Defects in glucose utilization & GLP-1
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1 Defects in glucose utilization & GLP-1 Song, Dae-Kyu Department of Physiology & Chronic Disease Research Center Keimyung University School of Medicine 2800 dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, , Korea
2 High glucose in normal person β-cell ER Mitochondria
3 β-cell High glucose in prediabetes ROS ER stress Mitochondria
4 β-cell High glucose in diabetes Amylin ER stress Mitochondria ROS
5 High glucose in diabetes β-cell death Surviving β-cell Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Insufficient amount of insulin in the blood (vs. glucose) Decreased negative feedback toward glucagon secretion Low I/G ratio Impaired glucose utilization in insulin-sensitive tissues Glucose toxicity in various tissues Diabetic complications
6
7 Brain in diabetes Neurons rely on glucose metabolism for function and survival [Biessels GJ et al, Eur J Pharmacol, 2004] Neurodegenerative disorders: impairments in the glucose availability [Adhihetty PJ & Beal MF, Neuromol Med, 2008] [Browne SE et al, Neurobiol Dis, 2006] : Parkinson s disease, Huntington s disease, Alzheimer s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurotransmitter release defects by low ATP AMPK-mediated, ER stress-mediated cell death In diabetes, glucose availability much lower Exaggeration of the diseases
8 Glucagon-like peptide-1 In diabetic β-cells, Unlike gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Acute effect Potentiated glucose-dependent insulin secretion glucagon Chronic effects Increased insulin gene expression & biosynthesis Decreased apoptosis Increased proliferation and neogenesis (in animal experiments) High I/G ratio Appetite Lowers blood glucose levels in human DM GI motility
9 GLP-1 synthesis Enteroendocrine L-cell α-cell Brain Taste buds Exendin-4 = GLP-1R agonsit Gila monster lizard
10 GLP-1 receptor 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) camp Class B (secretin family, glucagonrelated subfamily (GLP-2, glucagon) Short arm of Chromosome (6p21 in human) 64-kDa protein Islets, brain, heart, kidney, GIT Protein kinase A (PKA) = camp-dependent PK camp-gef (Epac1, 2) EGFR transactivation
11 Protein kinase A (PKA) protein protein-p Function change
12 camp-gef (Epac) camp-regulated Guanine nucleotide exchange factors Exchange protein directly activated by camp Biological actions in beta cells Two variants of Epac (Epac1 and Epac2) Protein-Epac complex (non-kinase effect) Kinase effect Epac Protein camp Effectors
13 EGFR transactivation Insulin biosynthesis Survival
14 GLP-1 potentiates triggering mechanism of GSIS PKA Epac K ATP close (SUR1) close (SUR1) Kv close GSIS Cav open [Ca 2+ ]i CICR IP3-ICR open open(epac2) Mitochondrial metabolism Secretory proteins SNAP-25 Rim2 gsur piccolo glucokinase?? ATP Cell survival
15 Amplication mechanisms of GLP-1 on GSIS H + Cl- H + Insulin Holz GG, 2004, Diabetes
16 GLP-1 also potentiates glucokinase activity β-cells Motor neuron Not Hepatocytes ATP generation Glycogen synthesis
17 GLP-1 potentiates glucokinase activity in β-cell & neurons
18 Effect of GLP-1, exendin-4, and exendin-9 on 2-deoxy- [ 3 H]-glucose uptake and cellular ATP levels
19 Effect of GLP-1 on glucose-stimulated inhibition of K ATP current, increase of [Ca 2+ ] c and insulin secretion
20 Effect of GLP-1 on GLUT2 and GK expression
21 Effect of GLP-1 on GK activity
22 Involvement of camp and Epac in the restorative effects of GLP-1 on 2-deoxyglucose uptake
23 Restorative effect of GLP-1 in Epac2-knockdown INS-1 cells
24 Restorative effect of GLP-1 in Rim2- or Rab3A-knockdown INS-1 cells
25 Proposed mechanism to explain the effects of GLP-1 on GK activity
26 Motor neuron cell line Effect of GLP-1 on 2-deoxy-[ 3 H]-glucose uptake, glucokinase (GK) activity and intracellular ATP levels against glucosamine (GlcN) Control GLP-1 (100 nm) GlcN (10 mm) GlcN (10 mm) GLP-1 (100 nm) MP (1 mm) Glucose uptake (%) ± ± ± 2.6*** 85.2 ± 2.9 ### GK activity (%) ± ± ± 6.4** ± 4.0 ## Cellular ATP level (%) ± ± ± 1.6*** 92.0 ± 2.7 # 98.9 ± 2.8 ### Control GlcN (10mM) GLP-1 (100 nm) GlcN (10 mm) 8-pCPT-2-Me-cAMP (50 µm) SP-6-Bnz-cAMPS (50 µm) Control ± ± ± 2.9*** 82.2 ± 3.7*** 61.7 ± 5.5 Wortmannin (0.5 µm) LY (10 µm) H-89 (10 µm) MDL (10 µm) PP1 (10 µm) AG1478 (250 nm) 86.4 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.4* 47.5 ± ± 4.4** 47.4 ± ± 2.5** 48.7 ± ± ± ± 4.1** 47.0 ± ± 4.4* Neurosci Lett, 2010
27 muscle and adipocytes β-cell GLP-1R? PKB hepatocytes β-cell GLP-1R? Unknown signaling mechanism Long-term Tx GLUT2 expression, glycogen synthesis enzyme GLP-1 or its analogues effects long-term effect only via non-glp-1r
28 Greater glucose-metabolism dependency of β-cells & neurons on action Function as glucose sensor Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Insulin biosynthesis Cell survival and proliferation Function by glucose Neurotransmitter release Action potential Cell survival and proliferation Exocytosis of secretory granules GTP, ATP Protein or neurotransmitter synthesis ATP ATP Mitochondrial metabolism Glucose Glucose-6-p
29 Summary Glucose GLP-1 Via PKA & Epac Ca 2+ ATP *Function & survival Via Epac GK activity ATP Glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes *prevent from hyperglycemia Glucagon in α-cell GLP-1R *Insulin Glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes Diabetic Beta cell Energy-deficient Neuron Glucose GLP-1 Via Epac GK activity ATP GLP-1R *Function & survival
30 Conclusions with our observations and previous reports GLP-1 may insulin-independently potentiate glucose sensitivity in diabetic β-cells and neurons. Effect of GLP-1 on the other insulin-sensitive tissues may be due to ameliorated I/G ratio by GLP-1.
31 감사합니다
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