Although the primary defect responsible for the
|
|
- Gabriel Watson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Rapid Publications Improved Glucose Tolerance Restores Insulin-Stimulated Akt Kiiiase Activity and Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle From Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats Anna Krook, Yuichi Kawano, Xiao Mei Song, Suad Efendic, Richard A. Roth, Harriet Wallberg-Henriksson, and Juleen R. Zierath The serine/threonine kinase Akt (protein kinase B [PKB] or related to A and C protein kinase [RAC]) has recently been implicated to play a role in the signaling pathway to glucose transport. However, little is known concerning the regulation of Akt activity in insulinsensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle. To explore the role of hyperglycemia on Akt kinase activity in skeletal muscle, normal Wistar rats or Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats were treated with phlorizin. Phlorizin treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and significantly improved glucose tolerance (P < 0.001) in GK rats, whereas in Wistar rats, the compound had no effect on glucose homeostasis. In soleus muscle from GK rats, maximal insulin-stimulated (120 nmol/1) Akt kinase activity was reduced by 68% (P < 0.01) and glucose transport was decreased by 39% (P < 0.05), compared with Wistar rats. Importantly, the defects at the level of Akt kinase and glucose transport were completely restored by phlorizin treatment. There was no significant difference in Akt kinase protein expression among the three groups. At a submaximal insulin concentration (2.4 nmol/1), activity of Akt kinase and glucose transport were unaltered. In conclusion, improved glucose tolerance in diabetic GK rats by phlorizin treatment fully restored insulin-stimulated activity of Akt kinase and glucose transport. Thus, hyperglycemia may directly contribute to the development of muscle insulin resistance through alterations in insulin action on Akt kinase and glucose transport. Diabetes 46: , 1997 From the Departments of Clinical Physiology (A.K., Y.K., X.M.S., H.W.-H., J.R.Z.) and Molecular Medicine (S.E.), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and the Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine (R.A.R.), Stanford, California. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Juleen R. Zierath, PhD, Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Hospital, SE Stockholm, Sweden. jrz@klinfys.ks.se. Received for publication 31 July 1997 and accepted in revised form 18 September AUC, area under the curve; GS-K-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; KHB, Krebs-Henseleit buffer; PDK1, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent protein kinase; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PKB, protein kinase B; RAC, related to A and C protein kinase Although the primary defect responsible for the development of NIDDM is unknown, a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the manifestation of this progressive metabolic disorder (1,2). Early and intermediate steps in the insulin-signaling cascade including the insulin receptor (3), the insulin receptor substrate 1 (4-6), and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3-kinase (5,6) are candidates for defects leading to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, the extent to which these signaling defects are causative in the development of insulin resistance, or secondary to the altered metabolic state associated with NIDDM, is currently not known. The serine/threonine kinase Akt (also termed protein kinase B [PKB] or related to A and C protein kinase [RAC]) is stimulated by receptor tyrosine kinases and is a downstream target of PI-3-kinase (7-11), presumably through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent protein kinase (PDK-1) (12). Several lines of evidence show that PI-3-kinase is necessary and sufficient for growth factor-dependent activation of Akt (7-9). Furthermore, expression of a constitutively active Akt is sufficient to promote GLUT4 translocation and increase glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (13,14). Whether defects in endogenous Akt activity contribute to reduced glucose transport in insulinresistant skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. Substantial evidence has accumulated to suggest that chronic hyperglycemia can directly contribute to the development of peripheral insulin resistance (15-22). In partially pancreatectomized diabetic rats, correction of hyperglycemia by phlorizin treatment restored insulin-stimulated glucose transport in isolated adipocytes and improved wholebody insulin sensitivity (15,18,22). The extent to which restoration of glycemia can improve impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle from animals or humans, where NIDDM is known to be genetically inherited, is presently not known. The spontaneously diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a nonobese model of NIDDM, developed by selective breeding of glucose-intolerant Wistar rats over several generations (23). Here, we investigate whether insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity and glucose transport are altered in skeletal muscle from GK rats. To explore the possibility that potential defects at these sites may be caused by alterations DIABETES, VOL. 46, DECEMBER 1997
2 A. KROOK AND ASSOCIATES in the metabolic milieu, we treated diabetic GK rats with phlorizin to restore glycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Animals. Male GK rats ( g) were obtained from our colony at the Karolinska Institute. Weight-matched male Wistar rats served as controls (B&K Universal, Sollentuna, Sweden). All rats were maintained under a 12-h light:dark cycle and had free access to water and standard rodent diet Four groups of animals were studied: vehicle-treated Wistar rats (n = 12), phlorizin-treated Wistar rats (n - 5), vehicle-treated GK rats (n = 12), and phlorizin-treated GK rats (n = 11). Phlorizin (0.8 g/kg body wt per day; as a 40% solution in propylene glycol) or vehicle (equal amounts of propylene glycol per kilogram) was administered as a subcutaneous injection in equal doses, at 12-h intervals for 4-5 weeks. Phlorizin was administered to the animals h before physiological testing. Glucose tolerance test. After a 15-h fast, glucose (2 g/kg body wt) was injected intraperitoneally in conscious rats. Blood was sampled from the tail before injection (time 0) and at 30,60, and 120 min after glucose injection. The glucose tolerance was performed on two occasions; before initiation of treatment (week 0) and after 3 weeks of phlorizin treatment. Muscle incubations. Fed rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (5 mg/100 g body wt). Soleus muscles were removed, split into two equal portions, and incubated as described previously for the rat epitrochlearis muscle (24). All incubation media