Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal trauma in pregnant patients coma due to, Absence seizures impaired consciousness effects on, Acute adrenal failure, 850 Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy coma due to, 985 Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) coma during pregnancy due to, 983 Acute liver failure in pregnant patients coma due to, 985 Acute necrotizing encephalopathy nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 Acute renal failure (ARF) in pregnant patients coma due to, 985 Acute respiratory failure in pregnant patients, ADEM. See Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Adolescents nontraumatic coma in, See also Coma, nontraumatic, in children and adolescents Adrenal failure acute, 850 Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnant patients, Advance directives in disordered states of consciousness management, AIP. See Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) Air embolism venous in pregnant patients, 986 Akinetic mutism, 729 after transplantation, defined, 884 Altered mental status described, 739 Neurol Clin 29 (2011) doi: /s (11) neurologic.theclinics.com /11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 1074 Amnesia transient global, See also Transient global amnesia (TGA) Amniotic fluid embolism stroke due to, 976 Analgesics delirium related to, 753 Aneurysm(s) cerebral stroke during pregnancy due to, 976 Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, Anterior circulation ischemia impaired consciousness due to, Anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, 869 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in pregnancy, 974 Apnea test in assessment of neurologic determination of death, ARF. See Acute renal failure (ARF) Arousal basis of, 883 mechanisms of, underlying substrates of, Arrhythmia(s) syncope due to, 907 management of, Awareness conscious underlying substrates of, disorders of after nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, 1034 described, 766 B Bacterial meningoencephalitis clinical presentation of, 929 described, 929 diagnosis of, impaired consciousness due to, treatment of, Biomarkers delirium related to, Brain death after nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, 1034 defined, 884, 1055 neurologic determination of, See also Death, neurologic determination of C Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity after transplantation,

3 Calcium disturbances in encephalopathies due to, Carbon monoxide encephalopathy, Cardiac imaging in syncope evaluation, 912 Cardiomyopathy peripartum stroke during pregnancy due to, Central nervous system (CNS) transplantation-related complications affecting, See also specific complications and Transplantation, CNS complications after Central nervous system (CNS) infections after transplantation, Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) after transplantation, Cerebral aneurysms stroke during pregnancy due to, 976 Cerebral angiopathy postpartum stroke due to, 976 Cerebral integrative function mechanisms of, Cerebral perfusion pressure autoregulation trauma-related, 886 Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in assessment of nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, Cerebral vascular malformations stroke during pregnancy due to, 976 Cerebral venous thrombosis stroke during pregnancy due to, Cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy, Cerebrovascular reactivity trauma-related, 886 Children nontraumatic coma in, See also Coma, nontraumatic, in children and adolescents Choriocarcinoma stroke during pregnancy due to, 977 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hypoxemic pulmonary encephalopathy due to, 846 CNI toxicity. See Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) toxicity Coagulopathy(ies) during pregnancy, Coma corticothalamic function loss and, defined, 884, 1007 described, 766, 1055 nontraumatic 1075

4 1076 Coma (continued) in children and adolescents, assessment of, clinical clues in, core principles in, CSF examination in, EEG in, general examination in, 1016 generic examination in, 1020 grading of coma and coma scales in, immediate measures in, inborn errors of metabolism tests in, 1021 neuroimaging in, neurologic examination in, tests for infectious and immune-mediated causes in, 1020 toxicology screen in, 1021 brain death following, 1034 causes of, differential diagnosis of, disorders of awareness related to, 1034 epidemiology of, 1008 genetic susceptibility for, 1008 ICP monitoring in, management of, outcome of, prevention of, 1034 rehabilitation for, 1034 seizures due to management of, in neonates, 1015 poststroke, 832 in pregnant patients, See also Pregnancy abdominal trauma and, head trauma and, metabolic causes of, 983 organ failure leading to, 985 overview of, 973 vascular complications of, Computed tomography (CT) in assessment of nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, 1022, 1024 Concussion described, 887 pathophysiology of, Confusion defined, 884 Conscious awareness underlying substrates of, Consciousness assessment of general concepts in, biologic basis of,

