Zoonosis = an infection or infestation which is shared in nature by man and lower vertebrate animals.
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1 Zoonosis = an infection or infestation which is shared in nature by man and lower vertebrate animals. For the purposes of this presentation, "zoonotic disease" will be defined as a disease that is caused by the transmission of an organism from animal to man. Some organisms are transmitted both ways There are organisms, which are transmitted from animals to man and man to animals. The following are some examples of organisms, which can be transmitted both ways. Persons infected with these organisms should not come in contact with the species listed during their illness. Measles virus (man - nonhuman primates) Influenza (man - ferrets) Shigella (man - nonhuman primates) Mycobacterium (man - nonhuman primates)
2 DISEASE: Tetanus NAME OF ORGANISM: Clostridium tetani TYPE OF ORGANISM: Bacteria MAIN SOURCE: soil and animal feces MAIN ROUTE OF INFECTION: injury (bite, scratch, cut, poke) SIGNS SEEN IN INFECTED ANIMALS: asymptomatic, muscle spasms SIGNS/SYPMTOMS IN INFECTED PERSON: muscle spasms, terminal asphyxia (suffocation) HOW TO PREVENT INFECTION: proper handling/restraint to prevent injury proper first aid report injury and receive medical evaluation vaccination
3 DISEASE: Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Shigellosis NAME OF ORGANISM: Salmonella enteritidis Campylobacter jejuni Shigella flexneri TYPE OF ORGANISM: bacteria MAIN SOURCE: Salmonella Contaminated food, water Farm animals Reptiles - soft shelled turtles Dog, cat Guinea pig (others not listed) Campylobacter Contaminated food and water (especially poultry) Dog, cat Sheep, goat Nonhuman primate Hamster Ferret Shigella Nonhuman primate Dog Cat MAIN ROUTE OF INFECTION: ingestion of contaminated food and/or water, and contaminated hands (from contact with animals) to mouth SIGNS SEEN IN INFECTED ANIMALS:
4 Salmonella asymptomatic Diarrhea +/- blood, anorexia, lethargy Campylobacter Asymptomatic Diarrhea +/- blood Shigella Asymptomatic Diarrhea +/- blood Anorexia SIGNS/ SYPMTOMS IN INFECTED PERSON: Asymptomatic, diarrhea +/- blood, abdominal pain, fever and septicemia (salmonella) HOW TO PREVENT INFECTION: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Wash your hands (prepare food properly)
5 DISEASE: Geardiasis NAME OF ORGANISM: Giardia lamblia TYPE OF ORGANISM: Protozoa MAIN SOURCE: Other humans, contaminated water, dogs, farm animals, nonhuman primates (others not listed) MAIN ROUTE OF INFECTION: Ingestion of cysts SIGNS SEEN IN INFECTED ANIMALS: asymptomatic, diarrhea, vomiting and weight loss SIGNS/SYMPTOMS IN INFECTED PERSON: Asymptomatic, and diarrhea HOW TO PREVENT INFECTION: PPE Wash Your Hands
6 DISEASE: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis NAME OF ORGANISM: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus TYPE OF ORGANISM: virus MAIN SOURCE: mouse, hamster, guinea pig, dog and nonhuman primate MAIN ROUTE OF INFECTION: direct contact with infectious urine, and inhalation of dust from contaminated bedding SIGNS SEEN IN INFECTED ANIMALS: asymptomatic, rough hair coat, facial edema, and seizures SIGNS/SYMPTOMS IN INFECTED PERSON: "flu-like illness", very stiff, sore neck (meningitis), nervous system signs (encephalitis) HOW TO PREVENT INFECTION: PPE Wash Your Hands
7 SPECIAL SITUATIONS There are times when animals are inoculated with organisms for research purposes; this species would normally not be considered a source of that organism. Check with the primary investigator to find out what organisms are being used and which PPE and other procedures may be necessary while working with these animals.
8 Medical conditions that may result in immunosuppression Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Cancer patients on Chemotherapy treatment Organ transplant patients (on immunosuppressive therapy) Splenectomy (spleen has been removed) "Pregnancy" Follow Proper Safety Procedures Use Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Wash Your Hands Get Proper First Aid Report Injuries Routes of organism transmission discussed in this handout Penetration through skin (injury) = bite, scratch, needle stick, scalpel cut, contamination of previous wound Direct contact to skin, mucous membranes Ingestion (direct ingestion of contaminated food/water is a common route; in the research environment, contaminated hands contacting the mouth, with subsequent ingestion of the organism would be the more likely route) Inhalation
9 DISEASE: RAT BITE FEVER NAME OF ORGANISM: Streptobacillus moniliformis Spirillum minus TYPE OF ORGANISM: Bacteria MAIN SOURCE: rat, mouse, and other rodents MAIN ROUTE OF INFECTION: bite SIGNS SEEN IN INFECTED ANIMALS: asymptomatic SIGNS/SYMPTOMS IN INFECTED PERSON: Fever, headache, chills, rash, pneumonia, liver infection (hepatitis) heart infection (endocarditis) HOW TO PREVENT INFECTION: Proper handling/restraint to prevent injury Proper fist aid Report injury and receive medical evaluation
10 ALL THE ANIMALS HOUSED AND MAINTANED IN WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY'S ANIMAL FACILITY HAVE BEEN PURCHASED FROM REPUTABLE, VIRAL ANTIBODY FREE (V.A.F.), DEALERS. A COPY OF THE HEALTH REPORTS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE ANIMAL FACILITY MANAGER. RISKS OF ANY INFECTION ARE VERY MINIMAL GIVEN THESE FACTORS. WHEN ALL PERSONAL PROTECTION INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOLLOWED, THE CHANCE OF INFECTION IS NEGLIGIBLE.
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