were prepared from a stock solution of pregassed (95% 0^5% CCy Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) that contained 5 mmol/1 HEPES and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (RIA Grade, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). The gas phase in the vials was maintained at 95% 0/5% CO 2 throughout all incubations. The muscles were incubated (30 C) for 15 min in KHB containing 2 mmol/1 pyruvate and 38 mmol/1 mannitol, and subsequently with or without insulin (2.4 or 120 nmol/1) for 30 min (glucose transport) or 6 min (Akt kinase). Glucose transport activity. The muscles were incubated at 30 C with or without insulin (2.4 or 120 nmol/1, respectively) for 10 min in KHB containing 8 mmol/1 [ 3 H]3-0-methylglucose (2.5 uci/mmol) and 32 mmol/1 [ 14 C]mannitol (26.3 uci/mmol). Glucose transport was assessed as described by Wallberg-Henriksson et al. (24). Glucose transport activity is expressed as micromoles of glucose analog accumulated per milliliter of intracellular water per hour. Akt kinase activity and protein expression. Soleus muscles were homogenized in an ice-cold buffer as described (25) and centrifuged at 150,000^ for 35 min (4 C). Protein was determined using a commercial kit (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA). The Akt-a antibody was raised in rabbit using a fusion protein consisting of the PH domain of human Akt-a and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Aliquots of the supernatant (600 ug) were immunoprecipitated with anti-akt-a antibody, and Akt kinase activity was measured against a peptide substrate (GRPRTSSFAEG), based on a motif from glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) (26). Briefly, Akt immunoprecipitates were collected on protein-a Sepharose beads and washed four times in buffer A (25 mmol/1 HEPES, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X100,1 mol/1 NaCl, 1 mmol/1 DTT, 0.1% BSA), twice in kinase buffer (50 mmol/1 Tris-HCl ph 7.5, 10 mmol/1 MgCl 2,1 mmol/1 DTT), and resuspended in 30 ul of kinase buffer supplemented with 100 umol/1 ATP, 100 umol/1 GSK-3 peptide, and 2 uci [^-^PJATP. The reaction was terminated after a 30-min incubation at 30 C, and pp] incorporation into the peptide substrate was determined by resolving the reaction products on a 40% acrylamide gel. The gel was visualized on a Phospholmager (Bio-Rad), and the band corresponding to the peptide substrate was quantitated. Aliquots (30 ug) of the supernatant were solubilized in Laemmli sample buffer, separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10% resolving gel), and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Immunodetection of Akt protein was performed using the polyclonal Akt-a antibody described above. The nitrocellulose sheets were washed and incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies. Akt kinase protein was visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) and quantified by densitometry. Analytical determinations. Blood glucose levels were measured with a Medisense Sensors Electrodes Plus glucose meter (Birmingham, U.K.). Plasma insulin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (Linco Research, St. Louis, MO), using rat insulin standards. Statistics analysis. Data are presented as means ± SE. Statistical differences were determined by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for glucose tolerance, and by a one-way ANOVA for glucose transport and Akt kinase activity. When the ANOVA resulted in a significant F-ratio (P < 0.05), the location of the significance was determined with the Fisher-LSD test. RESULTS Animal characteristics. Body weight of GK rats was not significantly different from Wistar rats (Table 1), consistent with previously published work presenting the GK rat as a nonobese model of NTDDM (23). The phlorizin-treated GK rats weighed 10% less than Wistar rats (P < 0.01). Blood glucose levels were elevated in the untreated GK rats compared with Wistar rats (Table 1). Phlorizin treatment decreased the fasting blood glucose concentration in GK rats to a level that was not different from Wistar rats; however, this improvement was not noted in the fed state. Glucose tolerance. Glucose tolerance was markedly impaired in GK rats compared with Wistar rats (P < 0.001; Fig. 1.). Phlorizin treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance in GK rats (area under the curve [AUC], 410 ± 66 vs. 1,212 ± 67 mmol/1 min" 1 above Wistar levels for treated vs. untreated rats, respectively, P < 0.001). Glucose tolerance was not fully restored in phlorizin-treated GK rats (P < vs. Wistar); however, blood glucose level 2 h post-glucose administration was fully normalized. Phlorizin had no effect on glucose tolerance in the Wistar rats. Glucose transport. No significant difference in basal glucose transport was observed between the groups (Fig. 2). In GK rats, maximal (120 nmol/1) insulin-stimulated 3-Omethylglucose transport activity (increase over basal glucose transport) was reduced by 39% (P < 0.05), whereas submaximal (2.4 nmol/1) insulin-stimulated glucose transport was similar to Wistar rats (Fig. 2). Phlorizin treatment completely restored maximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport (4.49 ± 0.32 vs ± 0.44 umol ml" 1 h" 1, for Wistar vs. phlorizin-treated GK rats; ND). Phlorizin treatment had no effect on 3-O-methylglucose transport in soleus muscle in Wistar rats (data not shown). Akt kinase activity and protein expression. We next assessed whether improvement of glycemia would affect Akt kinase activity in soleus muscle (Fig. 3). Insulin (120 nmol/1) induced a 5.7-fold increase in Akt kinase activity in soleus muscle from Wistar rats (P < 0.001). Maximal insulin-stimulated Akt activity was 68% lower (P < 0.01) in GK versus Wistar rats. In phlorizin-treated GK rats, improvement of gly- TABLE1 Animal characteristics Treatment Weight (g) Fasted glucose (mmol/1) Fed glucose (mmol/1) Fed insulin (pmol/1) Wistar Wistar-phlorizin GK GK-phlorizin 281 ±3 278 ±7 274 ±6 252 ± ± ± ± 0.2t 3.9 ± ± ± ± 0.6* 7.3 ± 0.5* 424 ± ± ± 17* 248 ± 34* Data are means ± SE for vehicle-treated Wistar rats (n = 12), phlorizin-treated Wistar rats (n = 5), vehicle-treated GK rats (n = 12), and phlorizin-treated GK rats (n = 11). *P < 0.05, tp < 0.01, P < 0.001, significantly different from Wistar rats. DIABETES, VOL. 46, DECEMBER
