Structural Differentiation of Tooth Supporting Substances with the Electromechanical Impedance Technique

Transcription

1 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 8 Structural Differentiation of Tooth Suorting Substances with the lectroechanical Iedance Technique Hector A. Tinoco 1,*, Juan P. Goez 2, Johana Torres 2, aria A. Velasco 2 1 Deartent of echanics and Production, Universidad Autónoa de anizales (UA). Gruo de Diseño ecánico y Desarrollo Industrial. Antigua stación del Ferrocarril, edificio Sacatín C.P anizales-caldas. Colobia. 2 Deartent of Health, Universidad Autónoa de anizales, Gruo Salud-INSAO Antigua estación del Ferrocarril, dificio Sacatín C.P anizales-caldas. Colobia. * Author to who corresondence should be addressed. Phone: Tel: ail: htinoco@autonoa.edu.co Abstract -- In this study, an exeriental ethod is described to identify and differentiate aterials that act as constraints on a host structure, which define the boundary conditions. The ain structure is coosed of a tooth with a stainless steel bracket bonded to the crown, which in turn is couled to a sart bea (iezoelectric aterials attached) fixed to the bracket slot. The root ortion of the tooth is ibedded in different suorting aterials (substructures), which generate claed conditions to the tooth. A substructure coosed by iezoelectric transducers is bonded to the bea to generate vibrations to the syste. The ethod alies high frequency vibrations (between 5-10 KHz) through the bea which in turn oves the tooth, obtaining a echanical resonse fro the aterial where it is ilanted. To quantify the echanical resonses, the electrical iedance is read fro iezo-transducers by eans of electroechanical iedance technique (I). In a window observation in frequency, it was ossible to identify a siilar trend in the derivatives of the electrical iedance obtained for five different aterials ade for two teeth; olar and canine. Results suggest that the easureents are invariant to the interface (in this case, the tooth) that coules suorting substances, ilying that the aterials were identified, indeendently of the tooth. Index Ter -- Structural differentiation, electroechanical iedance, sart bea, tooth, Bone density I. ITRODUCTION Orthodontic treatents have heled to achieve oral rehabilitation during decades correcting anoalies in the osition and growth of bone structures, by eans of echanical-biological stiulus. In orthodontic treatent, teeth are oved to better ositions, a rocedure that can be done in onths or years, deending on final location. In the field of orthodontic, it is iortant to understand orthodontic tooth oveent (OT) and to corehend the biological events that occurs in alveolar bone when echanical forces are alied to the teeth. It has been reorted that the odification of echanical environent in bone structure roduces changes in the bone density during the orthodontic treatent [1-2, 27]. Different studies have shown that alveolar bone fraction and tissue ineral density can reduce with age and during orthodontic tooth oveent [29-2]. Site-deendent, anatoical characteristics of axillary bone also deterine bone density [5,28]. Recent studies have centered their efforts in understanding those changes at the cellular and olecular levels fro exeriental and nuerical research [-6, 27, 4-7]. It shows that bone density is a deterinant araeter in the OT rocess since the changes deterine the treatent tie, as exlained in [8]. Techniques for bone density assessent include: Radiograetry (RG), Coton Scattering Technique; Radiograhic Photodensitoetry (RP); Dual-energy Photon Absortioetry (DPA) aong others [28]. In general, the ajority of current techniques are considered invasive, since quantification of bone density deends on the use of ionizing radiation (X rays). Therefore, alternative ethods should be exlored to evaluate alterations in bone density. Piezoelectric transducers (PT) are used in structures to onitor their hysical integrity, taking advantage of electroechanical henoenon rovided by these. It is ossible to evaluate, identify, classify and estiate different structural conditions with PT, as it has been roven in different engineering fields; Non-Destructive valuation (ND), Structural Health onitoring (SH) and Control aong others [7-11]. Active ethods that use PT are frequently