5 1077 defined, 724, 883 disordered states of ethical aspects of, See also specific states and Disorders of consciousness (DOC), ethical aspects of disorders of. See Disorders of consciousness (DOC) impaired. See Impaired consciousness neurobiology of, pathophysiology of, states of described, Consciousness system described, epilepsy and, See also Impaired consciousness, in epilepsy/seizures COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Corticothalamic function loss of coma and VS representing, CPM. See Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) CSF. See Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) CT. See Computed tomography (CT) Cyclosporine tacrolimus vs. in rejection prevention after transplantation, 957 D Death neurologic determination of, assessment in ancillary tests in, apnea test in, clinical evaluation in, confounding factors in, interval time between examinations, qualified personnel in, 790 timing of first assessment, concept of, 788 defined, 788 described, 787 Delirium biomarkers of, defined, 750 described, 766 diagnosis of issues in, 751 epidemiology of, in ICU, causes of, epidemiology of, management of,

6 1078 Delirium (continued) prevention of, risk factors for, inflammation and, 752 management of, neuroimaging of, neurotransmitters of, 753 pathophysiology of, sedatives and analgesics and, 753 sepsis and, 752 subsyndromal, 751 subtypes of, Diabetes mellitus nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Dialysis equilibrium, 841 Diffuse axonal injury, 888 Diminished responsiveness clinical and investigative approach to patients with, ancillary tests, 743, differential diagnosis in, 743, 744 focused history in, 740 localization of, neurologic examination in, physiology of, Disorders of consciousness (DO) classes of, ethical aspects of determining and communicating prognosis, Disorders of consciousness (DOC), described, diagnostic assessment of, ethical aspects of, deciding appropriate course of treatment, determining and communicating diagnosis, new technologies related, historical context of, 774 nosology of, prognosis of, mechanistic considerations in, treatment of, mechanistic considerations in, strategies in, 732 DOC. See Disorders of consciousness (DOC) Drug toxicity after transplantation, CNI toxicity, cyclosporine vs. tacrolimus, 957 differential diagnosis of, 953 management of suspected, 957 risk factors for, 955, 957

7 1079 E EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ECG. See Electrocardiography (ECG) Edema malignant after ischemic stroke, pulmonary toxic in pregnant patients, 986 EEG. See Electroencephalography (EEG) Electrocardiography (ECG) in monitoring syncope, 915 in syncope evaluation, Electroencephalography (EEG) in Hashimoto encephalopathy, 849 in hepatic encephalopathy, 839 in nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, in syncope evaluation, in trauma-related impaired consciousness, 892 Electrolyte disturbances encephalopathies due to, See also specific types, e.g., Hyponatremic encephalopathy clinical features of, 851 hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia, 854 hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, 858 hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, laboratory definition of, 851 trauma-related, 886 Encephalitis acute demyelinating nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 anti-nmda receptor antibody, 869 immune-mediated impaired consciousness due to, 939 nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, viral impaired consciousness due to, See also Viral encephalitis Encephalomyelitis acute demyelinating nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 postinfectious impaired consciousness due to, 938 Encephalopathy(ies) acute necrotizing

8 1080 Encephalopathy(ies) (continued) nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 after transplantation, anoxic-ischemic, metabolic, See also specific types and Metabolic encephalopathies uremia treatment related, Encephalopathy syndrome hemorrhagic shock and nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 Endocrine disturbances during pregnancy, Endozepine stupor, Epilepsy impaired consciousness effects on, See also Impaired consciousness, in epilepsy/seizures Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) after transplantation, Event-related potentials in trauma-related impaired consciousness, 892 Evoked potentials in hepatic encephalopathy, 839 in trauma-related impaired consciousness, 892 Exercise stress testing in syncope evaluation, 912 External loop recorder in syncope evaluation, F Failure to awaken after transplantation, 945, Focal lesions, 888 Fungal meningitis impaired consciousness due to, G Generalized tonic-clonic seizures impaired consciousness effects on, Glucose dysregulation of coma during pregnancy due to, 983 encephalopathies due to, Goal-directed behavior disorders of akinetic mutism, 729 Graft-versus host disease (GVHD) after HSCT, GVHD. See Graft-versus host disease (GVHD) H Hashimoto encephalopathy clinical presentation of, 848