3 REGULATION OF Akt KINASE AND GLUCOSE TRANSPORT Time (min) FIG. 1. Glucose tolerance test in Wistar or GK rats. Wistar (n = 12), Phlorizin (Phl)-treated Wistar (n = 5), GK (w = 12), or phlorizintreated (n = 11) GK rats were fasted for 15-h, and D-glucose (2 g/kg body wt) in saline was injected intraperitoneally in conscious rats. Glucose levels were determined in blood samples collected from the tail vein. Data are presented as means ± SE. The glucose excursion was significantly greater in treated and untreated GK rats vs. Wistar rats {P < 0.001), and in untreated vs. treated GK rats (P < 0.001). Blood glucose level between 0 and 120 min was significantly greater in untreated GK rats (P < 0.001), whereas no difference was observed for all other groups. cemia resulted in a full normalization of insulin-stimulated (120 nmol/l) Akt kinase activity. Akt kinase activity was not significantly different between Wistar and GK rats in response to 2.4 nmol/l insulin. Protein content of Akt kinase was assessed in soleus muscle lysate to determine whether changes in insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity observed in GK rats was due to changes in Akt kinase protein expression. In contrast to the results for Akt kinase activity, Akt-a protein expression was not significantly different between control and diabetic rats (Fig. 4). DISCUSSION Here, we show for thefirsttime impaired insulin-signaling at the level of Akt kinase in skeletal muscle from diabetic ani- Akt i Wistar GK GK-Phl FIG. 3. Insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity in isolated soleus muscle from Wistar, GK, or phlorizin-treated GK rats. Muscles were incubated at 30 C for 6 min in the absence (D) or presence of 2.4 nmol/l ( ) or 120 nmol/l ( ) insulin. Akt kinase activity in muscle lysates was measured against a peptide substrate based on a motif from GSK3 as described in METHODS. Results are expressed as means ± SE for four muscles per group. Values are reported as arbitrary Phospholmager units. *P < vs. Wistar rats. Wistar GK GK-Phl FIG O-methylglucose transport in isolated soleus muscle from Wistar, GK, or phlorizin-treated GK rats. Muscles were incubated at 30 c C for 30 min in the absence ( ) or presence of 2.4 nmol/l ( ) or 120 nmol/l ( ) insulin. 3-O-methylglucose transport was assessed as described in METHODS. Results are expressed as means ± SE for 5-10 muscles per group. *P < 0.05 vs. Wistar rats; fp < 0.01 vs. phlorizintreated GK rats. mals. Interestingly, the defect in insulin action on Akt kinase activity in GK rats was not related to reduced protein expression of Akt kinase. Moreover, we show that restoration of glycemia is sufficient to restore the impaired insulin stimulation of glucose transport and Akt kinase activity in skeletal muscle of the lean diabetic GK rat. Whether restoration of Akt kinase activity in soleus muscle from phlorizintreated GK rats directly improves insulin-stimulated glucose transport remains to be elucidated. Inhibitors of PI-3-kinase block insulin-stimulated Akt kinase activity (7-9). Furthermore, dominant-negative mutants of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI-3-kinase prevent stimulation of Akt kinase activity by platelet-derived growth factor (8), whereas overexpression of a constitutively active PI-3-kinase activates Akt kinase (10,11). The latter studies provide evidence that Akt kinase is a major target of PI-3-kinase-generated signals. In skeletal muscle, insulin increases Akt kinase activity in a time course that parallels the activation of PI-3-kinase (27). However, activation of Akt kinase is also linked to a PI-3-kinase independent pathway known to regulate glucose transport. For example, Akt kinase can be stimulated by okadaic acid, a substance known to mediate GLUT4 translocation by a PI-3- kinase-independent pathway (28). More importantly, overexpression of Akt in 3T3-L1 adipocytes directly promotes glucose transport and translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 to the plasma membrane (13,14). Although these studies indicate that Akt is sufficient to promote glucose transport, further studies are required whereby a pharmacological inhibitor of Akt or a dominant negative construct of Akt is used to ascertain whether activation of glucose transport requires activation of Akt kinase. Hyperglycemia may directly contribute to the development of insulin resistance in NIDDM patients through alterations in insulin signaling in peripheral tissues (20,21,29). We have previously shown that restoration of glycemia normalizes the reduced capacity for insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle from NIDDM patients (20). Phlorizin inhibits the renal reabsorption of glucose and restores normoglycemia (15,22). Thus the phlorizin-treated GK rat provides a good model in which to study the effect of long DIABETES, VOL. 46, DECEMBER 1997
4 A. KROOK AND ASSOCIATES kda GK GK P W GK GK P Akt FIG. 4. Akt-a expression in soleus muscle from Wistar, GK, and phlorizin-treated GK rats. Muscle samples were prepared as described in the METHODS. An aliquot of the lysate (30 ug) was subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted with anti-akt-a antibody. A representative autoradiograph is presented for Wistar (W; n = 6), GK (n = 6), and GK P (phlorizin-treated GK; n = 5). Relative molecular weights are indicated on the left. term changes in the glycemic milieu on insulin action in skeletal muscle. Our results show that in the lean GK diabetic rat, long-term improvement of glycemia has profound effects on glucose tolerance, and significantly improves insulin action at the level of Akt kinase and glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, decreased insulin-stimulated activity of Akt kinase and glucose transport in GK rats was only observed with maximal insulin stimulation. Nevertheless, the GK diabetic rat presents marked glucose intolerance. Thus, impaired insulin secretion (30,31) and insulin resistance in the liver (31) may also contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes in the GK rat. In conclusion, our results suggest that hyperglycemia may have deleterious effects on intermediate and final components of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. Whether the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle from NIDDM patients is coupled to a defect in insulin action on Akt kinase remains to be investigated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (34, 9517, 11823, 12211), the Novo- Nordisk Foundation, and the Swedish Diabetes Association to S.E., H.W.-H., and J.R.Z., a Junior Individual Grant from the Foundation for Strategic Research to J.R.Z., and National Institutes of Health Grant DK to R.A.R. We thank Dr. Akhtar Khan for valuable comments throughout the study. REFERENCES 1. Kahn CR: Insulin action, diabetogenes, and the cause of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 43: , Warram JH, Rich SS, Krolewski AS: Epidemiology and genetics of diabetes mellitus. In Joslin 's Diabetes Mellitus. Kahn CR, Weir GC, Eds. