16 th JPC REM ESA M ohammedia 18-19th April Surveillance of low pathogenic Avian Influenza virus

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Nicholas Haynes
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1 16 th JPC REM ESA M ohammedia 18-19th April 2018 Surveillance of low pathogenic Avian Influenza virus DR.SSA BENEDETTA CAPPELLETTI, DVM VETERINARY OFFICER FOR EXPORT AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR ANIMAL HEALTH AND VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS Ministry of Health Italy 1/14

LPAI LPAI/HPAI outbreaks 2013-2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 H7N1 - - - 2 - - - - - - H7N2 - - - - - 1 - - - - H7N7 - - - - - - - 1 - - H7- - - - 1 - - - - - - H5N1 - - - 1 - - 1-1 - H5N2 2 2-1

2 LPAI LPAI/HPAI outbreaks H7N H7N H7N H H5N H5N H5N * H Total HPAI H7N H5N Total

3 Overlapping of DPPAs (left), anatidae wintering areas (right) and wild birds migratory routes 3

4 2013 LPAI 3 x H5 - Campania 3 x H5 Romagna 2 x H5 Lombardy 2 x H5 Veneto HPAI H7N7 outbreak in a layer hens farm in Emilia Romagna region Epidemiological data suggest that a LPAI virus entered the primary outbreak farm via wild birds where it mutated to a HPAI strain 4

5 2013 5

6 H5N8 HPAI outbreaks in Italy December 2016 March outbreaks in poultry birds stamped out on affected premises birds pre-emptively culled on at-risk premises in DPPAs 14 cases in wild birds

7 Higher number of outbreaks in summer and autumn (non-wintering period!) nome cognome - data della presentazione 7

8 Prevention and control strategies 8

9 Surveillance for LPAI in domestic birds The surveillance plan implemented in Italy in 2018 was defined on the basis of risk, taking into account the following factors: Location of the poultry holdings in areas with high density of migratory wild birds, in particular those belonging to the "target species" listed in Part 2 of Annex II of the Commission Decision 2010/367/ EU; Presence of high density areas of poultry farms (DPPA); Structural and management characteristics of the poultry production system; Present and previous epidemiological situation (risk factors of introduction and spread of infection identified during the previous epidemics); Characteristics of poultry trade; Type of production and biosecurity measures in commercial flocks of risk species (long life poultry species, multi-age and multi-species); Presence of free-range poultry farms and/or companies in which poultry can come into contact with wild birds (no barriers or non-functional barriers). According to the risk of AIV introduction and/or spread of AIV virus, both s (industrial and rural) have been included in the monitoring plan. All poultry species/categories (except broilers and meat quails) have been sampled. 9

10 Free range farms and rural Free-range farms have been considered at risk of introduction. Given that most of the free-range farms are rural, a number of these farms will be sampled every six months (in conjunction with the migratory routes, in spring and autumn) to evaluate the possible viral introduction. Has been enforced stringent biosafety rules and encouraged a greater regulation of movements. The dealers who want to commercialize at a national level must be accredited and ensure their compliance with highly structural, managerial and health requirements. Backyard farms are sampled in all of the Italian territory, with a consistence and frequency that differ on the basis of the risk factors evaluated in each region. 10

when wild bird populations of sufficient size within a country become

11 AIV prevalence in wild birds AI introduction According to EFSA scientific opinion on AI 2017, AIV amplification and spread takes place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within a country become infected Size of wild birds population Scientific Opinion EFSA Journal 2017;15(10):4991

12 SECOND G7 CVOs FORUM - ROME, ITALY, 5 OCTOBER 2017 G7 CVOs DOCUMENT ON AVIAN INFLUENZA Point 3. Supporting research and scientific collaborations to establish which are the viral, host-related and environmental factors that regulate the dynamics of avian influenza in poultry and other host species, so as to understand the mechanisms that allow the virus to mutate from LPAI to HPAI and to recognize the markers of zoonotic potential, host adaptation, transmission and origin of escape mutants. Point 6. Promoting and optimizing global wild and domestic bird surveillance, including active surveillance in domestic and wild birds, when appropriate, in order to develop quantitative and predictive models to be used for an effective prevention of avian influenza epidemics. Point 7. Evaluating the need to review the management of the poultry chain in the light of repeated introduction of LPAI viruses from wild to domestic species, with risk of HPAI emergence (i.e., how to conciliate the free-range breeding systems with the necessity of reinforcing biosecurity measures); stimulating private poultry industries to produce and adopt a holding-specific biosecurity guidance (adjusted to each specific husbandry system) to guarantee the enforcement of effective and sustainable AI prevention measures at a farm level. 12

13 New approach: a holistic surveillance program in wild birds for an AI early warning Host-specific (identification of key species for introduction and maintenance of AI) Timed to identify viruses according to the host ecology (e.g. life cycles) Site-specific (e.g. wintering and aggregation sites along migratory routes) Biosecurity-based risk assessment of poultry holdings and management

Italian risk-based AI surveillance - Areas at high AI risk In accordance with National Avian influenza plan, high-risk areas for HPAIV introduction have been identified taking into account the main

14 Italian risk-based AI surveillance - Areas at high AI risk In accordance with National Avian influenza plan, high-risk areas for HPAIV introduction have been identified taking into account the main AI risk factors: Farm Density Production type Proximity to wetlands Previous occurrence of AI outbreaks High and medium risk provinces are subjected to active surveillance with the taking of samples according to species (turkeys and layers) and type of poultry production (free-range) High risk area: Holding level (e.g. ban of free-range poultry rearing) Regional level (e.g. ban on exhibitions, fairs, and live-bird markets ) Enforced an early detection system Any increased morbidity/mortality or any significant drop in production data in holdings is immediately reported to the competent authority High Medium Low

15 Requirements for new poultry premises The distance between farms is used to evaluate whether a poultry farm can be built in a given location Type of Farm Minimum distance from other farms Minimum distance from other farms in mountainous areas Breeding flocks and hatcheries metres from industrial poultry farms metres from industrial poultry farms Meat-type, laying hen and game bird farms 500 metres from industrial poultry farms metres from industrial swine farms Swine farms metres from industrial poultry farms

16 Future wild birds surveillance activities in Italy (funded by the Ministry of Health) Collaborating with ornithologists of the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) and game bird hunter associations Summer 2018 Identification of wild bird aggregation sites in DPPA; Identification of resident key bird species for maintenance of AI in non-wintering periods; Active surveillance in reproductive sites of Anatidae, Ardeidae (herons) and Laridae (gulls) by oropharyngeal/cloacal swabs and faecal droppings; Winter Active surveillance in birds killed during the hunting season and faecal droppings collection in specific sites along the migratory routes; In-deep genetic analyses of AIVs identified though Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) in order to find the correlation with AIVs responsible of outbreaks in poultry.

17 Thanks for your attention

H5N8 HPAI in Italy in 2017 Epidemiological situation and eradication strategy. Dr. Sarah Guizzardi

H5N8 HPAI in Italy in 2017 Epidemiological situation and eradication strategy Dr. Sarah Guizzardi 1 HPAI H5 outbreaks in Italy 2016-2017 Cases in wild birds: 4 in Friuli Venezia Giulia 3 in Lombardy 1