The Future of Feedlot Mangagement Tools: 2018 and Beyond.

Transcription

1 The Future of Feedlot Mangagement Tools: 2018 and Beyond. Bradley J. Johnson, Ph.D. Gordon W. Davis Regent's Chair in Meat and Muscle Biology/Professor Texas Tech University SA Feedlot Association March 9, 2017

2 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Objectives of the Industry Growth Fast growth rates High rates of conversion of feed to muscle High muscle to fat ratio Product quality Lots of marbling Minimal subcutaneous fat Tender product

3 Want Muscle? Does Marbling Matter?

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5 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence β-adrenergic Agonists

6 Live Weight Response (Steers) Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal) 8.2 kg Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 7.3 kg Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 8.6 kg

7 Hot Carcass Weight Response (Steers) Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal) 14.5 kg Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 6.0 kg Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 9.0 kg

8 Dressed Yield Response Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal) 1.5% units Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 0.5% units Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 0.75% units

9 Muscle Area Response Zilmax (20 d with 3 d withdrawal) 1.5 square inches Optaflexx (200 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 0.3 square inches Optaflexx (300 mg/hd/d; 30 days) 0.5 square inches

10 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Implants and β- Adrenergic Agonists: What happens when used together?

11 Hot Carcass Weight Main effect: RS: P < 0.01 ZH: P < 0.01 Baxa et al., 2009, J. Anim. Sci

12 2013 Headlines

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16 Laminitis Tyson s Issues from July 2013 Memo Hoof disorders Heat exhaustion Impairments associated with founder

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18 Tyson s Concerns: Recap Feb. 21, 2013: β-agonists are restricting access to international markets and negatively impacting the U.S. Beef industry.. July 2013: First memo on Animal Well Being no mention of β-agonists Aug. 7, 2013: Second memo; suspending purchase of cattle fed Zilmax on Sept. 6, 2013.

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20 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Antibiotics

21 Current Topics (Nov. 2002)

22 FDA GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS *Full timeline in addendum GUIDANCE 152 Oct. 23, 2003 Defines Medically Important Antibiotics GUIDANCE 209 April 13, 2012 Defines Judicious Use of Antibiotics GUIDANCE 213 Dec. 12, 2013 Defines Process to Implement 209 and Veterinary Feed Directive Regulation

23 GUIDANCE 152 MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ANTIBIOTICS IMPORTANT HIGHLY IMPORTANT CRITICALLY IMPORTANT First-generation Cephalosporins Second-generation Cephalosporins Cephamycins Monobactams Quinolones Sulfonamides Natural Penicillins Penase Resistant Pens Antipseudomonal Pens Aminopenicillins Fourth-generation Cephalosporins Carbapenems Aminoglycosides Clindamycin Tetracyclines Glycopeptides Streptogramins Oxazolidones Pyrazinamide Isoniazid Rifamycins Chloramphenicol Metronidazole Polymyxin Third-generation Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Macrolides Trimethoprim/Sulfa Non-Medically Important Coccidiostats Ionophores Bacitracins Carbadox Flavomycins Tiamulin

24 Veterinary Feed Directive Concerns regarding contribution of antibiotic use in livestock in development of antibiotic resistance VFD regulates application of feed grade antibiotics deemed medically important

25 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence New Frontiers

26 Liver Abscesses Issue has worsened in U.S. Tylosin under pressure in the U.S. and impacted by VFD Seeking alternatives to antibiotics

27 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Yeast and Yeast Extracts

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29 Performance Body weight, lb Positive Control 1 NaturSafe SEM P-value Initial Final 2 1,278 1, DMI, lb/day Yield adjusted Final BW, lb 3 1,266 1, ADG, lb/day Feed efficiency Positive Control contains monensin, tylosin, and a direct fed microbial. These are not included in diet of NaturSafe; 2 Final BW shrunk 4%; 3 Yield adjusted BW calculated by dividing HCW by a common dressing yield of Diamond V, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 Liver Abscesses Positive Control 1 NaturSafe SEM P-value Carcasses, n Liver abscesses, % A A A Total Condemned Positive Control contains monensin, tylosin, and a direct fed microbial. These are not included in diet of NaturSafe. 30 Diamond V, Inc. All rights reserved.