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1995 p Nolan JJ, Freidenberg G, Henery R, Reichart D, Olefsky JM: Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78: , Almind K, Inoue G, Pedersen 0, Kahn CR: A common amino acid polymorphism in insulin receptor substrate-1 causes impaired insulin signaling. J Clin Invest 97: , Bjornholm M, Kawano Y, Lehtihet M, Zierath JR: Insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in skeletal muscle from NIDDM subjects after in vivo insulin stimulation. Diabetes 46:524-^27, Goodyear LJ, Giorgino F, Sherman LA, Carey J, Smith RJ, Dohm GL: Insulin receptor phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity are decreased in intact skeletal muscle strips from obese subjects. J Clin Invest 95: , Kohn AD, Kovacina KS, Roth RA: Insulin stimulates the kinase activity of RAK- PK, a pleckstrin homology domain containing ser/thr kinase. EMBO J 14: , Burgering BMT, Coffer PJ: Protein kinase B (c-akt) in phosphatidylinositol- 3-OH kinase signal transduction. Nature 376: , Franke TF, Yang SI, Chan TO, Datta K, Kazlauskas A, Morrison DK, Kaplan DR, Tsichlis PN: The protein kinase encoded by the Akt proto-oncogene is a target of the PDGF activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Cell 81: , Didichenko SA, Tilton B, Hemmings BA, Ballmer-Hofer K, Thelen M: Constitutive activation of protein kinase B and phosphorylation of p4? )hox by a membrane-targeted phosphoinositide 3-kinase. CmrBiol 6: , Klippel A, Reinhard C, Kavanaugh M, Apell G, Escobedo MA, Williams TL Membrane localization of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is sufficient to activate multiple signal-transduction kinase pathways. Mol CellBiol 16: , Alessi DR, James SR, Downes CP, Holmes AB, Gaffney PRJ, Reese CB, Cohen P: Characterization of a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates and activates protein kinase Ba. CurrBiol 7: , Kohn AD, Summers SA, Birnbaum MJ, Roth RA Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-LJ adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. JBiol Cliem 271: , Tanti J-F, Grillo S, Gremeaux T, Coffer PJ, Van Obberghen E, Le Marchand- Brustel Y: Potential role of protein kinase B in glucose transporter 4 translocation in adipocytes. Endocrinology 138: , Rossetti L, Smith D, Schulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA: Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 79: , Yki-Jarvinen H, Helve E, Koivisto V: Hyperglycemia decreases glucose uptake in type I diabetes. Diabetes 36: , Richter EA, Hansen BF, Hansen SA: Glucose-induced insulin resistance of skeletal muscle glucose transport and uptake. Biochem J 252: , Kahn BB, Schulman GI, DeFronzo RA, Cushman SW, Rossetti L: Normalization of blood glucose in diabetic rats with phlorizin treatment reverses insulin-resistant glucose transport in adipose cells without restoring glucose transporter gene expression. J Clin Invest 87: Marshall S, Bacote V, Traxinger RR: Discovery of a metabolic pathway mediating desensitization of the glucose transport system: role of hexosamine biosynthesis in the induction of insulin resistance. JBiol Chem 266: , Zierath JR, Galuska D, Nolte LA, Thorne A, Smedegaard-Kristensen J, Wallberg-Henriksson H: Effects of glycaemia on glucose transport in isolated skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM: in vitro reversal of muscular insulin resistance. Diabetologia 37: , Pillay TS, Xiao S, Olefsky JM: Glucose-induced phosphorylation on the insulin receptor. J Clin Invest 97: , Rossetti L, Hawkins M, Chen W, Gindi J, Barzilai N: In vivo glucosamine infusion induces insulin resistance in normoglycemic but not hyperglycemic conscious rats. J Clin Invest 96: , Goto Y, Suzuki K-I, Sasaki M, Ono T, Abe S: GK rat as a model of non-obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes: selective breeding over 35 generations. In Ftvntiers in Diabetes Research. Lessons from Animal Diabetes. Shafrir E, Renold AE, Eds. London, John Libbey, 1988, p Wallberg-Henriksson H, Zetan N, Henriksson J: Reversibility of decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport capacity in diabetic muscle with in vitro incubation: insulin is not required. JBiol Cliem 262: , Saad MJA, Folli F, Kahn JA, Kahn CR: Modulation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in liver and muscle of dexamethasone-treated rats. J Clin Invest 92: , Cross AU, Alessi DAE, Cohen DR, Andjelkovich P, Hemmings BA: Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 378: , Van der Kaay J, Batty IH, Cross DAE, Watt PW, Downes P: A novel, rapid, and highly sensitive mass assay for phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5.trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 ) and its application to measure insulin-stimulated PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 production in rat skeletal muscle in vivo. J Biol Chem 272: , 1997 DIABETES, VOL. 46, DECEMBER
5 REGULATION OF Akt KINASE AND GLUCOSE TRANSPORT 28. Jullien D, Tanti JF, Heydrick SJ, Gautier N, Gremeaux T, van Obberghen E, Le Marchand-Brustel Y: Differential effects of okadaic acid on insulin stimulated glucose and amino acid uptake and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. JBiol Chem 268: , Zierath JR, He L, Guma A, Odegaard-Wahlstrom E, Klip A, Wallberg-Henriksson H: Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 39: , Ostenson C-O, Kahn A, Abdel-Halim SM, Guenifi A, Suzuki K, Goto Y, Efendic S: Abnormal insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets from the spontaneously diabetic GK rat. Diabetologia 36:3-8, Picarel-Blanchot F, Berthelier C, Bailbe' D, Portha B: Impaired insulin secretion and excessive hepatic glucose production are both early events in the diabetic GK rat. AmJPhysiol 34:E755-E762, DIABETES, VOL. 46, DECEMBER 1997
Rapid communication. Abstract
Diabetologia (1999) 42: 819±825 Ó Springer-Verlag 1999 Rapid communication Impaired glucose transport and protein kinase B activation by insulin, but not okadaic acid, in adipocytes from subjects with
More informationInsulin action and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle
Diabetologia (2000) 43: 821±835 Ó Springer-Verlag 2000 Review Insulin action and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle J. R. Zierath 1, A. Krook 2, H.Wallberg-Henriksson 2 1 Department of Clinical
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure S1. Binding of full-length OGT and deletion mutants to PIP strips (Echelon Biosciences). Supplementary Figure S2. Binding of the OGT (919-1036) fragments with
More informationIncreased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise
Increased GLUT-4 translocation mediates enhanced insulin sensitivity of muscle glucose transport after exercise POLLY A. HANSEN, LORRAINE A. NOLTE, MAY M. CHEN, AND JOHN O. HOLLOSZY Department of Medicine,
More informationA high-fructose diet induces changes in pp185 phosphorylation in muscle and liver of rats
Fructose Brazilian diet Journal induces of Medical changes and in Biological rat pp185 Research () 33: 1421-1427 ISSN -879X Short Communication 1421 A high-fructose diet induces changes in pp185 phosphorylation
More informationPeripheral insulin resistance is a major clinical
Insulin-Stimulated Phosphorylation of the Akt Substrate AS160 Is Impaired in Skeletal Muscle of Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Håkan K.R. Karlsson, 1 Juleen R. Zierath, 1 Susan Kane, 2 Anna Krook, 3 Gustav E.
