Lab: Functions of Integumentary System (Skin Lab Day 1)

Transcription

1 Name Date: Per: Lab: Functions of Integumentary System (Skin Lab Day 1) Standard AP 1.5 Discuss the important physiological functions of the skin. Describe the structure of the skin, including the hypodermis, dermis, and the layers of the epidermis. Discuss the accessory structures of the skin: hairs, nails, and glands. Purpose: To examine the structures and functions of the integumentary system. Procedure: 1) Complete Parts A, B, and C in any order. 2) Materials Manager pick up all lab supplies and distribute one lab packet per person. 3) Work with your lab group ONLY and complete your OWN lab report. Part A: Protection from dehydration, injury and pathogen invasion. Materials: 1. 4 slices of apple 2. plastic wrap 3. 2 toothpicks 4. food coloring 5. paper plate Procedure #1: 1. Put plastic wrap over one of the cut apple pieces. 2. Put three drops of food coloring on the apple with the plastic wrap. 3. Put three drops of food coloring on the plain apple. 4. Observe both apples. Answer the questions below based your observations. 1. Explain what happened to the uncovered (plain) apple. Be specific! Include observations about food coloring and the apple not the skin 2. Explain what happened to the apple with plastic wrap covering it. Be specific! Include observations about food coloring and the apple not the skin 3. How does the plastic wrap represent the human skin? Write in complete sentences. Use an abundance of science vocabulary words in your answer. WORD BANK keratin, barrier, oil gland Underline each word! Self Score Directions: Circle one of the statements below. At this point in the lab I can teach it I get it I m starting to get it I don t get it.

2 Procedure #2: 1. Use the toothpick to puncture 5 holes in the plastic wrap. 2. Put three drops of food coloring on the apple with the plastic wrap. 3. Observe. Answer the questions below based on your observations. 4. Explain how the plastic wrap with 5 puncture holes represent cuts or injuries to the human skin. Include at least 1 observation as evidence. 5. OPINION QUESTION: Explain how you think the skin protects internal organs? Include at least 1 example (evidence) from the lab. Part B: Eczema Directions: *Read and annotate the article Eek! It s Eczema! *Answer all the questions below. Eek! It's Eczema! English version Spanish version Your skin is red and sore. It may even look scaly. You itch like crazy. You know you haven't been near poison ivy and you don't have chickenpox, but you're starting to worry that you're slowly turning into some kind of scaly creature from a monster movie. No need to worry. It's just eczema. What Is Eczema? Eczema (say: ek-zeh-ma) is also called atopic dermatitis (say: ay-tah-pik der-muh-tietis). Atopic refers to someone who is likely to develop an allergy to something. Dermatitis means that the skin is inflamed, or red and sore. Eczema makes your skin dry, red, and itchy. Sometimes you may even break out in a rash. It's a chronic (say: krah-nik) condition, which means that it comes and goes. 1. What is Eczema? 2. What are three symptoms of eczema? If you have eczema, you're not alone. About 1 out of every 10 people develops eczema. Most people who have eczema got it before they turned 5 years old, but you can get it when you're older than 5. The good news is that more than half of the people who have eczema today will be over it by the time they are teenagers.

3 Why Do People Get Eczema? Skin has special cells that react when they come in contact with anything that irritates them. They make the skin inflamed to protect it. If you have eczema, you have more of these special cells than other people do. These cells overreact when something triggers them and they start to work overtime. That's what makes your skin red, sore, and itchy. No one is really sure why people get eczema. It's not contagious which means that no one can catch it from you and you can't catch it from anyone else. People who get eczema often have family members with hay fever (it makes them sneeze and have a runny nose), asthma (trouble breathing), or other allergic conditions. Some scientists think these people may be genetically predisposed to get eczema, which means characteristics have been passed on from parents through genes that make a person more likely to get it. 3. What does contagious mean? 4. Why do people get eczema? About half of the people who get eczema will also someday develop hay fever or asthma themselves. Eczema is not an allergy itself, but allergies can be a trigger factor for eczema. That means that if you have allergies, your eczema may flare up sometimes. Some things that can induce (cause) eczema include: soaps, detergents, or perfumes hot and sweaty skin dry winter air with little moisture other things that can irritate your skin, such as contact with scratchy fabrics (like wool) or dust mites in your bed sheets Treatments for Eczema You may need some moisturizing lotion or cream to control the dryness and itchiness. Some people need stronger medicines called corticosteroids. Steroid ointment or cream is rubbed on your skin to help calm the inflammation. Your doctor might suggest you try an antihistamine, a medicine that comes in pill or liquid form, to help control the itching. And if all that scratching leads to an infection, you may need an antibiotic. None of these eczema medicines will cure you forever, but they can help make your skin more comfortable and less red. 3. List 3 treatments for eczema. a. b. c. Self Score Directions: Circle one of the statements below. At this point in the lab I can teach it I get it I m starting to get it I don t get it.

