Effect of Antimicrobial Soap Containing Chlorhexidine on the
|
|
- Roger Mathews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 1976, p Copyright 1976 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 31, No. 6 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Antimicrobial Soap Containing Chlorhexidine on the Microbial Flora of Skin RAZA ALY* AND HOWARD I. MAIBACH Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California Received for publication 6 September 1975 The qualitative and semiquantitative changes in the aerobic microbial flora of normal skin with the prolonged use of a chlorhexidine scrub (6 months) were investigated. More samples in the chlorhexidine scrub group had gram-negative bacilli in their axilla (63 of 96, 66%) and groin (36 of 96, 38%) than the controls (32 of 66, 49%, for axilla and 7 of 66, 11%, for groin; P = 0.01). Klebsiella and Enterobacter were the predominant organisms in the control and chlorhexidine groups, respectively. The chlorhexidine scrub produced a reduction in the total aerobic counts in the axilla, groin, and between the toes and the fingers. Fewer samples from the chlorhexidine-treated areas revealed the presence of lipophilic diphtheroids than did the controls. Lipophilic diphtheroids were also reduced quantitatively in the groin and axilla with chlorhexidine treatment. No consistent pattern for the other major groups of bacteria was noted between the treatments. The normal flora of the skin, composed primarily of gram-positive cocci and diphtheroids, may represent a selective barrier against proliferation of potentially pathogenic organisms (13). In some individuals, small numbers of gram-negative organisms or yeasts may also comprise this normal flora, but their proliferation may be influenced by the normal ecological balance. Recent reports suggest that repeated use of antimicrobial-containing preparations may suppress the protective gram-positive population, resulting in a potentially harmful shift toward gram-negative colonization (7, 8, 11). The primary reason for this occurrence is the selectivity demonstrated by most currently popular germicides for gram-positive organisms (10, 16). The antimicrobial agent chlorhexidine has been available for use in skin antisepsis in England and Europe for 20 years. Besides being active against gram-positive organisms, chlorhexidine also displays activity against gramnegative organisms and yeasts (4, 6). This study was designed to measure effects on cutaneous microbial ecology during the long-term use of a nonionic detergent solution containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens). MATERIALS AND METHODS One-hundred and sixty healthy male volunteers were initially screened for the presence of cutaneous gram-negative rods. Subjects carrying gram-negative organisms in at least one of the four sample areas (axilla, groin, hand, or toes) were examined further. Gram-negative carriers were chosen for treatment to maximize the possibility that chlorhexidine would suppress gram-positives and allow increased gram-negative growth. The subjects selected for this study used nonmedicated soap (Ivory) for the 2-month period of screening. A total of 40 subjects was selected. On two subsequent occasions before treatment, cultures were taken from the four sample areas of each subject. Treatment. Following the base line determinations (before the treatments), 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the control group (nonmedicated) and 25 subjects were assigned to the test group (chlorhexidine). All 40 subjects bathed daily with the assigned treatment. In the chlorhexidine group, each subject washed his body (except the head) and hands for 3 min using 15 ml of chlorhexidine; after a thorough rinse, the procedure was repeated. Subjects in the control group followed the same procedure using the nonmedicated soap. All subjects were issued a perfumed deodorant not containing an antimicrobial agent and were cautioned to avoid contact with any materials (topical or systemic) that would alter the normal skin flora. Sampling of bacteria. Samples were taken at least 12 h after washing. For the finger webs and toe webs, the microorganisms were removed by rubbing moist cotton swabs over the surfaces eight times (1- by 4-cm area). For the groin and axilla, 1 ml of wash solution (nutrient broth, 10% Tween 80, and 3% Axolectin to neutralize the carry-over antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine) was pipetted into a sterile aluminum cylinder (6.15-cm2 area of skin) while it was pressed firmly against the skin with one hand. The skin was rubbed gently with a Teflon "policeman" (a scrubbing device) for 1 min. The suspension was aspirated and serially diluted (1:100 to 1:10,000) 931
2 932 ALY AND MAIBACH with nutrient broth containing 10% Tween 80. Samples (0.1 ml) of undiluted washings were spread on eosin methylene blue, Sabouraud glucose agar, crystal violet, and pseudomonas agar. Media. Appropriate dilutions were plated within 10 min. Sheep blood agar, Trypticase soy agar with Tween 80, staph no. 110 media, eosin methylene blue media (BBL), crystal violet agar (Difco), pseudomonas agar (Difco), and Sabouraud glucose agar containing antibiotics (penicillin, 20 U/ml, and streptomycin, 40 mg/ml) were used. Sabouraud agar plates were used to estimate the total counts of Candida albicans, whereas Trypticase soy agar with Tween 80 was used for lipophilic diphtheroids. Lipophilic diphtheroids grow poorly on blood agar plates but luxuriantly in the presence of Tween 80 (15). The counts for lipophilic diphtheroids on Trypticase soy agar-tween 80 did correspond to the count on the blood plates. Plates were incubated at 37 C for 48 h. Sabouraud agar plates were incubated at room temperature. Samples from different types of colonies were picked for identification of different groups of bacteria. Gram strains were performed on selected colonies. Sheep blood agar plates were used to estimate the total count of bacteria. The total counts for C. albicans were estimated on Sabouraud agar plates and added to the total bacterial counts. Organisms were classified according to their response to biochemical tests and by their growth and/or morphology on selective or differential media. Colonial pigment, catalase production, coagulase production, oxidative or fermentative metabolism of glucose production of spores, and motility were used to identify the organisms (9). RESULTS Comparison of the regional flora in subjects using nonmedicated soap and chlorhexidine scrub: qualitative. The bacterial flora of differ- TABLE 1. