OIE tools and global overview on Avian Influenza Dr Jocelyn Mérot OIE Sub Regional Representation for North Africa Tunis, Tunisia

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1 10 th JPC REMESA - Heraklion, Greece (16-17 March 2015) OIE tools and global overview on Avian Influenza Dr Jocelyn Mérot OIE Sub Regional Representation for North Africa Tunis, Tunisia 1

2 Global management of avian influenza OIE World Animal Health Information (WAHIS/WAHID) notifications and follow-up of epidemiological events Global Early Warning System for Animal Disease including zoonoses (GLEWS) OIE/FAO/WHO system: alert and response mechanisms for health threats and emerging risks at the human-animal-ecosystems interface OIE/FAO network of expertise on animal influenza (OFFLU) OIE/FAO network: support and coordination to prevent, detect and control influenzas in animals Crisis Management Centre - Animal Health (CMC-AH) OIE/FAO support to countries with animal disease crises initially established in response to the global spread of H5N1 2

Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2014 Chapter 2.3.

3 OIE tools to manage avian influenza Terrestrial Animal Health Code Chapter 10.4: Infection with avian influenza viruses implementation of compartmentalisation strategy for avian influenza Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2014 Chapter 2.3.4: Avian influenza Vaccine Banks OIE World Fund: worldwide experience in the management of vaccine banks and the delivery of vaccines for Avian Influenza, FMD, Rabies (vaccination of dogs) and PPR Web portal on avian influenza 3

Highly pathogenic avian influenza Canada 30/11/2014: H5N2 10/12/2014: H5N1 Mexico 03/01/2013: H7N3 United States of America 10/12/2014: H5N8 10/12/2014: H5N2 16/01/2015: H5N1 China 21/12/2013: H5N2

4 Highly pathogenic avian influenza Canada 30/11/2014: H5N2 10/12/2014: H5N1 Mexico 03/01/2013: H7N3 United States of America 10/12/2014: H5N8 10/12/2014: H5N2 16/01/2015: H5N1 China 21/12/2013: H5N2 27/12/2013: H5N1 23/04/2014: H5N6 23/08/2014: H5N6 12/09/2014: H5N1 Russia 12/09/2014: H5N3 01/09/2014: H5N1 12/09/2014: H5N8 Germany 25/09/2014: H5N8 04/02/2015: H5N1 United Kingdom 04/11/2014: H5N8 Hungary Korea (Dem. People's Rep.) Japan 14/11/2014: H5N8 23/02/2015: H5N8 21/03/2014: H5N1 11/04/2014: H5N8 Netherlands Bulgaria 03/11/2014: H5N8 Myanmar 14/11/2014: H5N8 Italy 22/01/2015: H5N1 12/02/2015: H5N1 15/12/2014: H5N8 Nepal Korea (Rep. of) 16/01/2014: H5N8 Palestinian Auton. Territories Israel 13/02/2014: H5N1 24/09/2014: H5N8 17/01/2015: H5N1 14/01/2015: H5N1 Libya Egypt Laos Chinese Taipei 04/03/2014: H5N1 17/02/2006: H5N1 13/03/2014: H5N6 15/04/2014: H5N2 Cambodia 06/01/2015: H5N2 India 07/02/2014: H5N1 07/01/2015: H5N2 Nigeria 31/01/2014: H5N1 24/12/2014: H5N1 Vietnam 08/01/2015: H5N8 20/11/2014: H5N1 07/10/2013: H5N1 11/01/2015: H5N3 02/01/2015: H5N1 11/12/2014: H5N1 Indonesia 22/04/2014: H5N6 29/11/2014: H5N1 10/07/2006: H5N1 30/03/2011: H5N1 South Africa 20/08/2014: H7N1 Australia 08/10/2013: H7N2 4

5 Highly pathogenic avian influenza: H5N1 Canada 10/12/2014 United States of America Egypt 17/02/2006 Nepal 13/02/2014 India 31/01/ /11/2014 China 27/12/ /09/ /02/2015 Cambodia 07/02/ /12/2014 Indonesia 10/07/ /03/2011 Korea (Dem. People's Rep.) 21/03/ /01/2015 Israel Myanmar Libya 14/01/ /02/ /03/2014 Nigeria 24/12/ /01/2015 Bulgaria 22/01/2015 Palestinian Auton. Territories 17/01/2015 Russia 01/09/2014 Vietnam 07/10/ /11/2014 5

6 H5N1 in humans since 2003: human cases worldwide deaths - fatality rate: 55% 6

Highly pathogenic avian influenza: H5N8 Background first detected in China in November 2013 in LBM surveillance 42 outbreaks in poultry farms in Republic of Korea, China and Japan, from January to

7 Highly pathogenic avian influenza: H5N8 Background first detected in China in November 2013 in LBM surveillance 42 outbreaks in poultry farms in Republic of Korea, China and Japan, from January to October 2014 highly pathogenic virus systemic infection with severe clinical signs and mortality in gallinaceous poultry detected in several wild bird species no human case reported (risk of human infection extremely low) LBM: Live Bird Market 7