4 Part C: Melanin Production Directions: *Read and annotate the article on How to be Safe When You re in the Sun and review your notes on the skin. *Answer all the questions below. How to Be Safe When You're in the Sun English version Spanish version The weather is warming up, the days are longer and there's more time to be outside doing all kinds of fun things! But if you're going to be out in the sun, especially on a hot day, you need to stay safe. Let's find out how. Don't Feel the Burn Even though the sun is hot, it does cool things. It keeps us warm. It makes flowers and plants grow. It even gives us vitamin D so we can better absorb calcium into our bodies for strong bones. It does all these things by sending down light, which includes invisible ultraviolet (say: ul-trah-vye-uh-lit) rays. These are also called UV rays. Some ultraviolet rays pass through air and clouds and penetrate the skin. When your skin's been exposed to too many of these rays, you get what's known as sunburned. Ouch! Some people get sunburned faster than others because of their coloring. If you have blond or red hair, light-colored skin, and light-colored eyes, you'll tend to get sunburned more quickly than someone with dark eyes and skin. That's because you have less melanin (say: MEL-uh-nun). Melanin is a chemical in the skin that protects it from sun damage by reflecting and absorbing UV rays. People with darker skin have more melanin, but even if you have dark hair, dark eyes, or darker-toned skin, you can still get sunburned. It will just take a little bit longer. 1. HOW does melanin protect humans from the sun? 2. Why is increased melanin production helpful for the body? Explain! 3. Why do some people get sunburned more easily then others? Explain!

5 Name Date: Per: Lab: Functions of Integumentary System (Skin Lab) PART 2 Standard AP 1.5 Discuss the important physiological functions of the skin. Describe the structure of the skin, including the hypodermis, dermis, and the layers of the epidermis. Discuss the accessory structures of the skin: hairs, nails, and glands. Purpose: To examine the structures and functions of the integumentary system. Procedure: 1) Complete Parts D and E. 2) Work with your lab group ONLY and complete your OWN lab report. Part D: Acne Directions: *Read and annotate the article on Acne. *Answer the questions below. Acne English version Spanish version If you're almost a teen, chances are pretty good that you have some acne. About 8 in 10 preteens and teens have acne, along with many adults. In fact, about 17 million people in the United States have acne. Acne is so common that it's considered a normal part of growing from a kid to an adult. But knowing that doesn't make it easier when you look in the mirror and see a big pimple on your chin! The good news is that learning about acne and taking some simple steps can help you feel better about your face. Acne is a skin condition that shows up as different types of bumps. They include whiteheads, blackheads, red bumps (pimples), and bumps that are filled with pus (called pustules). What causes these annoying bumps? Well, your skin is covered with tiny holes called hair follicles, or pores. Pores contain sebaceous (say: suh-bay-shus) glands (also called oil glands) that make sebum (say: SEE-bum), an oil that moistens your hair and skin. Most of the time, the glands make the right amount of sebum and the pores are fine. But sometimes a pore gets clogged up with too much sebum, dead skin cells, and germs called bacteria. This can cause acne. If a pore gets clogged up, closes, and bulges out from the skin, that's a whitehead. If a pore clogs up but stays open, the top surface can get dark and you're left with a blackhead. Sometimes the walls of the pore are broken, allowing sebum, bacteria, and dead skin cells to get under the skin. This causes a small, red infection called a pimple. Clogged-up pores that open up deep in the skin can lead to bigger infections known as cysts. 1. What are 4 symptoms of acne? 2. What causes acne (1 example)? 3. What is the difference between blackheads and whiteheads? 4. What causes pimples (1 example)?

6 Why Do So Many Kids Get Acne? A lot of kids and teens get a type of acne called acne vulgaris. It usually appears on the face, neck, shoulders, upper back, and chest. Teens and kids get acne because of the hormone changes that come with puberty. As you grow up and your body begins to develop, these hormones stimulate the sebaceous glands to make more sebum, and the glands can become overactive. When there is too much sebum, that oil clogs the pores and leads to acne. If your parent had acne as a teen, it's likely that you will, too. Stress may make acne worse, because when you're stressed, your pores may make more sebum. Luckily, for most people acne gets better by the time they're in their twenties. What Can I Do About Acne? If you're worried about acne, here are some ways to keep pimples away: To help prevent the oil buildup that can lead to acne, wash your face once or twice a day with warm water and a mild soap or cleanser. Don't scrub your face. Scrubbing can actually make acne worse by irritating the skin. Wash gently, using your hands instead of a washcloth. If you wear makeup, moisturizer, or sunscreen, make sure they are "oil-free," "noncomedogenic," or "nonacnegenic." When you wash your face, take the time to remove all of your makeup. If you use hair sprays or gels, try to keep them away from your face because they can clog pores. If you have long hair, keep it away from your face and wash it regularly to reduce oil. Baseball caps and other hats can cause pimples along the hairline. Avoid them if you think they are making your acne worse. Wash your face after you've been exercising and sweating a lot. Try not to touch your face. Don't pick, squeeze, or pop pimples. 5. List 3 ways to prevent acne. Many lotions and creams are sold at drugstores to help prevent acne and clear it up. You can try different ones to see which helps. Products with benzoyl peroxide (say: BEN-zoil peh-rok-side) or salicylic (say: sal-uh-sil-ick) acid in them are usually pretty helpful for treating acne. Benzoyl peroxide kills the bacteria that can lead to acne and it also can reduce swelling (puffiness) of pimples. Salicylic acid is another acne-fighting ingredient. It causes skin to dry out and peel, which can help get rid of pimples, too. When you use a product for acne, be sure to follow the directions exactly. Don't use more than you're supposed to because this can make your skin very red and very dry. It's also good to try just a little bit at first to be sure that you're not allergic to the product. Don't give up if you don't see results the next day. Acne medicine can take weeks or months to work.