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. ent skin areas of the subjects who used a surgical scrub formulation and nonmedicated soap for 6 months is compared in Table 1. Averages of six monthly trials of the 11 control and 16 test subjects completing the study were tabulated. The occurrence of gram-negative organisms in the axilla (63 of 96 samples, 66%) and groin (36 of 96, 38%) of test subjects was higher than that in the controls (32 of 66, 49%, axilla; and 7 of 66, 11%, groin). This difference between the treatments was statistically significant (P = 0.01). More samples from the groin and toes in the chlorhexidine group carried Staphylococcus aureus than samples from the controls; no significant overall treatment differences for staphylococci were noted for the four locations. Isolation of lipophilic diphtheroids was lower in all four skin areas of chlorhexidine groups (9 versus 12%, hand; 37 versus 58%, axilla; 32 versus 55%, groin; and 30 versus 47%, toes). No consistent differences in the incidence of other diphtheroids were noted between the two treatments. Eight of the 96 (7%) samples in the chlorhexidine group revealed the presence of C. albicans in the groin; none of the controls showed the presence of C. albicans. In contrast, the toes in the control group had a higher incidence of C. albicans (11 of 66 samples, 17%) than did those in the test subjects (3 of 96, 3%). Comparison of gram-negative rods: quantitative estimation. The average counts for the base line study and during the last 2 months of treatments (chlorhexidine and nonmedicated soap) were compared (Fig. 1). Axilla. The gram-negative counts decreased Occurrence of microbial flora (percent) on the skin of subjects using chlorhexidine and nonmedicated soap" Gram- au- Gram Staphy- Micro- Lipo- Nonli- Gram- Samples' negative S. positive philic pophilic Strepto- negative C. albirods reus rods lococci cocci diphthe- diphthe- cocci cocci cans roids roids Fingerweb Control subjects Test subjects Axilla Control subjects Test subjects Groin Control subjects Test subjects Toeweb Control subjects Test subjects " Averages of six monthly trials of 11 controls and 16 test subjects completing the study are included. bcontrols, 66 samples; test subjects, 96 samples.
3 VOL. 31, 1976 from base line counts when subjects changed to chlorhexidine or nonmedicated soap. The reduction was noted in both; the decrease was slightly greater in test subjects than in the controls. This difference was not statistically significant. Groin. In contrast to the axilla, gram-negative rods increased when the subject changed to the chlorhexidine scrub; in the controls the gram-negative rods were not detected after 4 months of treatment (P = ). Thus, the controls demonstrated fewer gram-negative rods in the axilla and groins than did the chlorhexidine-treated subjects. Because there were fewer numbers and only sporadic appearance of gram-negative rods, a comparison between the fingers and the toe webs was not made. Comparison of gram-negative rods: qualitative. The occurrence of gram-negative rods in subjects using nonmedicated soap and the chlorhexidine scrub was compared (Table 2). Klebsiella were the prodominant organisms in the controls (51.3%), followed by Proteus (18.9%) and Enterobacter (16.2%). In the chlorhexidine group Enterobacter were the predominant bacteria (48.8%), followed by Klebsiella (24.4%) and Proteus (13.9%). Comparison of treatments among two major groups of organisms: quantitative. The density of staphylococci and lipophilic diphtheroids in the axilla and groin during the last 2 months of treatments was compared. The other test sites and bacteria were not included for ~~~~~~~~~ x t AXILLA i IGROIN - FIG. 1. Comparison of gram-negative rods: the average counts for the base line study and for the last 2 months of treatments (chlorhexidine and nonmedicated soap were compared). Subjects using nonmedicated soap served as controls. Counts are expressed per square centimeter. TABLE 2. a zu ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP AND SKIN FLORA 933 comparison due to their inconsistent trends. (i) Lipophilic diphtheroids. The axilla counts were lower in the chlorhexidine-treated group than in the nonmedicated soap-treated group (2.6 x 10" versus 4.7 x 1Oi/cm2, P = ). Counts associated with chlorhexidine were also lower in the groin, when compared with those in the controls (5.91 x 105 versus 2.25 x 106/cm2), and this difference in counts was not statistically significant. (ii) Staphylococci. Unlike lipophilic diphtheroids, staphylococci counts in the axilla were higher in the chlorhexidine-treated group than in the control group (6.7 x 105 versus 3.5 x 105/cm2). The counts in the groin were lower in the chlorhexidine-treated group than in the controls exposed to nonmedicated soap (2.8 x 105 versus 5.51 x 105/cm2; P = ). Total microbial counts in the chlorhexidine versus nonmedicated soap treatments. Bacterial counts over a 6-month period were collected from each site of the skin from subjects using medicated or nonmedicated products. The total aerobic bacterial counts (average of six monthly counts) of the two groups are shown in Fig. 2. Lower total microbial counts were noted in all of the four areas in subjects using chlorhexidine than in the subjects using the non-antibacterial soap. The decrease in density when compared So ,5. I 1+N I AXLLA P = '- 'I) 'V~ l l5 I"I\"I GROIN TOE WEB P =O.0056 P = o FINGER WEB P = FIG. 2. Total microbial counts in the chlorhexidine and non-antibacterial soap treatments. Bacterial counts over a 6-month period were collected from each site of the skin and averaged. Symbols: solid bar, controls; striped bar, chlorhexidine treatment. Counts are expressed per square centimeter. Occurrence ofgram-negative genera (percent) on the skin" of subjects using chlorhexidine and nonmedicated soap Treatment Enterobacter Proteus Klebsiella Escherichia Providen- Serratua Arizona cia Controls Chlorhexidine I Axilla, groin, toeweb, and finger webs. '45--l