31 Essential Oils Could Be The New Antibiotics Tori Rodriguez, The Atlantic Jan. 18, 2015, 12:01 PM Essential oils often evoke thoughts of scented candles and day spas, but their benefits beyond relaxation are less wellknown

32 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Specific Nutrients

33 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Trace Minerals: Zinc Chromium

34 Signal Transduction of GPR receptors Zn PDE Muscle Response Protein Synthesis Protein Degradation Adipose Tissue Response Lipogenesis Lipolysis

35 Hot Carcass Weight CON a RAC b ZINPRO c ZINPRO + RAC d a Control: 60 ppm Zn from Zn sulfate b RAC: Optaflexx : Elanco, Greenfield, Indiana; Ractopamine added to the diet last 28 d, 30.0 g/mt DM c ZINPRO: ZINPRO zinc methionine added to the CON diet to provide an additional 360 mg Zn/hd daily d ZINPRO + RAC: ZINPRO zinc methionine added to the RAC diet to provide an additional 360 mg Zn/hd daily xyz Within a row, means lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05

36 nuclei β-1 β-2 β-3

37 Figure 1. β-adrenergic receptor density in control (CON; 0g/(h d) additional Zn) and Znadded (Zn) 1g/(h d) additional Zn) finishing steers before and during ractopamine hydrochloride feeding.

38 Chromium: An essential nutrient

39 Chromium impacts glucose uptake Potentiates the action on insulin Increases insulin receptor stability/activity Promotes translocation of Glut-4 Chromium propionate enhances insulin sensitivity in growing cattle (Spears et al., 2012)

40 Feedlot Performance and Morbidity Results Table 1. Effect of chromium supplementation on live performance and morbidity during the receiving period of feedlot cattle (Bernhard et al., 2012) Chromium inclusion level, ppb Cr Improvement Linear Contrast (P value) 0 vs. 300 Gain % Initial BW, lbs Final BW, lbs lbs ** 2.5% ADG, lbs lbs/d * 11.0% DMI, lbs/d lbs/d ** 5.6% G:F lbs ** 4.2% Cattle treated at least once, % * A chromium effect (P 0.05) was detected ** A chromium effect (P 0.14) was detected % * 18.37%

41 Results: Hot Carcass Weight Outline

42 Immunohistochemistry: Muscle Fiber Characteristics Outline 0 ppb (d 0) 450 ppb (d 0) 0 ppb (d 119) 450 ppb (d 119) Green- membrane Red- Type I Orange- Type IIA Black- Type IIX

43 Surface GLUT4 Immunohistochemsitry: GLUT4 density Outline Internalized GLUT4 450 ppb d ppb d 147

44 48 h Nuclei GLUT4 Control 3% horse serum/dmem Nuclei GLUT4 CrPro 3% horse serum/dmem +10uM chromium propionate CrPro + RH 3% horse serum/dmem +10uM chromium propionate + 10uM ractopamine hydrochloride Nuclei GLUT4

45 Bovine subcutaneous adipose cell were incubated with or without chromium(10µm) for 2-hr. SC adipocytes were moved to 96 well plates and induced differentiation. After 96-hr, differentiation media (containing insulin, ciglitazone, hydrocortisone, oleic acid) was replaced with DMEM (only containing 10uM of CrAc; No insulin, ciglitazone, hydrocortisone, glucose, glutamine, and growth factors ). Green: GLUT4, Blue: nuclei, Yellow: F-actin CrAc 10µM GLUT4 + Nuclei GLUT4 + Nuclei + F-actin Original Control

46 Nutritionists Take Home Messages Performance results indicated additive effects from Zn (3 kg HCW) and RAC (6 kg HCW). Interestingly, anecdotal evidence suggests feeding zinc allows for greater duration of RAC feeding

47 Nutritionists Take Home Messages Chromium is well recognized to impact glucose uptake by many cell types This should have positive impacts on skeletal muscle hypertrophy during the β-agonist feeding period Positive effects on cattle health and immunity

48 MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence Bottom Line Exogenous growth promotants and antibiotic use are under scrutiny, worldwide Consumer concerns are being heard Increased interest in natural alternatives; more research is needed in understanding the mechanism of action of these compounds

49 Dankie!! MEAT SCIENCE & MUSCLE BIOLOGY Striving for Honor in the Pursuit of Excellence

50 Global Use of β-adrenergic Agonists Courtesy of Dr. Rodrigo Goulart

51 Ganho adicional de peso de carcaça quente, kg Experimento: Novilhas Nelore USP - Pirassununga Controle 224 Zilmax Dif. = 16 kg Figura 1 - Ganho adicional de peso de caracaça quente Cônsolo et al., dados não publicados

52 SEM P-Value Semimembranosus +ZH & ZINPRO Semimembranosus +ZH SEM P-Value