9 described, 848 EEG findings in, 849 laboratory findings in, neuroimaging in, 849 pathophysiology of, treatment of, 850 Head trauma nonaccidental nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1015 in pregnant patients coma due to, Head-up tilt testing in syncope evaluation, Heart surgery nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents following, 1015 Heart transplantation CNS complications after, 944 Heart valve abnormalities of stroke during pregnancy due to, 975 HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets) syndrome during pregnancy, 982 Hematoma(s) subdural stroke during pregnancy due to, 977 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation CNS complications after, 944, GVHD after, Hemorrhage intracranial impaired consciousness due to, subarachnoid impaired consciousness due to, Hemorrhagic shock encephalopathy syndrome and nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 Hemorrhagic stroke impaired consciousness due to, ICH, SAH, Hepatic encephalopathy, clinical findings in, described, imaging in, 839 neurophysiological tests in, 839 pathophysiology of, treatment of, 840 Hernia(s) defined, 766 Herniation prevention of,

10 1082 Herniation (continued) types of. See specific types and Herniation syndromes Herniation syndromes described, impaired consciousness related to, prevention of, subfalcial herniation, 767 tonsillar herniation, 769 transtentorial herniation, HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impaired consciousness due to, Hyperammonemia idiopathic after transplantation, 962 Hypercalcemia encephalopathies due to, Hypercapnia pulmonary encephalopathy due to, Hypercapnic encephalopathy pathophysiology of, 847 Hyperglycemia causes of, 866 clinical features of, 866 defined, 866 encephalopathies due to, epidemiology of, 867 impaired consciousness in pathophysiology of, 867 nonketotic conditions causing, 867 treatment of, Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Hypermagnesemia encephalopathies due to, Hypernatremic encephalopathy, 854 Hypertensive encephalopathy posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Hypocalcemia causes of, encephalopathies due to, Hypoglycemia clinical presentation of, defined, 860 encephalopathies due to, imaging findings in, pathogenesis of, pathology of, treatment of, 866

11 1083 Hypomagnesemia encephalopathies due to, 858 Hyponatremia acute and chronic, 852 clinical features of, defined, 851 epidemiology of, Hyponatremic encephalopathy, pathophysiology of, 852 treatment of, Hypophosphatemia encephalopathies due to, Hypotension orthostatic syncope due to, 906 I ICH. See Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) ICU. See Intensive care unit (ICU) Idiopathic hyperammonemia after transplantation, 962 Idiopathic recurrent stupor, Immune-mediated encephalitis impaired consciousness due to, 939 nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, Impaired consciousness classes of, in epilepsy/seizures, See also seizure types future directions in, quality of life effects of, treatment of, 815 gradation of, herniation syndromes and, See also Herniation syndromes, impaired consciousness related to in hyperglycemia pathophysiology of, 867 infectious diseases and, See also Infectious diseases, impaired consciousness due to levels of, 884 states of, 884 stroke causing. See also Stroke, impaired consciousness due to strokes causing, trauma and, See also Trauma, impaired consciousness due to Inborn errors of metabolism nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014, 1021 Infection(s). See also specific types CNS after transplantation, nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, Infectious diseases. See also specific diseases

12 1084 Infectious (continued) impaired consciousness due to, bacterial meningoencephalitis, differential diagnosis of, 928 fungal meningitis, HIV, immune-mediated encephalitis, 939 influenza A virus, 935 intracranial mass lesions, 938 nonconvulsive status epilepticus, postinfectious encephalomyelitis, 938 septic encephalopathy, tick-borne bacterial diseases, tuberculous meningitis, viral encephalitis, Inflammation delirium and, 752 Influenza A virus impaired consciousness due to, 935 Intensive care unit (ICU) delirium in, See also Delirium, in ICU Intestinal transplantation CNS complications after, 944 Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) impaired consciousness due to, Intracranial mass lesions impaired consciousness due to, 938 Intracranial pressure (ICP) increased nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents and management of, Ischemia(s). See also specific types impaired consciousness due to, Ischemic stroke impaired consciousness due to, anterior circulation ischemia, in multiple arterial territories, posterior circulation ischemia, venous sinus thrombosis, 830 malignant edema after, K Kidney transplantation CNS complications after, 944 L Leukoencephalopathy(ies) progressive multifocal after transplantation, 956

