A STUDY ON HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION FOR TOOTH EXTRACTION

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Volume 119 No. 15 2018, 1507-1512 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ A STUDY ON HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION FOR TOOTH EXTRACTION Hepsiba.D 1 L.

1 Volume 119 No , ISSN: (on-line version) url: A STUDY ON HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION FOR TOOTH EXTRACTION Hepsiba.D 1 L.D.Vijay Anand 2 1,2 Assistant Professor, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering / Biomedical Engineering Department of Electrical Sciences Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 1 hepsiba@karunya.edu, 2 vijayanand@karunya.edu ABSTRACT In oral surgery, in order to loosen the teeth, the periodontal ligament which connects the tooth to its surrounding structures has to be teared and the alveolar bone has to be widened. For this purpose various forceps are used to provide various movements such as twisting, pushing and pulling the teeth. This paper deals with a study of generation of high frequency vibrations required for tooth extraction, in order to avoid pain and trauma caused by the conventional techniques. For orthodontic purposes, such as for re-alignment or for extracting it from its alveolar socket for surgery this instrument can be used which instantaneously and painlessly disconnects tooth from its periodontal membrane. Key Words: Oral Surgery, Tooth extraction, orthodontics deal of time as well as several post-operative surgical and/or medical treatments before healing occurs. This paper aims to develop a prototype which relatively instantaneously and painlessly disconnects a tooth from its periodontal membrane either for realignment, such as for orthodontic purposes, or for extracting it from its alveolar socket for surgery. The instrument vibrates and the vibration is transferred to the modified forceps so that the tooth to be removed get loosened. This movement occurs with minimal pain to the tooth as well as to the socket and with no apparent sensation to the patient. Moreover, with the tooth disconnected from the periodontal membrane, it may be easily lifted from its socket either at the same time or immediately afterwards by a minimum of effort. II. I. INTRODUCTION II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW In orthodontia the mechanical aids used to correct irregularities of the dental arch are uncomfortable and unsightly to the wearer and must be worn for several years to sustain tooth re-alignment. In oral surgery the various forceps used to twist, push and pull teeth cause a great deal of injury to the surrounding alveolar structure by both tearing the periodontal membrane connecting the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone and by causing traumatic destruction of portions of the alveolar bone itself. This leaves an unnecessarily disturbed wound which is susceptible to infection, and, frequently requires a great The system developed is an instrument for loosening teeth with high frequency vibrations. Vibrations are produced using a piezoelectric crystal and speed of vibrations can be controlled using a potentiometer. The system consists of an external setup box which consists of a driver circuit which produces the high frequency signal and a hand piece which consist of a transducer which converts the high frequency oscillating signal into high frequency vibration which is given to the teeth. 1507

Voltage amplifiers can be used to increase the amplitude of signals many times which may or may not be required in driving a circuit Filters are used to remove unwanted noise in the produced

Extraction Forceps The instrument used is a forceps to withdraw tissues and facilitate suturing, getting a handle on articles and holding them safely.

Extraction forceps are pivoted and used to expel teeth in a single piece with the crown and root in place. Extraction forceps are utilized alongside lifts to remove teeth.

2 Voltage amplifiers can be used to increase the amplitude of signals many times which may or may not be required in driving a circuit Filters are used to remove unwanted noise in the produced frequency range. Here low pass filter is used to remove unwanted signals above a particular range. A low pass filter was used to cancel out all the noise below 60KHz. Figure -1 Hardware setup a. Extraction Forceps The instrument used is a forceps to withdraw tissues and facilitate suturing, getting a handle on articles and holding them safely. Forceps come in various shapes, edges and sizes; each style is intended for particular purposes. Extraction forceps are pivoted and used to expel teeth in a single piece with the crown and root in place. Extraction forceps are utilized alongside lifts to remove teeth. Every extraction forceps is intended for a specific region of the mouth. The beaks are intended to fit around the cervical segment of the tooth. Furcation area can be hold using the pointed beaks. b. Piezoelectric Crystal The piezoelectric crystal is used to generate vibrations. The vibrations are produced by applying an electrical voltage, to the crystal. This electric field either compresses or stretches the piezoelectric material. The piezoelectric crystal is made of quartz material. c. Driver Circuit The driver circuit consists of a square wave generator, power amplifier and a low pass filter as shown in figure 2. Square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform that can be considered as an infinite summation of sinusoidal waves. At same duration the square wave amplitude alternates between minimum and maximum value at regular frequency. Usually this is used in electronics and signal processing applications. here the output voltage of the comparator depends on the reference voltage which is similar to Schmitt trigger circuit. Figure-2 Driver Circuit III. EXPERIMENTATIONS a. Method 1: Output variation with Voltage Figure-3 Output Variation with voltage The frequency produced by the transducer is to be transferred from the hand piece to the forceps. In order to demonstrate the transmission of the vibration, a circuit was made as shown in Figure 3. It was concluded that as the 1508

distance increase, the amplitude and intensity of the vibration decreases. b.

