Noise and the City: Rethinking Community Noise Issues. Erica Walker NEAIHA 2017

Transcription

1 Noise and the City: Rethinking Community Noise Issues Erica Walker NEAIHA 2017

2 Ground Zero

3 Noise Monitoring and Experiments

4 Greater Boston Neighborhood Noise Survey boston.noiseandthecity.org

5 Sound and Noise Perception Mapping boston.noiseandthecity.org

6 Community Noise Report Cards boston.noiseandthecity.org

7 Community Sound Portraits boston.noiseandthecity.org

8 But why noise?

9 Common Assumptions about Environmental Sound That we adapt to it over time That it is a sacrifice we must make It is a mere nuisance

10 Residents feelings toward community True noise It is unwanted 97.46% I cannot control it 94.45% If I say something, nothing will be done 84.24% about it It is constant 79.59% I feel like it is impacting my health 65.33% Source: Greater Boston Neighborhood Noise Report 2016

11 Residents feelings toward community True noise It is unwanted 97.46% I cannot control it 94.45% If I say something, nothing will be done 84.24% about it It is constant 79.59% I feel like it is impacting my health 65.33% Source: Greater Boston Neighborhood Noise Report 2016

12 How is noise impacting our health?

13 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

14 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

15 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

16 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

17 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

18 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

19 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

20 Noise Reaction Model Wolfgang Babisch (2014)

21 Health Effect Decibel Level db(a) Context Annoyance urban residential sound level Elevated Cortisol, Decreased HRV 65+ classroom chatter sound level Study Miedema et al., 2001 Selander et al., 2009; Walker et al., 2016 Blood Pressure/Hypertension 65+ Dravata et al., 2012; Haralabidis et al., 2009; Bodin et al., 2009 Cardiovascular Disorders 65+ Hansell et al., 2013; Corriea et al., 2013; Sorensen et al, 2012 Mental Health and Cognitive Function Epidemiology 65+ Hiramatsu et al, 1997; Clark and Stansfeld, 2007; Stansfeld and Matheson, 2003; Floud et al, 2011

22 Limitations With Current Sound Metrics Used in Epidemiological Studies: Considers loudness, which is only one component of sound Ignores contributions from lower frequencies Ignores personal perception There is some noise that I hear and some that I feel. - East Boston Residents Marcos and Neenah Luna

23 What is Sound? Audible wave Characterized by both its Intensity Level (decibel) Frequency (Hz)

24 Sound Intensity Level Assesses loudness of sound The intensity level is typically measured by an A-weighted decibel

25 Frequency Unit = Hertz (Hz) The slower a sound wave repeats itself the lower the frequency The faster a sound wave repeats itself the higher the frequency frequency = 1 T (Hz)

26 Frequency Unit = Hertz (Hz) The slower a sound wave repeats itself the lower the frequency The faster a sound wave repeats itself the higher the frequency In context Octave Range Effect < 20 Hz Tornado, Ultrasound 31 Hz Air conditioner 500 Hz Fire Alarm 2000 Hz Crickets 16,000 Hz Air 20, 0000 Hz Upper Limit of Human Hearing

27 Band Number Lower Limit Center Frequency Upper Limit ,000 1, ,414 2,000 2, ,828 4,000 5, ,656 8,000 11,312 11,312 16,000 22,624 Octave Band

28 Band Number Lower Limit Center Frequency Upper Limit ,000 1, ,414 2,000 2, ,828 4,000 5, ,656 8,000 11,312 11,312 16,000 22,624 Octave Band

29 Band Number Lower Limit Center Frequency Upper Limit ,000 1, ,414 2,000 2, ,828 4,000 5, ,656 8,000 11,312 11,312 16,000 22,624 Octave Band LOW FREQUENCY

30 Band Number Lower Limit Center Frequency Upper Limit ,000 1, ,414 2,000 2, ,828 4,000 5, ,656 8,000 11,312 11,312 16,000 22,624 Octave Band MID FREQUENCY

31 Band Number Lower Limit Center Frequency Upper Limit ,000 1, ,414 2,000 2, ,828 4,000 5, ,656 8,000 11,312 11,312 16,000 22,624 Octave Band HIGH FREQUENCY

32 Anything lower than 20 Hz = Infrasound Infrasound

33 A-weighted Sound A measure of loudness Penalty applied to account that our ear is less sensitive to low and high frequencies Unit is dba Is useful for predicting risk of noise induced hearing loss A-weighting (St. Pierre and Maguire, 2004)

34 A-weighted Sound A measure of loudness Penalty applied to account that our ear is less sensitive to low and high frequencies Unit is dba Is useful for predicting risk of noise induced hearing loss Sharp penalty for low frequency sound makes it inadequate for characterizing environmental sound We are interested in health effects beyond hearing loss We are also interested in describing the noise that we feel A-weighting (St. Pierre and Maguire, 2004)

35 Decibel Level Meet Elvin and Terrance, they right next door to a church and are steps away from a very busy road. 63 Hz 1k Hz

36 Decibel Level DISCOUNTS DISCOUNTS Meet Elvin and Terrance, they right next door to a church and are steps away from a very busy road. If you are interested in hearing more about Elvin s and Terrance s noise experience visit boston.noiseandthecity.org 63 Hz 1k Hz Center Frequency (Hz) Unweighted (db) A-weighting Penalty A-weighted Value

37 Noise is unwanted sound Noise

38 A Revised Model Sound Frequency Noise Sensitivity Duration of Exposure Noise Perception

39 Health Effect Frequency Range Study Dominance Cardiovascular Problems Hz Kumer et al. (2008) Hypertension 4,000 Hz Chang et al. (2012), Liu et al., (2016) Decreased HRV, Increased Cortisol Production Thickening of pericardium, Modulating the Immune System Hz Waye et al. (2003), Walker et al. (2016) < 20 Hz Pimenta et al, 1999, Sousa Pereira et al, 2000, Castros et al, 1999, Aguas et al, 1999 Epidemiology: FREQUENCY

40 Our Current and Future Goals ACADEMIC Research A deeper mechanistic understanding of how sound exposure impacts cardiovascular and stress responses An understanding of the distribution of a sound s frequency level in an urban environment near major transportation networks An understanding of the spatial and temporal predictors of a sound s frequency in an urban environment COMMUNITY Research Using citizen science and smart- phone technology to allow community residents to document their responses to community noise in real-time Understanding spatial and temporal predictors of community noise perception Can we better describe community noise? A NoiseScore? Highlighting innovative approaches to dealing with community noise Community Presentations Can we motivate an appreciation for less noise? Annual Reports

41 Academic Research Cardiovascular and Stress Responses to Short-Term Noise Exposures A Panel Study in Healthy Males Erica D Walker 1, Anthony Brammer 2, Martin G Cherniack 2, Francine Laden 1, Jennifer M Cavallari 3 * Published SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DETERMINANTS OF A-WEIGHTED SOUND LEVELS AND SOUND LEVELS ACROSS THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM AN ELASTIC NET APPROACH Erica D Walker 1, Jaime E Hart 1,2, Petros Koutrakis 1, Jennifer M Cavallari 1,3, Marcos Luna 4, Francine Laden 1,2,6 Published Descriptive Characterization of Short-Term A-weighted and Frequency Specific Sound Levels in an Urban Community near Major Transportation Networks Erica D Walker 1, Jaime E Hart 1,2, Petros Koutrakis 1, Jennifer M Cavallari 1,3, Marcos Luna 4 Gladys Unger 5, Marc S. Newmark 5, Francine Laden 1,2,6 Accepted

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43 Community Research

44 Noisescore.com

45 NoiseScore

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47 END