More informationInsulin resistance in skeletal muscle is a hallmark
Insulin Signal Transduction in Skeletal Muscle From Glucose-Intolerant Relatives With Type 2 Diabetes Heidi Storgaard, 1 Xiao Mei Song, 2 Christine B. Jensen, 1 Sten Madsbad, 1 Marie Björnholm, 2 Allan
More informationReduced glucose uptake precedes insulin signaling defects in adipocytes from heterozygous GLUT4 knockout mice
Reduced glucose uptake precedes insulin signaling defects in adipocytes from heterozygous GLUT4 knockout mice JING LI,* KAREN L. HOUSEKNECHT, ANTINE E. STENBIT,* ELLEN B. KATZ,* AND MAUREEN J. CHARRON*,1
More informationRole of fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Emerging Science Role of fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus George Wolf Insulin resistance is defined as the reduced responsiveness to normal circulating
More informationGeneral Laboratory methods Plasma analysis: Gene Expression Analysis: Immunoblot analysis: Immunohistochemistry:
General Laboratory methods Plasma analysis: Plasma insulin (Mercodia, Sweden), leptin (duoset, R&D Systems Europe, Abingdon, United Kingdom), IL-6, TNFα and adiponectin levels (Quantikine kits, R&D Systems
More informationReduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in denervated muscle is associated with impaired Akt- activation
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279: E912 E919, 2000. Reduced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in denervated muscle is associated with impaired Akt- activation JASON J. WILKES AND AREND BONEN Department
More informationPathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus
Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus Young-Bum Kim, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Definition of Diabetes Mellitus a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia
More informationInsulin Resistance. Biol 405 Molecular Medicine
Insulin Resistance Biol 405 Molecular Medicine Insulin resistance: a subnormal biological response to insulin. Defects of either insulin secretion or insulin action can cause diabetes mellitus. Insulin-dependent
More informationThe Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Insulin-resistant Skeletal Muscle
The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Insulin-resistant Skeletal Muscle Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Dokken, Betsy B. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright is held
More informationPhospho-AKT Sampler Kit
Phospho-AKT Sampler Kit E 0 5 1 0 0 3 Kits Includes Cat. Quantity Application Reactivity Source Akt (Ab-473) Antibody E021054-1 50μg/50μl IHC, WB Human, Mouse, Rat Rabbit Akt (Phospho-Ser473) Antibody
More informationGrowth and Differentiation Phosphorylation Sampler Kit
Growth and Differentiation Phosphorylation Sampler Kit E 0 5 1 0 1 4 Kits Includes Cat. Quantity Application Reactivity Source Akt (Phospho-Ser473) E011054-1 50μg/50μl IHC, WB Human, Mouse, Rat Rabbit
More informationMEK1 Assay Kit 1 Catalog # Lot # 16875
MEK1 Assay Kit 1 Kit Components Assay Dilution Buffer (ADB), Catalog # 20-108. Three vials, each containing 1.0ml of assay dilution buffer (20mM MOPS, ph 7.2, 25mM ß-glycerol phosphate, 5mM EGTA, 1mM sodium
More informationtransport by distinct mechanisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Stephen J. Oreña, Anthony J. Torchia and Robert S. Garofalo
JBC Papers in Press. Published on March 20, 2000 as Manuscript M910002199 Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) stimulates glycogen synthase and glucose transport by distinct mechanisms in 3T3-L1
More informationRedistribution of substrates to adipose tissue promotes obesity in mice with selective insulin resistance in muscle
Redistribution of substrates to adipose tissue promotes obesity in mice with selective insulin resistance in muscle Jason K. Kim, 1 M. Dodson Michael, 2 Stephen F. Previs, 1 Odile D. Peroni, 3 Franck Mauvais-Jarvis,
More informationExercise modulates postreceptor insulin signaling and glucose transport in muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout mice
Exercise modulates postreceptor insulin signaling and glucose transport in muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout mice Jørgen F.P. Wojtaszewski, Yasuki Higaki, Michael F. Hirshman, M. Dodson Michael,
More informationKEY CONCEPT QUESTIONS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Signal Transduction - Part 2 Key Concepts - Receptor tyrosine kinases control cell metabolism and proliferation Growth factor signaling through Ras Mutated cell signaling genes in cancer cells are called
More informationRayBio KinaseSTAR TM Akt Activity Assay Kit
Activity Assay Kit User Manual Version 1.0 March 13, 2015 RayBio KinaseSTAR TM Akt Activity Kit Protocol (Cat#: 68AT-Akt-S40) RayBiotech, Inc. We Provide You With Excellent Support And Service Tel:(Toll
More informationPKC-θ knockout mice are protected from fat-induced insulin resistance
Research article PKC-θ knockout mice are protected from fat-induced insulin resistance Jason K. Kim, 1 Jonathan J. Fillmore, 1 Mary Jean Sunshine, 2 Bjoern Albrecht, 2 Takamasa Higashimori, 1 Dong-Wook
More informationEuropean Journal of Endocrinology (2003) ISSN
European Journal of Endocrinology (2003) 148 157 167 ISSN 0804-4643 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY High glucose and insulin in combination cause insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2 depletion and protein kinase B desensitisation
More informationEFFECTS OF VANADATE ON OLEIC ACID INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE IN CULTURED RAT HEPATOCYTES
1 Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Gunduliæeva 5, HR-1 Zagreb, Croatia Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, HR-1 Zagreb, Croatia
More informationMechanisms and Time Course of Impaired Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport Activity in Streptozocin Diabetic Rats
Mechanisms and Time Course of Impaired Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport Activity in Streptozocin Diabetic Rats Raffaele Napoli, Michael F. Hirshman, and Edward S. Horton Metabolism Section, Joslin Diabetes
More informationStudies performed in patients with type 1 diabetes (1)
Activation of the Hexosamine Pathway by Glucosamine in Vivo Induces Insulin Resistance of Early Postreceptor Insulin Signaling Events in Skeletal Muscle Mary-Elizabeth Patti, Antti Virkamäki, Edwin J.
More informationInsulin Signaling After Exercise in Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Deficient Mice
Insulin Signaling After Exercise in Insulin Receptor Substrate-2 Deficient Mice Kirsten F. Howlett, Kei Sakamoto, Michael F. Hirshman, William G. Aschenbach, Matthew Dow, Morris F. White, and Laurie J.
