Elitdomares psykosociala hälsa- Ett UEFA projekt

Transcription

1 Elitdomares psykosociala hälsa- Ett UEFA projekt Fotbollsmedicinsk konferens Januari 2017 Urban Johnson

2 Problem situation Bristen på fotbollsdomare har under senaste tiden blivit ett allt mer omdiskuterat ämne i landet. Enligt en kartläggning av SVTsport råder det domarbrist i 21 av 24 fotbollsdistrikt (Östberg & Pickelner, 2016, 25 april). Ett stort problem är föräldrar och ledare; de skrämmer bort unga domare och får dem att sluta döma fotboll (Simm, 2016, 25 april). Domare utsätts för allt mer påtryckningar i dagens samhälle och de får även ta emot verbala påhopp från spelare, ledare och publik (Fredriksson, 2015, 8 december).

3 Background Within professional football, most of the scientific health studies have been directed towards players physical health. By contrast, empirical evidence about the health of referees, remains limited. As a consequence of high physical and energetic loads combined with increasing age, professional football referees (especially central referees) have an incidence of non-contact match injuries similar to players, namely 18 injuries per 1000 match hours (Weston et al., 2012). Several studies have shown that symptoms of distress, anxiety, depression, eating disorders or substance abuse/dependence typically referred to as common mental disorders (CMD) are prevalent among professional footballers (Gouttebarge, et al, 2015). In addition, professional football referees are exposed to stressors related to dual career as they generally combine their refereeing career with another occupational career.

4 Aim of the study and design The primary aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and one-season incidence of symptoms of CMD (distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance, eating disorders, adverse alcohol use) among European professional football referees. A secondary aim was to explore the view of European professional football referees on consequences, support and needs related to these symptoms of CMD. An observational prospective cohort study with three measurements over a follow-up period of one season (from July 2015 to May 2016) was conducted among professional football referees. Reference: Gouttebarge, V., Johnson, U., Rochcongar, P., Kerkhoffs, G. (2016). Symptoms of common mental disorders among professional football referees: a one-season prospective study across Europe. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, DOI: /

5 Participants A sample of 646 professional football referees were contacted by the football federations from Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Scotland and Sweden. Of those, 391 gave their written informed consent to participate in the study (response rate of 61%). After the one-season follow-up period, a total of 292 professional football referees had completed the follow-up questionnaires (follow-up rate of 75%).

6 Symptoms of common mental disorders An electronic questionnaire in English and French was set up and distributed by the eight football federations involved Distress: the validated Distress Screener Anxiety/depression: the validated 12-item General Health Questionnaire Sleeping disturbance: based on the validated PROMIS (short form) Eating disorders: the validated Eating disorder Screen for Primary care Substance use: is detected with the validated AUDIT-C Stressors, support and needs related to symptoms of CMD Severe injuries Surgeries Life events: based on the validated Social Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale Social support: the validated Social Support Questionnaire (short form)

7 Main results Table 2: Prevalence and one-season incidence of symptoms of common mental disorders among professional football referees. Cases Prevalence (95% CI) Cases Incidence (95% CI) Distress ( ) ( ) Anxiety/depression ( ) ( ) Sleep disturbance ( ) ( ) Eating disorders ( ) ( ) Adverse alcohol use ( ) ( ) CI=confidence of interval

8 Discussion Outcome measures from other sport populations assessed using similar scales to this study suggest that symptoms of CMD among professional football referees might parallel scores from other populations. Symptoms of CMD among professional football referees are prevalent during a referee career but despite that professional football referees thought that those can influence negatively refereeing performances, only 18% of them did experience the need to seek medical help for their symptoms of CMD. The large majority of professional football referees stated that specific support measures were needed to be specifically developed for referees in order to manage symptoms of CMD.

9 Future research and perspectives A potential intervention for referees might be group courses or workshops related to relevant themes such as the management of motivational/emotional stress, self-confidence and refereeing under pressure Such courses or workshops might be offered to professional football referees during the preand/or on-season meetings A total of 10 female referees from Southern and Western Sweden participated, all of them active football referees for at least three seasons. The average age was 21.1 years (SD = 3.62) and they were on district or elite level. Several situations was perceived as stressful, verbal attacks and negative criticism were recurring incidents. Reference: Kilhage Persson, A., & Vildö, L. (2016). Female soccer referees: A qualitative study regarding motivation, perceived stress and coping (C-essay in sport and exercise psychology, ECTS). School of Health and Welfare: Halmstad University.

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