Industry Structure Advantages and Disadvantages Response to HPAI outbreaks Summary

28 U.S. Poultry Industry Structure - Advantages Modern integrated agricultural system Birds owned by agribusiness (integrator) Major facilities owned by agribusiness Feed mill, hatchery, processing plant Growers dedicated to specific processing plants Contracted to single company Small number of people tend large numbers of birds Single-age, all-in all-out production scheme Avg 60 mile radius of feedmill/plant

29 U.S. Poultry Industry Structure - Advantages Closed system NOT traded in livestock markets Little cross-over between complexes/companies AgriBUSINESS Morbidity, mortality, daily gain, feed conversion, condemnations etc all closely monitored Measured in hundreds of a cent ($0.0001) Problems identified and responded to quickly

30 U.S. Poultry Industry Structure - Advantages Effective prevention programs in place Strong veterinary/health oversight Company veterinarians trained in poultry medicine Enclosed housing Bird-proof, no access to outdoors (wildlife) Extensive biosecurity programs Limited access to poultry houses Dedicated clothing, boots etc Limited sharing of equipment Contact with psittacines/other fowl prohibited

31 U.S. Poultry Industry Structure - Advantages Extensive and modern diagnostic network Company laboratories State veterinary diagnostic laboratories Federal veterinary diagnostic laboratory Extensive surveillance programs in place USDA-APHIS NPIP program Breeders and market birds State programs Active and passive surveillance

32 U.S. Poultry Industry Structure - Disadvantages Just in time production scheme Large numbers of birds processed daily Large number of birds in one flock Large number of flocks on a premise Often grown in concentrated poultry production areas Delmarva, Shenandoah Valley, Arkansas Euthanasia and disposal of large flocks can be challenging

33 Industry Response Plans HPAI Response Plans Already developed in poultry producing states Industry association/state cooperative effort Tested by recent LPAI outbreaks in several states VA, NC, MD, DE, TX, PA, CA Continuously reviewed and improved

34 Industry Response Plans Contain provisions for: Immediate quarantine of affected and atrisk premises Rapid depopulation and disposal of infected birds Effective cleaning and disinfection of premise prior to re-stocking Heightened surveillance of surrounding atrisk flocks

35 Summary U.S. poultry industry has several inherent advantages due to its modern integrated agricultural production system Inherent firewalls in the system Factors affecting cost of production are closely monitored so a disease outbreak will not be missed

36 Summary Extensive prevention, surveillance, and response systems are already in place and have been tested Introduction and significant spread of Asian HPAI in the U.S. commercial poultry production system is unlikely to happen

38 AI s Impact on Foreign Markets Some countries irresponsibly banned all imports: Iraq Ukraine Vietnam Sri Lanka & Lebanon

39 AI s Impact on Foreign Markets other countries suffer from consumer resistance: Middle East Romania China Russia

40 AI & the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) - In May 2005, the OIE approved a new chapter for Avian Influenza - Includes reporting requirements

41 AI and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) The new OIE Code chapter for AI recognizes: 1. Poultry meat and table eggs are not a vehicles for transmission of LPAI 2. Only Low Path H5 and H7 subtypes are of consequence 3. Even if H5 or H7 subtypes are identified, trade should continue

42 IRAQ After AI was found in Turkey, Iraq banned on all poultry imports. USAPEEC worked to open up the market, which is 25,000 metric tons per month. Set precedent for other countries to follow OIE regulations Demand down by 30%

43 UKRAINE The Ukrainian Rada (parliament) proposed a six-month ban on all poultry products. Pres. Yuschenko vetoed ban bill after pressure from U.S. government, saying it did not comply with OIE. Poultry imports to Ukraine range from 700-1,500 tons per month. Several H5N1 outbreaks in December. The Rada has again proposed a similar ban we re hoping it, too, gets vetoed.