The metal plate is drilled for the placement of crystal setup along with insulations.

purpose. Here voltage ranging between 1-90 V was given and checked for the intensity of vibration. The intensity of vibration was better.

3 distance increase, the amplitude and intensity of the vibration decreases. b. Method 2: Piezo crystal attached to Forceps Figure-4 Piezocrystal attached to Forceps A metal plate is welded to one of the handles of the forceps as shown in Figure 4. The metal plate is drilled for the placement of crystal setup along with insulations. The crystal is placed on to the welded metal plate with nut and bolt setup of correct size along with metal and hylum washers for the correct placement and tightening of crystal and insulation purpose. Here voltage ranging between 1-90 V was given and checked for the intensity of vibration. The intensity of vibration was better. In order to check whether the intensity of vibration increases when the weight of the object to which the vibration has to be transmitted is reduced as shown in Figure 5. Here a metal plate of 1mm thickness is used, onto which the crystal is placed. The output signal from the driver circuit is given to the crystal. Input voltage of about 90 V was given. But there was no significant effect in the setup due to the vibrations produced by the crystal. There was no displacement in the position of metal plate due to the vibrations from the crystal but on touching the crystal, a shocking effect was felt. This shocking effect is nothing but the high frequency vibration produced by the crystal. Since the vibrations are produced in the ultrasonic range cannot be visualized. d. Method 2: Mechanical Actuator Setup c. Method 3 : Metal plate Set up Figure-5 Metal Plate Setup Figure-6 Mechanical Actuator Setup Here a mechanical actuator setup designed includes a plunger mechanism as shown in Figure 6. This is more like a cylinder structure which can hold the piezoelectric crystals and a plunger attached to it in correct position. The cylinder setup has a diameter which matches the crystal i.e. 38mm. In order to make the crystals to vibrate when the signal is given a 4mm gap is provided between the crystal and plunger. The vibration produced by the piezoelectric crystal displaces the plunger. 1509

4 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Experimentation was done using different methodologies. This was done to demonstrate that as the distance increases, the intensity of vibration decreases as shown in table 1 and table 2. Therefore, a circuit was made which will produce vibration in the range of 50 KHz even though the resonant frequency of teeth is KHz. Table 1 Input Voltage Vs Peak to Peak Voltage Since the drawback of the previous setup was the increased weight of the mechanical setup and damping of vibration due to the tight nut and bolt fitting. In order to correct this, experimentation was done with a thin metal plate onto which the piezoelectric crystal was placed. There was no displacement in the position of metal plate due to the vibrations from the crystal but on touching the crystal, a shocking effect was felt. This shows that the shocking effect is nothing but the high frequency vibration produced by the crystal. Since the vibrations are produced in the ultrasonic range cannot be visualized. Using the mechanical actuator setup the piezoelectric crystal was able to vibrate. This vibration produced by the crystal may be helpful to vibrate the forceps attached to the mechanical set up so that the tooth can be extracted without much pain and trauma. V. CONCLUSIONS Table 2 - Distance Vs Peak to peak voltage The vibration which has frequencies below 20 KHz is not effective in extracting teeth since it does not cause any change in the teeth structure and periodontal ligaments. It is believed that the forceps with high frequency vibrations of frequency in the range of KHz can be used to extract teeth with less trauma and less effort. The mechanical setup as shown in Figure 4 was made using an extraction forceps which is welded on to a metal piece and the crystal is placed on the welded piece using nut and bolt. The high frequency vibrations produced were not transmitted to the tip of the forceps. REFERENCES 1. Everret D Mumav Instrument for loosening teeth with high-frequency vibrations. US A 2. Harsh Rajvanshi, Hafsa Effendi, Akshita Khode(2016). Evolution of exodontia- exploring newer horizons. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. ISSN , volume 3, Issue: Hu Rongdang Sun Renyi Zhu Danfeng Shen Jiawei Fu Min Liu Huanhuan High-frequency low-amplitude vibration tooth-extracting instrument. CN A 1510

5 4. KoichiroKomatsu Mechanical Strength and Viscoelastic Response of the Periodontal Ligament in Relation to Structure. Journal of Dental Biomechanics Volume 2010, Article ID Makoto Nishimura, Mirei Chiba, Toshiro Ohashi Periodontal tissue activation by vibration: Intermittent stimulation by resonance vibration accelerates experimental tooth movement in rats. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Volume 133, Number Marco Cicciù, Ennio Bramanti, Fabrizio Signorino Experimental Study on Strength Evaluation Applied for Teeth Extraction: An In Vivo Study. The Open Dentistry Journal, 2013, 7, Mohamed H. El-Kenawy and Wael Mohamed Said Ahmed Comparison between Physics and Conventional Forceps in Simple Dental Extraction. J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg. (Oct Dec 2015) 14(4): Paolo Abundo, Calogero Foti, Nicola Rosato Production, Delivery and Application of Vibration Energy in Healthcare. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 280 (2011)

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