8 Highly pathogenic avian influenza: H5N8 Epidemiology domestic species affected: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese severe clinical signs and associated mortality in domestic gallinaceans wild bird species affected (species also found in Europe and Africa): common teal, Baikal teal, wild pochard, mallard ducks, tundra swan, great egret, bean goose, green-winged teal, spot-billed duck, whitefronted goose, whooper swan some wild birds found infected were apparently healthy in the Republic of Korea: isolates found in wild birds were similar to the ones found in poultry farms viruses isolated in Europe are related to the H5N8 viruses in Asia Key-role of wild birds suspected 8

9 Highly pathogenic avian influenza: H5N8 Russia 25/09/2014 United States of America 10/12/2014 Netherlands 14/11/2014 Germany 04/11/2014 United Kingdom 14/11/2014 Italy 15/12/2014 Hungary 23/02/2015 China 12/09/2014 Chinese Taipei 08/01/2015 Japan 11/04/ /11/2014 Korea (Rep. of) 16/01/ /09/2014 9

10 Low pathogenic avian influenza Germany 02/12/2013: H5N3 09/03/2014: H5N1 07/10/2014: H5N2 27/02/2015: H7N7 United States of America 14/04/2014: H5N8 22/08/2014: H7N3 Mexico 13/02/2014: H7N3 Belize 03/12/2014: H5N2 United Kingdom 28/01/2015: H7N7 Netherlands 27/11/2013: H5N3 26/02/2014: H5N1 12/03/2014: H5N2 China 04/04/2013: H7N9 Hong Kong 27/01/2014: H7N9 30/12/2014: H7N9 Laos 14/07/2014: H5N6 H7N9 Chinese Taipei 03/07/2013: H5N3 21/04/2014: H5N2 17/12/2014: H5 South Africa 01/06/2012: H5N2 28/02/2013: H7N7 20/10/2013: H7N1 28/01/2014: H5N2 31/01/2014: H7N7 20/08/2014: H7N1 10

Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 Background 31 March 2013: report of the first 3 human cases of H7N9 in China first time the H7N9 subtype was ever detected in humans origin:

11 Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 Background 31 March 2013: report of the first 3 human cases of H7N9 in China first time the H7N9 subtype was ever detected in humans origin: reassortment of 4 different AI viruses > 600 human cases worldwide fatality rate > 30% later detected in domestic birds via active surveillance low pathogenic virus no clinical signs in poultry 11

Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in birds experimental studies: no clinical signs in 6 weeks old chickens IVPI = 0 chickens and quail shed the most shedding from

12 Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in birds experimental studies: no clinical signs in 6 weeks old chickens IVPI = 0 chickens and quail shed the most shedding from ducks is limited shedding is mainly oropharyngeal epidemiological data: susceptible species: quail, geese, pigeon, Muscovy & Pekin duck IVPI: IntraVenous Pathogenicity Index 12

Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in birds: surveillance in China large scale assessment by MoA + MoH: 196 samples from birds or environment + 327 virological findings reported in articles

13 Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in birds: surveillance in China large scale assessment by MoA + MoH: 196 samples from birds or environment virological findings reported in articles (including 1 wild bird) most virological findings in LBM (only a few farms) primary virus detection: PCR + isolation of virus secondary tool: serosurveillance using specfied antigens Species distribution chicken duck pigeon environment unspecified 13

Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in humans genetic

(unlike H5N1) causes severe pneumonia, respiratory distress and

detections of the virus in previously uninfected cities were due to

14 Low pathogenic avian influenza: H7N9 H7N9 in humans genetic analysis shows virus is well adapted to human respiratory receptors (unlike H5N1) causes severe pneumonia, respiratory distress and death no sustained human to human transmission 80% of first detections of the virus in previously uninfected cities were due to human cases 80% of human cases had recent exposure to poultry or live poultry markets 14

15 Thank you for your attention. 15

16 Compartmentalisation History of the concept to face the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in 2004 Objectives prevention and control of the disease exportation of animal products from countries that could not eradicate diseases from the national territory in the short term Guidelines for implementation Terrestrial Animal Health Code: Chapter 4.3: Zoning and compartmentalisation - Chapter 4.4: Application of compartmentalisation Checklist on the Practical Application of Compartmentalisation diseases/species: examples of possible implementation poultry: avian influenza, Newcastle disease pigs: CSF, ASF horses: equine influenza sheeps and goats: scrapie, peste des petits ruminants 16

Regional Overview of the implementation of National Control Strategies for Avian Influenza. Summary review of questionnaire OIE RRAP

Regional Overview of the implementation of National Control Strategies for Avian Influenza Summary review of questionnaire OIE RRAP The OIE Questionnaire on Influenza A surveillance in animals in the Asia