alied in these fields, in which we can observe the electroechanical iedance (I) technique. I technique has evidenced a great otential in the area of daage detection and structural condition since any alications deonstrate that the technique resents a great caacity and sensitivity of caturing structural odifications in high frequency when the signals are coared with a reference easure, such as shown by [2-26]. Recent studies have exlored the alication of I technique in the bio-edical field, such as the use of iezoelectric ceraics as bioedical sensors for onitoring condition of bones, through exeriental studies on huan and rabbit bones [9], where the changes in the I signatures correlated fairly well with the changes in the condition of the bones. Additionally, [40] alied a ethod that consists in utting a healing agent in articular cracks in bone to be onitored by PZT-needle sensor, which is ebedded in it. The easureents IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S

2 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 9 were taken in the frequency range between 0.04 to 100 khz, at 1 khz interval using AD59 evaluation board. The results of the study showed feasibility to detect changes during healing rocess until the cracks in bone are fully recovered. Alications corresonding to structural odification assessent were extraolated to the orthodontic field. For exale, [12-1] roosed a technique for onitoring dental ilant stability alying the I technique. The ethod involved bonding a iezoelectric transducer to the ilant in which the electrical adittance was easured to evaluate its stability, which in turn was correlated with the echanical araeters of the bone. This study resents a new ethod based on in a bracket-beaiezoelectric sensor (BBPS) to differentiate different tooth suorting substances with electroechanical iedance (I) technique. The roosed echanical syste designed for the exerient is coosed of a tooth with a stainless steel bracket bonded to the crown and a stainless wire that acts as a bea that in turn it is fixed to the bracket slot. The tooth suorting substances siulate various bone qualities by changing the odel s constituent aterial. An exeriental rocedure is alied to identify and differentiate these tooth suorting substances. II. ATRIALS AND THODS A. Theoretical Background of lectroechanical iedance Technique (I) In the circuit theory, electrical iedance Z ( ) refers to the oosition that is encountered to the current i when a haronic voltage V ( ) is alied on the circuit. It ilies that a linear relation is ket as unique ratio between V ( ) and i( ). An electrical circuit is a cobination of electrical resistance (R), inductive reactance ( X, L inductance) or caacitive L reactance ( X, C caacitance) as deicted in Fig. 1a. The c interaction of the eleents that coose the circuit deends on the cobination of eleents in which these are analyzed, since these eleents can be analyzed at the tie doain or in the frequency doain. The electrical constants (R, L and C) act as a vector in frequency sectru, therefore it is ossible to establish an iedance triangle, as illustrated in Fig. 1b, such that is the hase and Z ( ) is the agnitude. Deending on the vector direction, the nature of the circuit can be observed, we distinguish inductive circuits, caacitive circuits, resistive circuits, or their cobination. Fro this oint of view, it eans that intrinsic roerties of the circuit do not change. Therefore, these araeters do not deend on the voltage inut and the current outut or vice versa. Additional inforation about the electrical iedance rinciles can be found in [14] IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS Fig. 1.. a) Series cobination of LCR circuit (resistance R, inductance L and caacitance C). b) Iedance triangle for RLC circuit [10]. Piezoelectric transducers (PT) resent electrical roerties that are couled to the echanical roerties by the electroechanical henoenon. For exale, when a iezotransducer is defored an electrical charge is roduced or when an electrical field is alied on the iezo-transducer, it defors [15]. According to [16], PT can be analyzed as an oen electrical circuit or short circuit, resectively. If a iezotransducer is connected to a circuit all the atheatical oerations done in circuit theory can be