44 VIETNAM Vietnam banned imports of all poultry products in November. Ban lifted as of Jan. 5 on processed poultry. USAPEEC members donated poultry to the Vietnamese Poultry Association to be auctioned to aid in AI fight. Based on commitments made between USAPEEC and VIPA, we re asking for lifting ban on all AI-free countries

45 SRI LANKA & LEBANON Sri Lanka currently has a ban on imports of poultry (fresh, frozen and products). Lebanon just last week banned all imports of poultry and poultry products. (Poultry meat, table eggs and hatching eggs).

46 MIDDLE EAST U.S. poultry consumption in Middle East affected by adverse media coverage. Prior to AI issue, monthly consumption of poultry products made up 7% of total meat consumption. After Nov. 7, 2005, certain Middle Eastern markets experienced 40% drops in consumption compared to pre- AI levels.

47 MIDDLE EAST, cont. Consumers are shifting toward seafood, beef and lamb. Importers are facing low demand for U.S. poultry products. The price of one metric ton of chicken leg quarters decreased from $1,100 to $800 due to AI. Competing suppliers, such as Brazil, decreased their prices by 10%.

48 ROMANIA, no bans but 10 confirmed outbreaks of H5N1 in last 2 months. Imported chicken stocks higher than usual; demand slowly rising. Avg. price dropped 25%-40%; sale volume declined 30%-45%. Normal monthly consumption=33,500 tons. Avg. monthly domestic production=20,000 tons. Avg. monthly imports=13,500 tons, of which 7,700 tons is U.S. Action taken: USAPEEC placed ads with message that properly cooked poultry is safe to eat. Also, freezer stickers sent to Romanian importers.

49 CHINA Consumer reaction to bird flu is mixed depending on education and age. USAPEEC is distributing posters with information about proper handling instructions for poultry meat at public places, such as schools, hospitals, and even residential areas to educate the population.

50 CHINA, cont. Situation Sales of poultry meat, including imported products were up in mid-december in North, Central and South China - Sales were 50%-60% of normal level, compared to previous years. Sales at all KFC restaurants in Shanghai are reportedly fully recovered. KFC outside Shanghai are up 10% compared to last month. In South China, poultry meat sales improved before the New Year. But, after the AI-related death in the Fujian province and the outbreak in Sichuan, sales are down 50%.

52 RUSSIA RPU announced in April 2005 per capita consumption would reach 17.4 kg, an 8.8 % increase. After AI outbreaks, the RPU decreased estimates to 16.8 kg in September 2005, while consumption dropped 15%-20% and up to 30% in some areas. From October to November, consumers refusing to buy poultry products grew from 16% to 23%. A poll showed that 61% of respondents would limit poultry consumption, while 39% wouldn t As of late, consumption has increased and volume and price have become more stable

53 RUSSIA, cont. POULTRY PRICE AT 2005 (1 USD=28,5 RUB) 21,11,05 01,11,05 18,10,05 20,09,05 13,09,05 20,09,05 01,09,05 25,08,05 18,08,05 11,08,05 01,06,05 01,03,05 DATE Moscow St.Petersburg PRICE (RUB

54 RUSSIA, cont. Action Taken: USAPEEC Director Albert Davleyev appeared in numerous media interviews widely covered by on-line, print radio and TV outlets On October 27, USAPEEC organized a panel of Russian experts specializing in poultry production and consumer advocates. Coverage of the press conference included 6 TV and 7 radio broadcasts, 15 stories in newspapers and magazines and 40 stories on-line.

55 Parameters for worldwide AI campaign Do not position U.S. as superior. Do not claim U.S. as free of bird flu / no guarantees Focus on safe cooking instead of cooking temperatures Keep it simple to create a universal message by using iconography, photos and illustrations. Three main points: 1.) Safe 2.) Tastes good 3.) Affordable/good value

56 USAPEEC Worldwide AI Campaign - USAPEEC has set aside over $1 million for worldwide campaign aimed at addressing AI concerns Encourage international usage through International Poultry Council Billboard / materials to debut at IPE

61 Questoins and Answers: Dr. David Swayne Director of the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Agriculture Dr. Elizabeth Krushinskie Vice President, Food Safety and Production Programs U.S. Poultry and Egg Association James H. Sumner President USA Poultry & Egg Export Council

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