More informationInsulin resistance, a subnormal biological response
Prolonged Incubation in PUGNAc Results in Increased Protein O-Linked Glycosylation and Insulin Resistance in Rat Skeletal Muscle Edward B. Arias, Junghoon Kim, and Gregory D. Cartee Increased flux through
More informationDelays in insulin signaling towards glucose disposal in human skeletal muscle
645 Delays in insulin signaling towards glucose disposal in human skeletal muscle T Grimmsmann, K Levin 1, M M Meyer, H Beck-Nielsen 1 and H H Klein Medizinische Klinik 1, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck,
More informationImpaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in
Insulin-Stimulated Protein Kinase C / Activity Is Reduced in Skeletal Muscle of Humans With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Reversal With Weight Reduction Young-Bum Kim, 1 Ko Kotani, 1 Theodore P. Ciaraldi,
More informationDiabetologia 9 Springer-Verlag 1993
Diabetologia (1993) 36:3-8 Diabetologia 9 Springer-Verlag 1993 Originals Abnormal insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets from the spontaneously diabetic GK rat C.-G. Ostenson I,
More informationTHE MECHANISMS USED by insulin to regulate the
0013-7227/00/$03.00/0 Vol. 141, No. 11 Endocrinology Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2000 by The Endocrine Society Effects of Adenoviral Gene Transfer of Wild-Type, Constitutively Active, and Kinase-Defective
More informationSignaling pathways in insulin action: molecular targets of insulin resistance
Signaling pathways in insulin action: molecular targets of insulin resistance Jeffrey E. Pessin, Alan R. Saltiel J Clin Invest. 2000;106(2):165-169. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci10582. Perspective Insulin
More informationOn Line Data Supplement
On Line Data Supplement Chemicals and Other Materials [γ- 32 P]ATP, L-[ 35 S]methionine, L-[ 3 H]leucine, m 7 GTP-Sepharose, glutathione- Sepharose 4B and ECL reagents were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia
More informationReduced glucose clearance as the major determinant of postabsorptive hyperglycemia in diabetic rats
Reduced glucose clearance as the major determinant of postabsorptive hyperglycemia in diabetic rats JAE K. WI, JASON K. KIM, AND JANG H. YOUN Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern
More informationREGULATION OF THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT PATHWAY IN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF HORSES WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE
REGULATION OF THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT PATHWAY IN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF HORSES WITH INSULIN RESISTANCE Undergraduate Thesis as Required for Graduation with Distinction Kaleb Kohler May 23, 2011 Research Advisor:
More informationTHE LINOLEIC ACID DERIVATIVE DCP-LASHEDS LIGHT ON TYPE 1 DM THERAPY
THE LINOLEIC ACID DERIVATIVE DCP-LASHEDS LIGHT ON TYPE 1 DM THERAPY Tomoyuki Nishizaki* *Innovative Bioinformation Research Organization, Kobe, Japan Keywords: DCP-LA, Oral administration, Type 1 DM, Type
More informationTable S1. Sequence of human and mouse primers used for RT-qPCR measurements.
Table S1. Sequence of human and mouse primers used for RT-qPCR measurements. Ca9, carbonic anhydrase IX; Ndrg1, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1; L28, ribosomal protein L28; Hif1a, hypoxia inducible factor
More informationImproved Insulin Sensitivity After Exercise: Focus on Insulin Signaling
nature publishing group Physical activity and cardiovascular risk Improved Insulin Sensitivity After Exercise: Focus on Insulin Signaling Christian Frøsig 1 and Erik A. Richter 1 After a single bout of
More information28 Regulation of Fasting and Post-
28 Regulation of Fasting and Post- Prandial Glucose Metabolism Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes, endogenous glucose production, splanchnic glucose uptake, gluconeo-genesis, glycogenolysis, glucose effectiveness.
More informationMuscle glucose transport and glycogen synthase
Insulin Signaling and Insulin Sensitivity After Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski, Bo F. Hansen, Jon Gade, Bente Kiens, Jeffrey F. Markuns, Laurie J. Goodyear, and Erik A. Richter
More informationTHIAZOLIDINEDIONES, AS ACTIVATORS of PPAR s,
0013-7227/02/$15.00/0 Endocrinology 143(5):1705 1716 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2002 by The Endocrine Society Cbl, IRS-1, and IRS-2 Mediate Effects of Rosiglitazone on PI3K, PKC-, and Glucose Transport
More informationDownregulation of Diacylglycerol Kinase Delta Contributes to Hyperglycemia-Induced Insulin Resistance
Downregulation of Diacylglycerol Kinase Delta Contributes to Hyperglycemia-Induced Insulin Resistance Alexander V. Chibalin, 1 Ying Leng, 1,6 Elaine Vieira, 1 Anna Krook, 2 Marie Björnholm, 1 Yun Chau
More informationTRANSPORT ACROSS THE plasma membrane is the initial
0013-7227/02/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87(2):716 723 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2002 by The Endocrine Society PKC- Mediates Insulin Effects on Glucose Transport in Cultured
More informationab Glucose Uptake Assay Kit (colorimetric) 1
Version 16 Last updated 10 January 2018 ab136955 Glucose Uptake Assay Kit (Colorimetric) For the measurement of Glucose uptake in a variety of cells. This product is for research use only and is not intended
More information7/31/2009. G.Y. Prince Used Cars 10 am Los Angelos, CA Mullholland Drive..later that day. Would you buy a car without taking it for a spin first?
7/31/29 My Anna will love it! Who needs a test drive? Or a Warranty? It looked great in the lot! Do mean to say that you never actually test drove the car? G.Y. Prince Used Cars 1 am Los Angelos, CA Mullholland
More informationT H E J O U R N A L O F C E L L B I O L O G Y
Supplemental material Jewell et al., http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.201007176/dc1 T H E J O U R N A L O F C E L L B I O L O G Y Figure S1. IR Munc18c association is independent of IRS-1. (A and
More informationReceptor mediated Signal Transduction
Receptor mediated Signal Transduction G-protein-linked receptors adenylyl cyclase camp PKA Organization of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases From G.M. Cooper, The Cell. A molecular approach, 2004, third
More informationDiabetologia 9 Springer-Vcrlag 1993
Diabetologia (1993) 36:305-309 Diabetologia 9 Springer-Vcrlag 1993 Preferential alteration of oxidative relative to total glycolysis in pancreatic islets of two rat models of inherited or acquired Type
More informationAmajor metabolic consequence of insulin action is
Glycogen Synthase Sensitivity to Insulin and Glucose-6-Phosphate Is Mediated by Both NH 2 - and COOH-Terminal Phosphorylation Sites Alexander V. Skurat, Amy D. Dietrich, and Peter J. Roach In skeletal
More informationFinal Review Sessions. 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office Hours
Final Review Sessions 3/16 (FRI) 126 Wellman (4-6 6 pm) 3/19 (MON) 1309 Surge 3 (4-6 6 pm) Office ours 3/14 (WED) 9:30 11:30 am (Rebecca) 3/16 (FRI) 9-11 am (Abel) Final ESSENTIALS Posted Lecture 20 ormonal
More informationPart-4. Cell cycle regulatory protein 5 (Cdk5) A novel target of ERK in Carb induced cell death
Part-4 Cell cycle regulatory protein 5 (Cdk5) A novel target of ERK in Carb induced cell death 95 1. Introduction The process of replicating DNA and dividing cells can be described as a series of coordinated
More informationEvidence of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin mediated by a protein kinase B signaling pathway
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 7772 7777, June 1998 Pharmacology Evidence of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin mediated by a protein kinase
More informationThe Gly 972 Arg amino acid polymorphism in IRS-1 impairs insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells
The Gly 972 Arg amino acid polymorphism in IRS-1 impairs insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells Ottavia Porzio, 1 Massimo Federici, 1 Marta Letizia Hribal, 1 Davide Lauro, 2 Domenico Accili, 2 Renato
More informationInsulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser 307 via distinct pathways
Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser 307 via distinct pathways Liangyou Rui, 1 Vincent Aguirre, 1 Jason K. Kim, 2 Gerald I. Shulman, 2 Anna Lee, 3 Anne Corbould,
More informationIn vivo effects of insulin and bis(maltolato)- oxovanadium (IV) on PKB activity in the skeletal muscle and liver of diabetic rats
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 223: 147 157, 2001. 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 147 In vivo effects of insulin and bis(maltolato)- oxovanadium (IV) on PKB activity
More information2-Deoxyglucose Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
2-Deoxyglucose Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Catalog Number KA3753 100 assays Version: 01 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information...