erfored on it. A iezo-transducer in sheet for can be reresented by a cobination of resistance and caacitance [17]. It eans that there is no inductance in a iezo-transducer. Then, the roerties of electrical circuits satisfy to the PT. We can ention to the electrical adittance YP ( ), which is the relation between current, i and voltage V ( ) that goes through it. It is recognized that YP is the inverse ZP ( ). YP is coosed by a real art (conductance G ) and an iaginary art (suscetance B ) and it ay be described as i 1 1 Y G Bj 0 P, V0 Z R Xj where is the frequency. The constants inside G and B can be deterined using a araeter identification fro the electrical iedance. Where R is the resistance and X is the reactance which can be inductive and caacitive. Fig. 2. a) lectroechanical schee iezo-transducer-structure. b) Couled electroechanical syste of one degree of freedo [10,17-18]. Fig. 2a shows a sile odel that coules a echanical syste with an electrical syste. [17] deterined electroechanical adittance of this dynaic syste and they obtained a onediensional odel of a iezo-transducer bonded to a structure as follows: 2 jw Z ( ) tan( ) 2 kl 2 YP e d1y d1y, h Z Zs kl I J N S

3 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 10 where, h is the thickness, l is the length, w is the width constant. However, [18] deterined that the value of couling of the iezoelectric sheet, d is the iezoelectric strain constant deends on changes in the frequency. The sile 1 coefficient corresonding to x(1) z() coordinates, odel is widely acceted yet and the adhesive effects on the y y (1 ) is the colex Young's odulus of the I are studied actually. In the structure, Zs reresents the iezoelectric sheet, at constant electric field and e e (1 ) echanical iedance, which is given in ters of frequency as is the colex electric erittivity of the iezoelectric aterial at constant stress. and denote both echanical loss and Ks Zs, dielectric loss factors, is the wave nuber and it is given by j k, Y is the density of iezoelectric aterial, ω is the angular frequency and Z ( ) is the echanical iedance of the iezoelectric atch, which it can be calculated by Z P khy w,, j tan( kl ) A odel ublished by [17] (See q. (1)) and later odified by [19] included an adhesive interface between structure and iezo-transducer; this odification was reresented by a Table I aterials for the seciens where Ks is the dynaic stiffness of the structure and it is describe by K s Fs, X hence, Fs ( ) is the alied force and X s ( ) is the dislaceent of a driven-oint on the structure. In odal analysis, the echanical iedance of a syste is reresented by a atrix Zsij ( ), which is a syetrical atrix. It is iortant to acknowledge that echanical iedance reflects the roerties of a linear vibration syste. Teeth aterial Proortion Curing tie Coercial house Canine Black silicone 60 l 24 hours Sikasil (Tye I) olar Transarent 60 l 24 hours Sikasil silicone (Tye II) Canine- olar Hard Rock 2 (White gysu) 100 gr/ in owder for 40 l of water 5-7 in General laster Canine- olar Hard Rock 5 (Green gysu) 100 gr/ in owder for 40 l of water 10 in Whi ix Canine- olar Transarent Acrylic onoer 60 l/ olyer 60 l 15 in Veracril s Therefore, they do not deend uon external forces nor dislaceents. The deendency ay occur only if the dynaic syste has a nonlinear behavior, such as friction or aterial deendency on frequency. A detailed descrition of odal analysis can be reviewed in [20]. B. Seciens for Tooth Suorting Substances Fig.. Tooth suorting seciens and diensions in For the exeriental tests, only two teeth (olar and canine) are chosen as ain structures and these are ebedded in the suorting substances; as shown in Fig.. For each tooth (olar and canine), five suorting substances are reared and the aterials are listed in Table 1. The aterials used are; transarent Silicone Tye I (olar), White Gysu, Green IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S