4 934 ALY AND MAIBACH with controls was: 87% between the finger webs, 56% in the groin, 49% in the axilla, and 19% in the toe webs. DISCUSSION The suppression of cutaneous microflora by washing the skin with surface-active agents containing antimicrobial substances is a complex process involving numerous interactions (1, 2, 5, 12). The normal flora of the skin differs greatly in regard to sensitivity to a given antibacterial agent. Long-term use of soap containing bacteriostatic agents may lead to the detrimental overgrowth of a particular bacterial species that otherwise would be unable to survive on the skin. Regional flora in the subjects using the chlorhexidine scrub demonstrated a higher incidence of gram-negative organisms in the axilla (66%) and groin (38%) than did that in the control subjects (49% axilla and 11% groin). This small increase in the incidence of gramnegative organisms must be viewed in perspective. In other situations, when the resident microbial flora was drastically reduced by systemic therapy, significant overgrowth of gramnegative organisms has followed (3, 9, 11). The counts of gram-negative organisms were examined in the groin and were increased from 7.9 x 10' in the base line determination to 7.4 x 102 with chlorhexidine treatment (average counts of last 2 months of chlorhexidine treatment). In the control group the counts decreased from 8.8 x 10' to nondetectable numbers during the last 3 months of treatment. This increase of gram-negative organisms associated with chlorhexidine treatment was not noted in the axilla. On the other hand, in the axilla, gram-negative rods were reduced both in the chlorhexidine and control groups. This reduction was slightly greater in the test subjects than in the controls. These data suggest that more skin sites are needed when comparisons of less potent antimicrobial agents are made. No harmful effects due to the exaggerated use of chlorhexidine over a period of 6 months were noted. It seems that chlorhexidine treatment did lower the total microbial counts in all the test sites. Among the normal flora, lipophilic diphtheroids were the most sensitive bacteria to chlorhexidine treatment and were reduced in density with chlorhexidine treatment; staphylococci were reduced in the groin but not in the axilla. We do not have an explanation as to why contrasting results were obtained in two different regional areas with the same treatment. No specific selection of bacterial species with prolonged use of chlorhexidine was noted. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. There are no similar published studies available for comparison to allow us to gain broader perspective in interpretation as to clinical relevance. A surgical scrub is not intended for this exaggerated usage (daily application to the whole body for 6 months). General experience suggests that long-term administration of surgical scrub to the hands only does not lead to cutaneous bacterial or fungal disease. Most organisms were not completely eradicated by topical chlorhexidine treatment. The most striking changes were in the groin (perhaps because of higher relative humidity). In the control subjects, levels of gram-negative orgamisms were undetectable at the end of the study, whereas in the treated subjects they had increased. The increase in incidence was more impressive than the increase in numbers of organisms in a given subject. Perhaps several-fold higher numbers of gram-negative organisms are required to produce clinical disease in human skin. The major anatomic sites for gram-negative skin infection in humans are the face, neck (gram-negative folliculitis), and foot (10, 16). There are monthly variations in the density of bacteria, and this fact emphasizes the importance of appropriate controls (13; unpublished data). If a nonmedicated control were not also examined, the changes noted over time might incorrectly be ascribed to the antimicrobial agent rather than to the apparently complex changes noted in our control group. The alterations in cutaneous flora seen in both groups are not assumed to represent hazard, at least in terms of our present knowledge. Much additional information on factors controlling skin flora and antimicrobial agents is needed to help explain the data shown here. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to express our thanks to Walter Lindsey and Charlene Shirley for technical assistance and to Eugene Prout of the California Medical Facility, State of California, Department of Corrections, Vacaville, Calif., for their cooperation in this investigation. LITERATURE CITED 1. Aly, R., H. I. Maibach, R. Rahman, H. Shinefield, and A. Mandel Correlation of human in vivo and in vitro cutaneous antimicrobial factors. J. Invest. Dis. 13: Aly, R., H. I. Maibach, and H. Shinefield Survival of pathogenic organisms on human skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 58: Aly, R., H. I. Maibach, W. G. Strauss, and H. R. Shinefield Effect of systemic antibiotic on nasal bacterial ecology in man. Appl. Microbiol. 20: Beeuwkes, H The use of chlorhexidine. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 24: Burtenshaw, J. J The mechanism of disinfection of the human skin and its appendages. J. Hyg. 42: Davies, G. E., J. Francis, A. R. Martin, F. L. Rose, and
5 VOL. 31, 1976 G. Swain :6-DI-4'-chlorphenyldiguanidohexane ("Hibitane"). Laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency. Br. J. Pharmacol. 9: Ehrenkranz, N. J., D. Taplin, and P. Butt Antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the nose and skin: colonization and cross-infection, p Antimicrob. Agents Chemother Forfar, J. O., J. C. Gould, and A. F. MacCabe Effect of hexachlorophene on incidence of staphylococcal and gram-negative infection in the newborn. Lancet ii: Isenberg, H. D., J. A. Washington II, A. Balows, and A. C. Sonnenwirth Collection, handling, and processing of specimens, p In E. H. Lennette, E. H. Spaulding, and J. P. Truant (ed.), Manual of clinical microbiology, 2nd ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. 10. Leyden, J. J., R. R. Marples, 0. H. Mills, and A. M. Kligman Gram-negative folliculitis-a complication of antibiotic therapy in acne vulgaris. Br. J. ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP AND SKIN FLORA 935 Dermatol. 88: Light, I. J., J. M. Sutherland, M. L. Cochran, and J. Sutorius Ecological relation between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas in nursery population. N. Engl. J. Med. 278: Marples, R. R., and P. Williamson Effect of systemic dimetrylchlorotetracycline on human cutaneous microflora. Appl. Microbiol. 18: Noble, W. C., and D. A. Somerville Microbiology of human skin, p W. B. Saunders, Philadephia. 14. Rebell, G., P. M. Pillsbury, D. Phalle, and D. Ginsberg Factors affecting the rapid disappearance of bacteria placed on the normal skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 14: Smith, R. E Characterization of human cutaneous lipophilic diphtheroids. J. Gen. Microbiol. 55: Taplin, D., N. Zaias, and G. Rebell Environmental influences on the microbiology of the skin. Arch. Environ. Health 11: Downloaded from on September 25, 2018 by guest
Effects of Systemic Demethylchlortetracycline
APPLuE MCROBOLOGY, Aug. 1969, p. 228-234 Copyright 1969 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 2 Printed in U.S.A. Effects of Systemic Demethylchlortetracycline on Human Cutaneous Microflora R.