More informationSignal transduction of insulin
Signal transduction of insulin Diabetes mellitus is a severe chronic disease, affecting 6-11 percent of the populations aged 30-64 and about 20 percent of those older than age 65 throughout the world.
More informationDiabetologia 9 Springer-Vertag 1993
Diabetologia (1993) 36:1163-1167 Diabetologia 9 Springer-Vertag 1993 Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity is reduced in monocytes from non-obese normoglycaemic insulin-resistant subjects L. Frittitta,
More informationEFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC EXPOSURE WITH HIGH OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON GLUCOSE AND INSULIN LEVELS AND SKELETAL MUSCLE-FIBER PROPERTIES IN DIABETIC RATS
ABSTRACT: The effects of hyperbaric exposure with high oxygen concentration on glucose and insulin levels and skeletal muscle-fiber properties were investigated in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Five-week-old
More informationHormonal Regulations Of Glucose Metabolism & DM
Hormonal Regulations Of Glucose Metabolism & DM What Hormones Regulate Metabolism? What Hormones Regulate Metabolism? Insulin Glucagon Thyroid hormones Cortisol Epinephrine Most regulation occurs in order
More informationThe rabbit femoral artery was prepared and each arterial ring was permeabilized
Online Supplement Nakmura et al. cgmp-dependent relaxation of smooth muscle Materials and Methods Measurement of tension The rabbit femoral artery was prepared and each arterial ring was permeabilized
More informationInsulin Glulisine Insulin Receptor Signaling Characteristics In Vivo
Insulin Glulisine Insulin Receptor Signaling Characteristics In Vivo Anita M. Hennige, Rainer Lehmann, Cora Weigert, Klaus Moeschel, Myriam Schäuble, Elisabeth Metzinger, Reiner Lammers, and Hans-Ulrich
More informationKeywords FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
Diabetologia (1998) 41: 649±653 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 Overexpression of mitochondrial FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase does not correct glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from diabetic
More informationCellular mechanisms of insulin resistance
Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance Gerald I. Shulman J Clin Invest. 2000;106(2):171-176. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci10583. Perspective It is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be approximately
More information1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Animals experiments process The experiments were approved by the Institution Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin University
1. Materials and Methods 1.1 Animals experiments process The experiments were approved by the Institution Animal Ethics Committee of Jilin University (Reference NO. 2015-003). 96 Kunming (KM) mice (8 weeks;
More informationSustained hyperglycemia impairs insulin-stimulated
High Glucose and Glucosamine Induce Insulin Resistance via Different Mechanisms in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Bryce A. Nelson, Katherine A. Robinson, and Maria G. Buse Sustained hyperglycemia induces insulin resistance,
More informationLecture: CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways
Lecture: 10 17 2016 CHAPTER 13 Signal Transduction Pathways Chapter 13 Outline Signal transduction cascades have many components in common: 1. Release of a primary message as a response to a physiological
More informationFatty Acid Infusion Selectively Impairs Insulin Action on Akt1 and PKC / But Not on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
JBC Papers in Press. Published on July 2, 2002 as Manuscript M204710200 Fatty Acid Infusion Selectively Impairs Insulin Action on Akt1 and PKC / But Not on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Young-Bum Kim 1, Gerald
More informationPRODUCT INFORMATION & MANUAL
PRODUCT INFORMATION & MANUAL Mitochondrial Extraction Kit NBP2-29448 Research use only. Not for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures www.novusbio.com P: 303.760.1950 P: 888.506.6887 F: 303.730.1966 technical@novusbio.com
More informationBrief Critical Review
Brief Critical Review May 2007: 251 256 Serum Retinol-Binding Protein: A Link Between Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes George Wolf, DPhil Insulin resistance occurs under conditions of obesity,
More informationInsights into insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes from knockout mouse models
Insights into insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes from knockout mouse models Takashi Kadowaki Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
More informationAMPK Assay. Require: Sigma (1L, $18.30) A4206 Aluminum foil
AMPK Assay Require: Acetone Sigma (1L, $18.30) A4206 Aluminum foil Ammonium sulfate Fisher BP212R-1 AMP Sigma A1752 ATP Sigma A6144 (alt. use A7699) Beta-mercaptoethanol Sigma M6250 (alt. use M7154) Bio-Rad
More informationRequires Signaling though Akt2 Independent of the. Transcription Factors FoxA2, FoxO1, and SREBP1c
Cell Metabolism, Volume 14 Supplemental Information Postprandial Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Requires Signaling though Akt2 Independent of the Transcription Factors FoxA2, FoxO1, and SREBP1c Min Wan, Karla
More informationHuman PKA (Protein Kinase A) Activity Assay Kit
Human PKA (Protein Kinase A) Activity Assay Kit CATALOG NO: IRAAKT2532 LOT NO: SAMPLE INTENDED USE The PKA (Protein Kinase A) Activity kit is designed to quantitatively measure PKA activity in a variety
More informationInsulin resistance and pancreatic b cell failure
Review series introduction Insulin resistance and pancreatic b cell failure Masato Kasuga Department of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. It is now
More informationDiabetes: Definition Pathophysiology Treatment Goals. By Scott Magee, MD, FACE
Diabetes: Definition Pathophysiology Treatment Goals By Scott Magee, MD, FACE Disclosures No disclosures to report Definition of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus comprises a group of disorders characterized
More informationIn vivo glucosamine infusion induces insulin resistance in normoglycemic but not in hyperglycemic conscious rats.