4 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 11 Gysu, Transarent Acrylic and Black silicone-tye II C. xeriental Setu and Bracket-Bea-Piezoelectric Sensor (Canine). Test seciens are originally designed with 40 (BBPS) Princiles of length, 2 of width and 24 of height as deicted in Fig. b. The rearation was carried out on a standard old In this study, I technique will be alied to evaluate toothsuorting ade for this urose. Tie of rearation of each secien is substances by eans of an in-house designed, described in Table 1. electro-echanical device that contains a iezoelectric Tooth location and osition is standardized using a rubber transducer, called bracket-bea-iezoelectric sensor (BBPS). telate over which the tooth is located in the center of the This sensor is constructed with the intention of differentiating tooth-suorting secien. To avoid influences of factors in the the aterial used as tooth-suorting substance with an indirect exerients; the canine and olar are ebedded searately in easureent, rovided by the electroechanical iedance of the sae suorting substances with the ai to deonstrate the iezoelectric transducer. that the aterials can be identify indeendently of the ebedded interface, which in this case is reresented by the teeth. Subsequently, a stainless steel bracket is bonded at the center of the buccal surface of each tooth crown. The slot of the bracket serves as retaining echanis for the bea that it will be used as sensor, as described in the next section. To study the feasibility of differentiation of the tooth suorting substances, an exeriental setu is roosed using a iezoelectric sensing device and a secific testing rotocol alying the I technique. The exeriental included four rincial eleents; 1. BBPS ; 2. tooth ;. suorting substance; and 4. easureent instruent (Iedance analyzer AD59). Previously, two teeth and five suorting substances were reared for the exerient, as exlained in section 2.2. A scheatic drawing of the fundaental working rincile of the BBPS is shown in Fig. 4a. BBPS incororates in the bracket slot a bea ade of x stainless steel wire used in orthodontics treatents. Additionally, iezoelectric atches are bonded to the wire with eoxy adhesive foring a coosite joint. A ass is added to colete an inertial syste at the end of the bea, as shown in Fig. 4b. Piezo-transducers used in the BBPS were acquired as SN1029ROHS (SarkFun lectronics, Niwot, CO.) [21],an these are shown in the exeriental setu of Fig. 5. Fig. 4. a) Working rincile of the BBPS. b) BBPS couled to the tooth. Fig. 5. xeriental setu The exeriental trial was ileented in the following sequence; BBPS was attached to a bracket bonded to a tooth crown secien that is ebedded in the suorting substance IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S

5 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 12 The objective is to ove the bea-ass echanical syste by the inertia roduced when the iezo-atches are activated by a haronic electrical signal eitted fro an iedance analyzer AD59 (Analog Devices Inc., Norwood, A.) [22]. Our assution and working hyothesis is that the bea-ass oves the tooth, due to its bending, as consequence of iezoelectric stiulation. It is iortant to clarify that the exerients are designed to test that BBPS can easure the suorting substrates, regardless that the tooth is ebedded in it, in this case, canine and olar. The resented ethodology should validate the correlation between the suorting substrates obtained fro both teeth (canine and olar). For our exerients, we used an iedance analyzer which easures the electrical iedance and hase of the signatures eitted by the BBPS. The frequency sectru defined for the exerient is between 5 to 10 KHz, with increents of 10 Hz; this was obtained reviously fro an exloratory data analysis. 2 ( xx ) c 2 2w A f ( x) y0 e. w 2 where y,, 0 A x c and w are constants. Fig. 6. Gaussian adjustent for the electrical iedance derivative in an observation window. D. Index J for coaring the iedance signals It is known that the electrical iedance of a iezo-transducer cobines the echanical araeters of all substructures couled to it. In the frequency sectru, resonance eaks aear inside electrical iedance. These corresonds to the natural frequencies that can be reflected in the electrical iedance. Let s consider an electrical iedance signal with a resonant eak which corresond to the couled echanical syste, such as illustrated in Fig. 6. Two araeters can be observed in each resonant eak; the value of frequency r and the change in the resonant eak (see the derivative in Fig. 6). Therefore, if the derivative is extracted in an observation window, we can characterize the inforation of