More informationTHE BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR APOCRINE ODOR*
THE BACTERIA RESPONSIBLE FOR APOCRINE ODOR* JOHN S. STRAUSS, M.D.f AND ALBERT M. KLIGMAN, M.D., PH.D. Shelley, et at. (), have shown that apocrine sweat is non-odorous when delivered to the surface but
More informationA new selective blood agar medium for Streptococcus pyogenes and other haemolytic streptococci
J. clin. Path. (1964), 17, 231 A new selective blood agar medium for Streptococcus pyogenes and other haemolytic streptococci E. J. L. LOWBURY, A. KIDSON, AND H. A. LILLY From the Medical Research Council
More informationHandwashing and antiseptic-containing soaps in hospital
Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1979, 32, 732-737 Handwashing and antiseptic-containing soaps in hospital J. D. JARVIS, C. D. WYNNE', L. ENWRIGHT2, AND J. D. WILLIAMS From the Department of Medical Microbiology,
More information320 MBIO Microbial Diagnosis. Aljawharah F. Alabbad Noorah A. Alkubaisi 2017
320 MBIO Microbial Diagnosis Aljawharah F. Alabbad Noorah A. Alkubaisi 2017 Pathogens of the Urinary tract The urinary system is composed of organs that regulate the chemical composition and volume of
More informationRifampin Resistance. Charlottesville, Virginia i0w organisms in Trypticase soy broth (BBL Microbiology
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Apr. 1980, p. 658-662 0066-4804/80/04-0658/05$02.00/0 Vol. 17, No. 14 Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcal Infections: Effect of Rifampin Alone and in Combination
More informationRoutine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies
Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64, 34-38 Routine endotracheal cultures for the prediction of sepsis in ventilated babies T A SLAGLE, E M BIFANO, J W WOLF, AND S J GROSS Department of Pediatrics,
More informationEcology of Nasal Staphylococci
JOURNAL OF BACrERIOLOGY, May, 1965 Vol. 89, No. 5 Copyright @ 1965 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Ecology of Nasal Staphylococci NOUR A. DAVIS AND GC. H. G. DAVIS Department of Microbiology,
More informationNOVASTREAK. Microbial Contamination Monitoring Device TYPICAL CULTURAL MORPHOLOGY Baird Parker Agar. S. aureus growth on Baird Parker Agar
NOVASTREAK Microbial Contamination Monitoring Device TYPICAL CULTURAL MORPHOLOGY Baird Parker Agar S. aureus growth on Baird Parker Agar Baird Parker Agar is used for the selective isolation and enumeration
More informationEnhancing Effect on Alkalinization of the Medium
Appum MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 968, p. 88-9 Copyright @ 968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 6, No. 9 Printed in U.S.A. Enhancing Effect on Alkalinization of the Medium on the Activity of Erythromycin
More informationSTUDY OF IMPETIGO AND THE RESISTANCE PATTERN OF THE ISOLATES TO VARIOUS ANTIBIOTICS
STUDY OF IMPETIGO AND THE RESISTANCE PATTERN OF THE ISOLATES TO VARIOUS ANTIBIOTICS Abstract Pages with reference to book, From 129 To 132 Aqeel Ahmad, Khursheed Ali Khan ( Department of Microbiology,
More informationPRESENTER: DENNIS NYACHAE MOSE KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
18/8/2016 SOURCES OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS IN BIOSAFETY LABORATORIES IN KENYA PRESENTER: DENNIS NYACHAE MOSE KENYATTA UNIVERSITY 1 INTRODUCTION Contamination occurs through avoidable procedural errors
More informationAsian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry Journal home page:
Research Article CODEN: AJPAD7 ISSN: 2321-0923 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry Journal home page: www.ajpamc.com FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL WASH FOR NASAL HEALTH
More informationLabquality External Quality Assesment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 1/2010
Labquality External Quality Assesment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 1/2010 Photos and text: Markku Koskela, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical microbiology specialist Oulu, Finland Sample 1/2010 Pus from an infected
More informationStaphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial agent of the skin flora of patients with seborrheic dermatitis
DERMATOLOGY PRACTICAL & CONCEPTUAL www.derm101.com Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial agent of the skin flora of patients with seborrheic dermatitis Funda Tamer 1, Mehmet Eren Yuksel 2,
More informationSensitivity of Gram-negative bacilli to ampicillin
J. clin. Path. (1969), 22, 644-648 Sensitivity of Gram-negative bacilli to ampicillin after six years' clinical use B. SLOCOMBE AND R. SUTHERLAND From Beecham Research Laboratories, Brockham Park, Betchworth,
More informationD. A. Leigh and G. Joy. Department of Microbiology, Wycombe General Hospital, High Wycombe, Bucks HP11 2TT, UK