7 What If I Get Pimples Anyway? Some kids will rarely get a pimple those lucky ducks! But many kids will get some pimples, even if they take steps to prevent acne. It's totally normal. In fact, some girls who have a handle on their acne may find that it comes out a few days before they get their periods. This is a common problem called premenstrual acne and is caused by hormonal changes in the body. Boys undergo hormonal changes, too, and may be more likely to suffer from severe forms of acne. Even if you get acne, you don't want to make it worse. That's why it's important to keep your hands off your pimples. Try not to touch, squeeze, or pick at a pimple. When you play around with pimples, you can cause even more inflammation by poking at them or opening them up. Plus, the oil from your hands can't help! The worst part, though, is that picking at pimples may lead to scars on your face. Some people will tell you that sitting out in the sun helps acne. But this isn't true. A suntan can make acne look less severe by hiding pimples, but it won't help them go away. And too much sun isn't a good idea anyway because it can give you a sunburn today and wrinkles and skin cancer later in life. Kids who have serious acne can get help from their doctor or a dermatologist (a doctor who treats skin problems). Doctors can prescribe stronger medicine than you can buy at the store. Acne prescriptions can include stronger creams that prevent pimples from forming or antibiotics that decrease swelling (puffiness) and kill bacteria that cause pimples. If you have acne, now you know some ways to improve your skin. And remember that you're not alone. Look around at your friends and you'll see that most kids and teens are in it together! Part E: Hives and Allergies Directions: *Read the article on Help with Hives. *Answer the questions below. Help With Hives After eating some big, juicy strawberries, you decide to walk to your friend's house. Just as you're turning the corner, you notice reddish bumps and patches on your arms and chest. What are these itchy welts or blotches on your skin? Should you turn around and head home? What Are Hives? Hives are pink or red bumps or slightly raised patches of skin. Sometimes, they have a pale center. Hives usually itch, but they also can burn or sting. Hives can occur anywhere on the body and vary in size and shape. They can be small like a mosquito bite or big like a dinner plate. Hives also might look like rings or groups of rings joined together in clusters and might change locations. Hives change locations in a matter of hours. A bunch of hives might be on a person's face, then those might go away. Later, more may appear on a person's arms. Hives are common between 15% and 25% of people get them at least once in their lives. They are usually harmless, though they occasionally can be a sign of a serious allergic reaction. (So, yes, you should go home and tell your parents!) The medical term for hives is urticaria (say: ur-tuh-kar-ee-uh). When a person is exposed to something that can trigger hives, certain cells in the body release histamine (say: HIS-tuh-meen) and other substances. This causes fluid to leak from the small blood vessels under the skin. When this fluid collects under the skin, it forms the blotches, which we call hives. Self Score Directions: Circle one of the statements below. At this point in the lab I can teach it I get it I m starting to get it I don t get it.

8 1. What are hives? 2. What is the medical term for hives? 3. What is the name of the chemical that is released in response to hives? Why Do I Get Hives? People can get hives for lots of different reasons (though sometimes, the cause is not known). One common reason for getting hives is an allergic reaction. Some common allergic triggers are certain foods (like milk, wheat, eggs, shellfish, berries, and nuts), medicines (such as antibiotics), and insect stings or bites. Other causes of hives are not related to allergies and these can include: exposure to the cold (like diving into a cold pool) exercise sun exposure nervousness or stress infections caused by viruses 4. List 3 reasons why people get hives. No matter what the cause, a case of hives can last for a few minutes, a few hours, or even days. What Will the Doctor Do? Doctors usually can diagnose hives just by looking at you and hearing your story about what happened. The doctor can try to help figure out what might be causing your hives, although often the cause will remain a mystery. If you're getting hives a lot, or your reaction was serious, your doctor might send you to another doctor who specializes in allergies. Sometimes, doctors will suggest you take a type of medicine called an antihistamine to relieve the itchiness. In many cases, hives clear up on their own without any medication or doctor visits. Less often, hives can be a sign of a more serious allergic reaction that can affect breathing and other body functions. In these cases, the person needs immediate medical care. Some people who know they have serious allergies carry a special medicine to use in an emergency. This medicine, called epinephrine, is given by a shot. Usually, a nurse gives you a shot, but because some allergic reactions can happen really fast, many adults and kids carry this emergency shot with them and know how to use it, just in case they ever need it in a hurry.