the couled structure. Based on this consideration, we roose an index to quantify the changes in the resonant eak, when the BBPS is couled with a suorting substance, such that J b a 2 h 2 f ( x) dx 110 [%], where is standard deviation, h is the height of a distribution function and f( x ) is an aroxiation function. To clarify the corresondence and correlation between signals obtained fro each tooth, the nuerical derivative dz d should be deterined for the electrical iedance. Fro an exloratory data analysis, we roose to aroxiate dz d by a Gaussian functions which are reresented in the following equation: III. RSULTS AND DISCUSSION In Fig. 7a and b, four electrical iedance signals are shown, those that were taken for each suorting substances (Black silicone, transarent silicone, White gysu, green gysu, Transarent acrylic) with the BBPS. To carry out the exeriental tests, each secien odel (see Fig. ) was ounted in a ress to siulate boundary conditions of zero dislaceents on x direction in the exterior surface of each suorting substance, as deicted in Fig. 5. In figures 7a and b, siilar behavior or trends are observed for each suorting substance. Initially, we can coare the signals in the range where the eaks aear; subsequently the range is estiated at 6.75 and 8.75 KHz and it is defined at 6.5 and 9.5 KHz for figures 7a and b. Those regions are dearked with yellow color boxes in the figures, when each resonance eak is located in both figures, it is evident that the White Gysu begins in the first osition followed by the Acrylic signal and the Silicon (transarent and black) signal ending in third lace. Additionally, we observe that the signal for Green Gysy does not have a resonant eak; however both signals (olar and canine) resent the sae behavior. For easy corehension of the above affiration, each eak was labeled with the sae nuber in both figures. It is clear in the exerient that the signals can be correlated since these resent a corresondence in its shae and location. However, this should be deonstrated objectively because the ain urose of this study is to differentiate the suorting substances with a ethodological rocedure IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S

6 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 1. Fig. 7. lectroechanical iedance for: a) olar tooth. b) Canine tooth. Table II Aroxiated Gaussian odels Tooth olar Canine Coefficients Transaren W. Gysu G. Gysu Acrylic Black W. Gysu G. Gysu Acrylic Silicone Silicone y x c w A Reduced Chi R-Square P>F ANOVA) Fig. 8. a) Gaussian fits for the electrical iedance derivative. b) J index for different suorting substances For the urose of coarison, the nuerical derivative is calculated for the each electrical iedance. ight Gaussian odels are aroxiated to the nuerical derivatives using quation (8). In Table 2, there are listed all araeters deterined for the Gaussian odels in which we analyze that all odels are well correlated. Correlations coefficients and ANOVA show a good agreeent, excet data deterined for Green Gysu. The aroxiations are illustrated Fig. 8a. The odels were noralized fro the following calculation: We can observe in Fig 8a that white gysu, green Gysu and Acrylic resent very close distributions and a good correlation is erceived aong the (between canine and olar. Nonetheless, the silicone is not well correlated showing higher differences. which ake sense since the tye of silicone is different for each tooth; olar (transarent) and canine (black). It is iortant to reeber that exerients were I J N S IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS dz ( ) ) ( ) in( ( ) ) a d dz d dz d.

7 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 14 done searately; although these conclude that the canine and the finite eleent analysis. The Angle Orthodontist, 85(), [7] Park, G., Cudney, H. H., & Inan, D. J Iedance-based olar act as interediate source to transit otions between health onitoring of civil structural coonents. Journal of the suorting substance and BBPS. It eans that the BBPS infrastructure systes, 6(4), easureents are invariant to the couling interface (for this [8] Tseng, K. K., & Wang, L Sart iezoelectric transducers for case the tooth) which allows to transit otion to the in situ health onitoring of concrete. Sart aterials and Structures, 