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (13) 31, 0-17 Treatment of familial staphylococcal infection comparison of mnpirocin nasal ointment and chlorhexidine/neomycin (aseptin) cream in eradication of nasal
More informationAerobic bacteria isolated from diabetic septic wounds
Aerobic bacteria isolated from diabetic septic wounds Eithar Mohammed Mahgoub*, Mohammed Elfatih A. Omer Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Omdurman
More informationMedical Microbiology
Lecture 5!!!!!!ƒš!!Œ!!! š!!œ!! Œ!!!! Dr. Ismail I. Daood Medical Microbiology!! Systematic Bacteriology Gram-Positive Cocci : GENUS : Staphylococcus : The general properties of Staphylococcus are Gram-
More informationoftioconazole Cream 1% versus
The Journal ofinternational Medical Research 1987; IS: 2~3l Comparative and Non-comparative Studies ofthe Efficacy and Tolerance oftioconazole Cream 1% versus Another Imidazole and/or Placebo in Neonates
More informationSusceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to some commonly used Hospital disinfectants
International Scholars Journals African Journal of Microbiology ISSN: 4123-3220 Vol. 4 (4, pp. 109-1, April, 2016. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org International Scholars Journals
More informationBacterial Interference in Chick Embryos *
Journal of Clinical Investigation Vol. 46, No. 3, 1967 Bacterial Interference in Chick Embryos * JOHN C. RIBBLE t AND HENRY R. SHINEFIELD (From the Department of Medicine, The New York Hospital-Cornell
More informationNormal Flora. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology
Normal Flora CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Relationships between Organisms Symbiosis Permanent association between two different organisms. Neutralism Two organisms living together, and neither is affected
More information320 MBIO Microbial Diagnosis. Aljawharah F. Alabbad Noorah A. Alkubaisi 2017
320 MBIO Microbial Diagnosis Aljawharah F. Alabbad Noorah A. Alkubaisi 2017 Blood Culture What is a blood culture? A blood culture is a laboratory test in which blood is injected into bottles with culture
More informationChanges in the Microflora of Bovine Colostrum During Natural Fermentation
27 f. Milk Food Techno/. Vol. 39. No. I, Pages 27-31!January, 1976) Copyright 1976, International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians Changes in the Microflora of Bovine Colostrum
More informationSpinal Cord Injuries
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, OCt 1983, p 844-848 95-1 137/83/1844-5$2/ Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol 18, No 4 ph and Water Content of Pseudomonas aeruginosa- and Klebsiella
More informationFIT TECHNICAL DATA. Summary of Research Studies and Production Trials
FIT TECHNICAL DATA Summary of Research Studies and Production Trials Fit Efficacy vs. Bacteria Pathogens Bacteria Pathogen Staphylococcus Aureus (ATCC 8) Listeria Monocytogenes (ATCC 9) Escherichia Coli
More informationMicrobiological Quality of Non-sterile Products Culture Media for Compendial Methods
Microbiological Quality of Non-sterile Products Culture Media for Compendial Methods The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada. Culture Media for Compendial Methods
More informationAffinity of Doripenem and Comparators to Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Escherichia coli and ACCEPTED
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on February 00 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:./aac.01-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationEvaluation of a Waterless, Scrubless Chlorhexidine Gluconate/Ethanol Surgical Scrub for Antimicrobial Efficacy
Evaluation of a Waterless, Scrubless Chlorhexidine Gluconate/Ethanol Surgical Scrub for Antimicrobial Efficacy by G. Mulberry 1 A. Snyder 2 J. Stahl, J. Heilman and J. Pyrek 3 1 Hill Top Research, Inc.,
More informationLab 4. Blood Culture (Media) MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 1
Lab 4. Blood Culture (Media) 2018 320 MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 1 Blood Culture 2018 320 MIC AMAL-NORA-ALJAWHARA 2 What is a blood culture? A blood culture is a laboratory test in which blood is injected
More informationStaphylococci. Gram stain: gram positive cocci arranged in clusters.
Microbiology lab Respiratory system Third medical year Lab contents: Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp), two types of filamentous fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium spp), and
More informationUSE: Isolation and differentiation of Gram (-) enteric bacilli (MAC) / Coliform Testing / Recovery of Stressed Coliforms (EMB)
MAC/EMB Code 5544 MacConkey Agar (MAC) Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) USE: Isolation and differentiation of Gram (-) enteric bacilli (MAC) / Coliform Testing / Recovery of Stressed Coliforms (EMB) Side
More informationHARMONISED PHARMACOPOEIA DEHYDRATED CULTURE MEDIA FOR SUPPORTING REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AVAILABLE NOW P O RTF O LIO.