In vivo glucosamine infusion induces insulin resistance in normoglycemic but not in hyperglycemic conscious rats. L Rossetti,, J Gindi, N Barzilai J Clin Invest. 1995;96(1):132140. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci118013.
More informationOxisResearch A Division of OXIS Health Products, Inc.
OxisResearch A Division of OXIS Health Products, Inc. BIOXYTECH pl GPx Enzyme Immunoassay Assay for Human Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. Catalog
More informationSupplementary material: Materials and suppliers
Supplementary material: Materials and suppliers Electrophoresis consumables including tris-glycine, acrylamide, SDS buffer and Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-2 dye (CBB) were purchased from Ameresco (Solon,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Table S1. Primers and fluorescent probes used for qrt-pcr analysis of relative expression levels of PPP family phosphatases. gene name forward primer, 5-3 probe, 5-3 reverse primer,
More informationCharacterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats
Characterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats Zhen Y. Jiang, You-Wei Lin, Allen Clemont, Edward P. Feener, Katherine D. Hein, Masahiko Igarashi,
More informationDefects in glucose utilization & GLP-1
Defects in glucose utilization & GLP-1 Song, Dae-Kyu Department of Physiology & Chronic Disease Research Center Keimyung University School of Medicine 2800 dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 704-701, Korea
More informationPFK Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric)
PFK Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) Catalog Number KA3761 100 assays Version: 02 Intended for research use only www.abnova.com Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Background... 3 General Information...
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR Liver X Receptor α mediates hepatic triglyceride accumulation through upregulation of G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 (G0S2) expression I: SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS II: SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES
More informationE. B. Arias and G. D. Cartee Division of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Relationship between protein O-linked glycosylation and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle following calorie restriction or exposure to O-(2-acetamido- 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate
More informationNew and Emerging Therapies for Type 2 DM
Dale Clayton MHSc, MD, FRCPC Dalhousie University/Capital Health April 28, 2011 New and Emerging Therapies for Type 2 DM The science of today, is the technology of tomorrow. Edward Teller American Physicist
More informationActivation of Glucose Transport in Muscle by Prolonged Exposure to Insulin
THE JOURNAL OF BOLOGCAL CHEMSTRY 0 1986 hy The American Society of Biological Chemists, nc. Vol. 261, No. 34, ssue of December 5, pp. 16049-16053, 1986 Printed in U.S.A. Activation of Glucose Transport
More informationWestern Blot Analysis of Rat Pituitar Recognized by Human Antipituitary. y Antigens A. antibodies
Endocrine Journal 1995, 42(1), 115-119 NOTE Western Blot Analysis of Rat Pituitar Recognized by Human Antipituitary y Antigens A ntibodies SHIGEKI YABE, MASAMI MURAKAMI*, KAYOKO MARUYAMA, HIDEKO MIWA,
More informationType 2 diabetes develops as a consequence of
-Cell Function and Viability in the Spontaneously Diabetic GK Rat Information From the GK/Par Colony B. Portha, M.-H. Giroix, P. Serradas, M.-N. Gangnerau, J. Movassat, F. Rajas, D. Bailbe, C. Plachot,
More informationAGING, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION. Kitt Falk Petersen, M.D. Yale University School of Medicine
AGING, INSULIN RESISTANCE AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION Kitt Falk Petersen, M.D. Yale University School of Medicine % of Population Prevalence of Diabetes and Glucose Intolerance 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
More informationp47 negatively regulates IKK activation by inducing the lysosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated NEMO
Supplementary Information p47 negatively regulates IKK activation by inducing the lysosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated NEMO Yuri Shibata, Masaaki Oyama, Hiroko Kozuka-Hata, Xiao Han, Yuetsu Tanaka,
More informationMammalian Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent
Mammalian Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent Catalog number: AR0101 Boster s Mammalian Tissue Protein Extraction Reagent is a ready-to-use Western blot related reagent solution used for efficient extraction
More informationEffect of Taurine on Acinar Cell Apoptosis and Pancreatic Fibrosis in Dibutyltin Dichloride-induced Chronic Pancreatitis
212 66 4 329334 Effect of Taurine on Acinar Cell Apoptosis and Pancreatic Fibrosis in Dibutyltin Dichloride-induced Chronic Pancreatitis a,c a* b b a a b a a b c 33 66 4 ʼ 6 6 6 28 6 5 5 5 28 45 ʼ ʼ ʼ
More information-1(IRS-1) 10. [DOI] /j.issn
Med J Chin PLA, Vol. 41, No. 12, December 1, 2016 987 GK [ ] GK 4 GK 32 ( 0.15g/kg) ( 1.3g/kg) ( 5.2g/kg) 8 8 Wistar 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 10 (FINS) (GHb) (HOMA-IR) (IR) -1(IRS-1) 10 (P>0.05) (P
More informationThe New England Journal of Medicine
IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TRANSPORT AS A CAUSE OF DECREASED INSULIN- STIMULATED MUSCLE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES GARY W. CLINE, PH.D., KITT FALK PETERSEN, M.D., MARTIN KRSSAK, PH.D., JUN SHEN, PH.D.,
More informationChapter 10. Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002
Chapter 10 Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism, 3 rd edition David A Bender Taylor & Francis Ltd, London 2002 Chapter 10: Integration and Control of Metabolism Press the space bar or click the mouse
More informationInsulin release, insulin sensitivity, and glucose intolerance (early diabetes/pathogenesis)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 12, pp. 7425-7429, December 1980 Medical Sciences nsulin release, insulin sensitivity, and glucose intolerance (early diabetes/pathogenesis) SUAD EFENDt, ALEXANDRE
More informationProtocol for Gene Transfection & Western Blotting
The schedule and the manual of basic techniques for cell culture Advanced Protocol for Gene Transfection & Western Blotting Schedule Day 1 26/07/2008 Transfection Day 3 28/07/2008 Cell lysis Immunoprecipitation
More information