1(5), suorting substances. To quantify the differences in between [9] Yan, W., & Chen, W. Q Structural health onitoring using the aroxiated derivative signals, J index is calculated and high-frequency electroechanical iedance signatures. Advances shown in Fig. 8b. With the index, each suorting substance is in Civil ngineering [10] Tinoco, H. A., & arulanda, D. J Daage Identification in easily identifiable and differentiable. For exale, the index for Active Plates with Indices Based on Gaussian Confidence llises the silicone aterial finds in a range of %; white Obtained of the lectroechanical Adittance. Journal of gysu %, green gysu % and Nondestructive valuation, 4(), [11] Tinoco, H. A., & arulanda, D. J New Index for Daage acrylic %. It is observed that all suorting Identification in Active Beas with lectroechanical Iedance substances are in different ranges of easureent and these are Technique (I) Aroach to SH. In: Proceedings of II siilar in booth teeth. In Fig 8b, the ean of each suorting International Conference on Advanced echatronics, Design, and anufacturing Technology (AD 2014) substance with its resective standard deviation is deterined, [12] Ribolla,. L., & Rizzo, P odeling the electroechanical showing the feasibility of observing the aterial using the iedance technique for the assessent of dental ilant BBPS. As final consideration, we see a great oortunity to stability. Journal of bioechanics, 48(10), correlate the J index with any echanical araeter of the [1] Ribolla,. L.., Rizzo, P., & Gulizzi, V On the use of the electroechanical iedance technique for the assessent of dental suorting substances. ilant stability: odeling and exerientation. Journal of Intelligent aterial Systes and Structures, 26(16), [14] oharana, S., Bhalla, S. 2015, Influence of adhesive bond layer on IV. CONCLUSIONS ower and energy transduction efficiency of iezo-iedance The resent study roosed a ethodology for structural transducer. Journal of Intelligent aterial Systes and differentiation of tooth suorting substances, through Structures; 26(): [15] Tinoco, H.A., & Sera, A.L Voltage relations for debonding electroechanical iedance (I) easureents obtained detection of iezoelectric sensors with segented with a sensor called BBPS. xerients erfored with BBPS electrode. echanical Systes and Signal Processing. 1, showed satisfactory results, which suggest a reliinary [16] Sirohi, J., & Chora, I Fundaental understanding of validation of the exosed ethodology. In these tests, it was iezoelectric strain sensors. Journal of Intelligent aterial Systes and Structures, 11(4), ossible to identify a siilar trend in the I obtained fro [17] Liang, C., Sun, F.P., & Rogers, C.A Couled electroechanical analysis of adative aterial systes deterination of four substances suorting for two different teeth, a olar and a canine. Using Gaussian aroxiations, it was ossible to the actuator ower consution and syste energy transfer. Journal of Intelligent aterial Systes and Structures, 5(1), correlate siilar suorting substances and identify which were [18] Tinoco, H.A., & Sera, A.L Bonding influence in the relatively siilar alying a roosed index. The index electroechanical () adittance of iezoelectric sensors bonded corroborates the correlation and differentiation between to structures based on I technique. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Syosiu on Dynaic Probles of echanics suorting substances since regions were differentiated for the (DINA XIV). aresias, Brazil 2011; five aterials used in the exerients. [19] Xu, Y.G., & Liu, G.R A odified electro-echanical In a clinical context, we erceived an oortunity to study bone iedance odel of iezoelectric actuator-sensors for debonding density occurring in alveolar bone using a low cost-effective detection of coosite atches. Journal of Intelligent aterial Systes and Structures; 1(6): non-invasive ethod. However, any exeriental asects [20] Fu Z.F., & He J. odal analysis. Butterworth-Heineann should be iroved to diinish the errors induced by factors as [21] Piezoelectric late: Datasheet of iezoelectric sound coonents. geoetrical variations of the tooth suorting substances. Sarkfun electronics htts:// RFRNCS [22] Analog Devices: Datasheet AD59. Analog Devices htt:// [1] Teitelbau, S. L Bone resortion by osteoclasts. Science, 289(5484), [2] Yan, W., & Chen, W. Q Structural health onitoring using [2] Kiberstis, P., Sith, O., & Noran, C Bone health in the high-frequency electroechanical iedance signatures. Advances balance. Science, 289(5484), in Civil ngineering [] Lee,. Y., Park, J. H., Ki, S. C., Kang, K. H., Cho, J. H., Cho, J. [24] Overly, T.G., Park, G., Farinholt, K.., & Farrar, CR W.,.