DEHYDRATED CULTURE MEDIA FOR ENHANCED P O RTF O LIO AVAILABLE NOW HARMONISED PHARMACOPOEIA SUPPORTING REGULATORY COMPLIANCE A Neogen Company THE GATEWAY TO MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION Harmonised Pharmacopoeia;
More informationPathogenic organisms in the sputum of patients
Thorax (1967), 22, 265. Pathogenic organisms in the sputum of patients with chronic bronchitis 0. L. WADE, P. C. ELMES, AND EILEEN BARTLEY From the Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology and the Department
More informationRAPID REDUCTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS POPULATIONS ON STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES BY ZEOLITE CERAMIC COATINGS CONTAINING SILVER AND ZINC IONS
RAPID REDUCTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS POPULATIONS ON STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES BY ZEOLITE CERAMIC COATINGS CONTAINING SILVER AND ZINC IONS INE 2 (CAR HEADLINE 2) By: K. R. Bright C. P. Gerba P. A. Rusin
More informationComparative study of the disinfection capacity of different floor cleaning solutions on ventilated room floor
Comparative study of the disinfection capacity of different floor cleaning solutions on ventilated room floor M. G. Sanal Kumar, S. Nandakumar, B. Bini & Arya Raj R. S. P.G. & Research Department of Zoology,
More informationWork up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures:
Work up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures: Culture work up 2 Systematic approaches 1 Work up of Respiratory & Wound Cultures Resident flora Colonizing organisms Pathogens 2 Work up of Respiratory & Wound
More informationQUANTITATIVE MICROBIOLOGY OF THE SCALP IN NON-DANDRUFF, DANDRUFF, AND SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, 64:40-405, 975 Copyright 975 by The Williams & Wilkins Co. Vol. 64, Np. 6 Printed in U.S.A. QUANTITATIVE MICROBIOLOGY OF THE SCALP IN NON-DANDRUFF, DANDRUFF, AND
More informationRelation of the Heat Resistance of Salmonellae to
APPLED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1970, p. 9- Copyright 1970 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 19, No. Printed in U.S.A. Relation of the Heat Resistance of Salmonellae to the Water Activity of the Environment1
More informationBiological Consulting Services
Biological Consulting Services of North Florida/ Inc. May 13, 2009 Aphex BioCleanse Systems, Inc. Dear Sirs, We have completed antimicrobial efficacy study on the supplied Multi-Purpose Solution. The testing
More informationSurvival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1968, p. 445-449 Copyright 1968 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 16, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Chicken Meat During Freeze-Dehydration,
More information1430 West McCoy Lane Santa Maria, CA p:
091217TR HardyCHROM BluEcoli 1 HardyCHROM Candida 2 HardyCHROM ECC 3 HardyCHROM ESBL 4 HardyCHROM Listeria 5 HardyCHROM MRSA 6 HardyCHROM O157 7 HardyCHROM Salmonella 8 HardyCHROM SS NoPRO 9 HardyCHROM
More informationComparison of a Waterless, Scrubless CHG/Ethanol Surgical Scrub to Traditional CHG and Povidone-Iodine Surgical Scrubs
Comparison of a Waterless, Scrubless CHG/Ethanol Surgical Scrub to Traditional CHG and Povidone-Iodine Surgical Scrubs by M. Sigler 1 J. Bastyr 2 J. Stahl 2 J. Pyrek 2 1 Stephens and Associates, Inc.,
More informationUTI : A NEW APPROACH TO ITS DIAGNOSIS
Abstract UTI : A NEW APPROACH TO ITS DIAGNOSIS Pages with reference to book, From 126 To 129 S. Hafiz, N. Lyall ( Department of Microbiology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. ) The incidence
More informationMECHANISMS. Dr. WILLIAM J. BENJAMIN. Eye Physiology & Ocular Prosthetics Laboratory. School of Optometry
OCULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS Dr. WILLIAM J. BENJAMIN Eye Physiology & Ocular Prosthetics Laboratory University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Optometry Presented at the UAB School of Optometry as Part
More informationLabquality External Quality Assessment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 3/2013
Labquality External Quality Assessment Programmes General Bacteriology 1 3/2013 Photos and text: Markku Koskela, M.D., Ph.D. Clinical microbiology specialist Oulu, Finland Sample 21/2013 Maxillary sinus
More informationDetection of Bacteriuria and Pyuria by URISCREEN, a Rapid Enzymatic Screening Test
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Mar. 1992, p. 680-684 0095-1137/92/03680-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1992, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 30, No. 3 Detection of Bacteriuria and Pyuria by URISCREEN,
More informationEffect of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, and Tetracycline on Growth and Extracellular Lipase Production by Propionibacteria In Vitro
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1982, p. 39-43 0066-4804/82/010039-05$02.00/0 Vol. 21, No. 1 Effect of Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, and Tetracycline on Growth and Extracellular Lipase
More informationGASTRIC FLORA OF FASTING HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND ITS RELATIONS TO ph
GASTRIC FLORA OF FASTING HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND ITS RELATIONS TO ph Pages with reference to book, From 113 To 116 Rakhshanda Baqai, Sarwar J. Zuberi, Pirzada M.A. Siddiqui ( PMRC Research Centre, Jinnah
More informationDiscrepancies in the recovery of bacteria from multiple sinuses in acute and chronic sinusitis
Journal of Medical Microbiology (2004), 53, 879 885 DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.45655-0 Short Communication Correspondence Itzhak Brook ib6@georgetown.edu Received 1 March 2004 Accepted 18 May 2004 Discrepancies
More informationMicro lab notes. Dana alsulaibi
Micro lab notes Dana alsulaibi Respiratory system Microbiology laboratory section Gram Positive Coccus These are the most common microorganisms to appear on a throat swab Staphylococcus Spp. Streptococcus
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 8, August ISSN
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 8, August-2016 105 Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata stem extracts. S.Gurupriya 1 and Dr.L.Cathrine 2 1 M.phil
More informationEvaluation of a Two-Minute Test for Urine Screening
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Sept. 1983. p. 697-701 0095-1137/83/090697-05$02.00/0 Copyright 1983, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 18, No. 3 Evaluation of a Two-Minute Test for Urine Screening
More informationInfection Control and Asepsis. Copyright 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Infection Control and Asepsis 1 Introduction to Infection Control Nosocomial infections are acquired by patients in some kind of health care facility Center for Disease Control (CDC), the Joint Commission,
More informationBD BBL CHROMagar Staph aureus
INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE READY-TO-USE PLATED MEDIA PA-257074.06 Rev.: Sep 2011 BD BBL CHROMagar Staph aureus INTENDED USE BBL CHROMagar Staph aureus is a selective medium for the isolation, enumeration and
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(3):
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 3 (2014) pp. 668-674 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Antibiotic resistant pattern of urinary tract infection causing Escherichia coli isolated from diabetic
More informationNatural History of Aortic Valve Endocarditis in Rats
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, JUlY 192, p. 127-131 19-9567/2/7127-5$2./ Vol. 37, No. 1 Natural History of Aortic Valve Endocarditis in Rats ERIC HtRAIEF, MICHEL P. GLAUSER,* AND LAWRENCE R. FREEDMANt Division
More informationBACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF WATER
BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF WATER The bacteriological examination of water is performed routinely by water utilities and many governmental agencies to ensure a safe supply of water for drinking, bathing,
More informationSt. Joseph's Journal of Humanities and Science ISSN:
M. Parimala Celia et al. / St. Joseph s Journal of Humanities and Science (Volume 4 Issue 1 January 2017) 23-28 33 St. Joseph s Journal of Humanities and Science (Volume 4 Issue 2 August 2015) 33-38 St.