& Chae, J Bone density effects on the success rate of Piezoelectric active-sensor diagnostics and validation using orthodontic icroilants evaluated with cone-bea couted instantaneous baseline data. Sensors Journal I, 9(11), toograhy. Aerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthoedics, 149(2), [25] Hu, X., Zhu, H., & Wang, D. A Study of concrete slab [4] Park, H. S., Lee, Y. J., Jeong, S. H., & Kwon, T. G Density of daage detection based on the electroechanical iedance the alveolar and basal bones of the axilla and the ethod. Sensors, 14(10), andible. Aerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial [26] Wang, D., Zhang, J., & Zhu, H. (2015). bedded Orthoedics, 1(1), 0-7. lectroechanical Iedance and Strain Sensors for Health [5] Park, H. S., Lee, Y. J., Jeong, S. H., & Kwon, T. G Density of onitoring of a Concrete Bridge.Shock and Vibration, the alveolar and basal bones of the axilla and the [27] Hsu, J. T., Chang, H. W., Huang, H. L., Yu, J. H., Li, Y. F., & Tu, andible. Aerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial. G. (2011). Bone density changes around teeth during orthodontic Orthoedics, 1(1), 0-7. treatent. Clinical oral investigations, 15(4), [6] Goez, J. P., Peña, F.., artínez, V., Giraldo, D. C., & Cardona, [28] Chugh, T., Jain, A. K., Jaiswal, R. K., ehrotra, P., & ehrotra, R. C. I Initial force systes during bodily tooth oveent with (201). Bone density and its iortance in orthodontics. Journal of lastic aligners and coosite attachents: A three-diensional Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, (2), IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S

8 International Journal of echanical & echatronics ngineering IJ-IJNS Vol.16 No:0 15 [29] Bridges, T., King, G., & ohaed, A. (1988). The effect of age on tooth oveent and ineraldensity in the alveolar tissues of the rat. Aerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthoedics, 9(), [0] Verna, C., Zaffe, D., & Siciliani, G. (1999). Histoorhoetric study of bone reactions during orthodontic tooth oveent in rats. Bone, 24(4), [1] elsen, B. (1999). Biological reaction of alveolar bone to orthodontic tooth oveent. The Angle orthodontist, 69(2), [2] Verna, C., Dalstra,., & elsen, B. (2000). The rate and the tye of orthodontic tooth oveent is influenced by bone turnover in a rat odel.the uroean Journal of Orthodontics, 22(4), [] Sions, D. J., Chang, S. L., Russell, J.., Grazan, B., Webster, D., & Oloff, C. (198). The effect of rotracted tetracycline treatent on bone growth and aturation. Clinical orthoaedics and related research, 180, [4] Russell, J.., Grazan, B., & Sions, D. J. (1984). ineralization in rat etahyseal bone exhibits a circadian stage deendency. xeriental Biology and edicine, 176(4), [5] Cattaneo, P.., Dalstra,., & elsen, B. (2005). The finite eleent ethod: a tool to study orthodontic tooth oveent. Journal of dental research, 84(5), [6] Cattaneo, P.., Dalstra,., & elsen, B. (2009). Strains in eriodontal ligaent and alveolar bone associated with orthodontic tooth oveent analyzed by finite eleent. Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 12(2), [7] Liang, W., Rong, Q., Lin, J., & Xu, B. (2009). Torque control of the axillary incisors in lingual and labial orthodontics: a -diensional finite eleent analysis. Aerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthoedics,15(), [8] aki, K., Okano, T., orohashi, T., Yaada, S., & Shibaski, Y. (1997). The alication of three-diensional quantitative couted toograhy to the axillofacial skeleton. Dentoaxillofacial radiology, 26(1), [9] Bhalla, S., & Suresh, R. (201). Condition onitoring of bones using iezo-transducers. eccanica, 48(9), [40] azlina,. H., Sarinah, B., Tawie, R., Daho, C. D., & Annuar, I. (2016, February). onitoring of bone healing by iezoelectric- I ethod. In: Progress in alied atheatics in science and engineering roceedings (Vol. 1705, ). AIP Publishing IJ-IJNS June 2016 IJNS I J N S