More informationComparative Antimicrobial Activity, In Vitro and In Vivo, of
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Apr. 1982, p. 899-904 0099-2240/82/040899-06$02.00/0 Vol. 43, No. 4 Comparative Antimicrobial Activity, In Vitro and In Vivo, of Soft N-Chloramine Systems and Chlorhexidine
More informationEnhanced microbiological safety of acidified infant formulas tested in vitro
ARTICLE Enhanced microbiological safety of acidified infant formulas tested in vitro Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland HMLJJoosten, PhD A Lardeau Objectives. To determine
More informationaureus."' Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that this agent despite the availability of antimicrobial agents that are effective against
RICHARD E. DIXON* Department of Medicine, JAY S. GOODMAN * * George Vanderbilt Hunter University Laboratory, School of Medicine, M. GLENN KOENIG*** Nashville, Tennessee 3723 LYSOSTAPHIN: AN ENZYMATIC APPROACH
More informationOZONE EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC BACTERIA AND VIRUSES (
Bacterial infections and the spread of viruses relating to athletic gear are becoming a bigger concern each year. Numerous articles are being written and public awareness is growing rapidly to the health
More informationNormal Human Flora. (Human Microbiome) Dr.Sarmad M.H. Zeiny Baghdad College of Medicine
Normal Human Flora (Human Microbiome) Dr.Sarmad M.H. Zeiny Baghdad College of Medicine 2014-2015 Objectives Describe important human normal flora. Demonstrate the epidemiology of human normal flora. Determine
More informationBacterial Flora of Leg Ulcers in Patients Admitted to Department of Dermatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, during the Period
2005;13(3):168-172 CLINICAL ARTICLE Bacterial Flora of Leg Ulcers in Patients Admitted to Department of Dermatology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, during the 1998-2002 Period Maria Żmudzińska,
More informationWork-up of Respiratory Specimens Now you can breathe easier
34 th Annual Meeting Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology Work-up of Respiratory Specimens Now you can breathe easier Yvette S. McCarter, PhD, D(ABMM) Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
More informationHigher plants produced hundreds to thousands of diverse chemical compounds with different biological activities (Hamburger and Hostettmann, 1991).
4. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHYSALIS MINIMA L. 4.1. Introduction Use of herbal medicines in Asia represents a long history of human interactions with the environment. Plants used for traditional medicine
More informationStudies on the Seif-Disinfecting
Studies on the Seif-Disinfecting Power of the Skin* JOHN F. NORTON, PH. D., F. A. P. H. A., AND MARGUERITE F. NOVY Department of Health, Detroit, Mich. A RNOLD and his coworkers' have reported experiments
More informationVeerle Compernolle, Gerda Verschraegen, and Geert Claeys* Department of Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2007, p. 154 158 Vol. 45, No. 1 0095-1137/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/jcm.01115-06 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Combined Use
More informationAction of Antifungal Imidazoles on Staphylococcus aureus
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Sept. 1982, p. 47 474 66-484/82/947-4$2./ Copyright 1982, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 22, No. 3 Action of Antifungal Imidazoles on Staphylococcus aureus
More informationGUIDELINES FOR HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARESETTINGS (1 CE Hour)
GUIDELINES FOR HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARESETTINGS (1 CE Hour) Learning objectives!! Explain the normal bacterial skin flora.!! Describe the relation of hand hygiene and acquisition of health care-associated
More informationInt.J.Curr.Res.Aca.Rev.2017; 5(9): 10-14
International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review ISSN: 2347-3215 (Online) Volume 5 Number 9 (September-2017) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcrar.com doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2017.509.002
More informationMicrobial Flora of Normal Human Body Dr. Kaya Süer. Near East University Medical Faculty Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology
Microbial Flora of Normal Human Body Dr. Kaya Süer Near East University Medical Faculty Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Normal Microbial Flora Skin Conjunctivae Oral Cavity Upper respiratory
More informationLaboratorios CONDA, S.A. Distributed by Separations
Culture Media as on Pharmacopoeia 7.3, Harmonized Method for Microbiological Examination of non sterile products -FORMULATIONS Buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution ph 7.0 Cat. Nº 1401 Potassium dihydrogen
More informationCHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND THE ISOLATED COMPOUNDS FROM THE STEM OF COSTUS IGNEUS
CHAPTER 8 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND THE ISOLATED COMPOUNDS FROM THE STEM OF COSTUS IGNEUS 8.1 INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants are the backbone of traditional medicine and
More informationNext Generation in Acne treatment. A new approach in Acne Treatment. GramaDerm. Advanced Acne Vulgaris Management with Microcyn Technology
Next Generation in Acne treatment A new approach in Acne Treatment GramaDerm Advanced Acne Vulgaris Management with Microcyn Technology Did you know? 85% of young people between the ages of 12 and 24 years
More informationEffects of Ethyl Alcohol on Microbial Survivorship. Tim Olson 9th Grade Central Catholic High School
Effects of Ethyl Alcohol on Microbial Survivorship Tim Olson 9th Grade Central Catholic High School Ethyl Alcohol Pure alcohol or drinking alcohol Oldest recreational drug Alcohol intoxication Inhibits
More informationBlair Bean Grade 9 Pittsburgh Central Catholic Highschool
Blair Bean Grade 9 Pittsburgh Central Catholic Highschool Variety of organisms that live in and on the body Skin Gastrointestinal tracts Nose Pharynx Mouth Conjunctiva Provide moisture, nourishment, and
More informationSections 11 & 12: Isolation and Identification of Enterobacteriaceae
Sections 11 & 12: Isolation and Identification of Enterobacteriaceae The family Enterobacteriaceae includes many genera and species. The last edition of Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Vol.
More informationFactors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Jan., 1967, p. 97-101 Copyright 1967 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 15, No. 1 Printed in U.S.A. Factors Affecting the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Hydrogen Peroxide
More informationLESSON 2.6 WORKBOOK Diagnosing infections, and, what s up your nose?
Staphylococcus aureus Morphology: The physical form or structure of a microbe.. LESSON 2.6 WORKBOOK Diagnosing infections, and, what s up your nose? Now we have discussed the different requirements that
More informationSterility Testing of Peripheral Blood Stem cell (PBSC) harvests in a Tertiary Oncology Setup
Sterility Testing of Peripheral Blood Stem cell (PBSC) harvests in a Tertiary Oncology Setup Bankar S 1, Tirlotkar A 1, Ojha S 1, Bhat V 2,Kannan S 3, Rajadhyaksha S 1 1. Department of Transfusion Medicine,
More informationAntimicrobial Effects of Vinegar. Daniel Crawford Grade 9 Central Catholic High School
Antimicrobial Effects of Vinegar Daniel Crawford Grade 9 Central Catholic High School Antibacterial Agents Humans interest in microbial growth/survivorship for over 100 years Many products/technologies
More informationScreening and isolation of microbial contaminants from carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks of Delhi
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology IC Value: 76.89 (Index Copernicus) Impact Factor: 4.219 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v4i5.04 Screening and isolation of microbial
More informationIntroduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into a
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Oct. 1972, p. 567-570 Copyright 0 1972 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 24, No. 4 Printed in U.S.A. Introduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into a Hospital via Vegetables SPYROS
More informationSelective Growth Media for Differentiation and Detection of Escherichia Coli and Other Coliforms
Page 1 of 5 Page 1 of 5 Return to Web Version Selective Growth Media for Differentiation and Detection of Escherichia Coli and Other Coliforms By: Jvo Siegrist, AnalytiX Volume 8 Article 4 E. coli and
More informationIntroduction. Study of fungi called mycology.
Fungi Introduction Study of fungi called mycology. Some fungi are beneficial: ex a) Important in production of some foods, ex: cheeses, bread. b) Important in production of some antibiotics, ex: penicillin
More informationInfection Control & Principles of Decontamination. Chapter 5 Notes
Infection Control & Principles of Decontamination Chapter 5 Notes O Chemical germicides formulated for use on skin, registered and regulated by the FDA is an antiseptic. O Human immunodeficiency virus
More informationGram-negative rods. Enterobacteriaceae. Biochemical Reactions. Manal AL khulaifi
Gram-negative rods Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Reactions Bacteria Gram positive Gram negative Cocci Bacilli Cocci Rods Characters of Enterobacteriaceae All Enterobacteriaciae Gram-negative rods Reduce
More informationStaphylococci in Competition'
II. Staphylococci in Competition' Effect of Total Numbers and Proportion of Staphylococci in Mixed Cultures on Growth in Artificial Culture Medium A. C. PETERSON, J. J. BLACK, AND M. F. GUNDERSON Department
More informationThe Human Microbiome Christine Rodriguez, Ph.D. Harvard Outreach 2012
The Human Microbiome Christine Rodriguez, Ph.D. Harvard Outreach 2012 Microbes are all over us Page 1 of 22 There are millions of microbes per square inch on your body Thousands of different species on
More informationCORTISPORIN Cream (neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and hydrocortisone acetate cream, USP)
CORTISPORIN Cream (neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and hydrocortisone acetate cream, USP) DESCRIPTION CORTISPORIN Cream (neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and hydrocortisone acetate cream, USP) is a
More informationANTIBACTERIAL TOOTHPASTE: DO NOT SWALLOW
ANTIBACTERIAL TOOTHPASTE: DO NOT SWALLOW Sarah McCuaig BACKGROUND, PURPOSE, HYPOTHESES Market statistics indicate a significant increase in the use of antibacterial products in North American households.
More informationMt. San Antonio College Microbiology 22 Lab Schedule for Spring 2018 Mon/Weds. Split Lab Sections ONLY
Mt. San Antonio College Microbiology 22 Lab Schedule for Spring 2018 Mon/ Split Lab Sections ONLY Wk 1 Feb. 26 Orientation with Introductions & Safety Rules/Regulations Feb. 28 Orientation with Pathogen
More informationMt. San Antonio College Microbiology 22 Lab Schedule for Spring 2018 Tues/Thurs. Split Lab Sections ONLY
Mt. San Antonio College Microbiology 22 Lab Schedule for Spring 2018 Tues/ Split Lab Sections ONLY Wk 1 Feb. 27 Orientation with Introductions & Safety Rules/Regulations March 1 Orientation with Pathogen
More informationComparative Efficacy of Peroxyacetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach against Enterobacteria, E. coli and Yeasts Molds on Cherries
Comparative Efficacy of Peroxyacetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach against Enterobacteria, E. coli and Yeasts Molds on Cherries Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether
More informationAntimicrobial activity of Karuveppilai vadagam against Enteric pathogens
International Journal of Current Research in Medical Sciences ISSN: 2454-5716 P-ISJN: A4372-3064, E -ISJN: A4372-3061 www.ijcrims.com Original Research Article Volume 4, Issue 6-2018 Antimicrobial activity
More information