13 1085 reversible posterior after transplantation, 956 Liver transplantation CNS complications after, 944 Locked-in syndrome described, Lung transplantation CNS complications after, 944 M Magnesium disturbances in encephalopathy due to, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in assessment of nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in assessment of nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, 1023 Malignant edema after ischemic stroke, MCS. See Minimally conscious state (MCS) Meningitis fungal impaired consciousness due to, tuberculous impaired consciousness due to, Meningoencephalitis bacterial impaired consciousness due to, See also Bacterial meningoencephalitis Mental status altered described, 739 Metabolic disorders simple nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Metabolic encephalopathies, See also specific types acute adrenal failure, 850 anti-nmda receptor antibody encephalitis, 869 endozepine stupor, Hashimoto encephalopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, idiopathic recurrent stupor, PRLE, pulmonary encephalopathy, uremic encephalopathy, Minimally conscious state (MCS), defined, 884 described, , diagnostic assessment of, ethical aspects of deciding appropriate course of treatment,

14 1086 Minimally (continued) determining and communicating diagnosis, determining and communicating prognosis, new technologies related, historical context of, 774 late recovery in, prevalence of, 773 prognosis of, treatment of, Motor system severely damaged miscategorization of patients with, Moyamoya disease stroke during pregnancy due to, 977 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Mutism akinetic, 729 after transplantation, defined, 884 N Near drowning nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, Neonate(s) nontraumatic coma in, 1015 Neurally mediated syncope, management of, Neurobehavioral rating scales in DOC assessment, Neuroimaging in DOC assessment, in Hashimoto encephalopathy, 849 in nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, in TGA, in trauma-related impaired consciousness, Neurotransmitter(s) delirium related to, 753 Nonconvulsive status epilepticus impaired consciousness due to, O Obtundation defined, 884 Opportunistic infections CNS-related after transplantation, 964 Organ failure coma in pregnant patients due to, 985 Organ transplantation

15 1087 CNS complications after, 944, Organic catatonic stupor, Organic stupor, 998 Orthostatic hypotension syncope due to, 906 Osmotic demyelination syndrome after transplantation, 956 P Peripartum cardiomyopathy stroke during pregnancy due to, Pheochromocytoma in pregnant patients, 984 Phosphate disturbances in encephalopathies due to, PML. See Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Poisoning nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Posterior circulation ischemia impaired consciousness due to, Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome hypertensive encephalopathy and nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1014 Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRLE), Postinfectious encephalomyelitis impaired consciousness due to, 938 Postpartum cerebral angiopathy stroke due to, 976 Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), Preeclampsia-eclampsia, defined, management of, 981 prognosis of, 981 Pregnancy acute fatty liver of coma due to, 985 acute liver failure in coma due to, 985 ARF in coma due to, 985 coagulopathies during, coma during, See also Coma, in pregnant patients endocrine disturbances in, HELLP syndrome in, 982 infections and infestations during, 984 preeclampsia-eclampsia in, pulmonary disease and failure in, seizures and status epilepticus in, 981 stroke during

16 1088 Pregnancy (continued) cardiac causes of, TTP in, vascular complications of, PRLE. See Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRLE) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) after transplantation, 956 Psychogenic catatonic stupor, Psychogenic stupor, Psychogenic unresponsiveness, causes of, described, organic catatonic stupor, organic stupor, 998 pathophysiology of, psychogenic catatonic stupor, psychogenic stupor, treatment of, PTLD. See Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) Pulmonary disease in pregnant patients, Pulmonary edema toxic in pregnant patients, 986 Pulmonary encephalopathy, causes of, clinical presentation of, 846 R Reflex syncope, Rehabilitation nontraumatic coma related in children and adolescents, 1034 Responsiveness diminished. See also Diminished responsiveness clinical and investigative approach to patients with, Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy after transplantation, 956 S SAH. See Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) Sedative(s) delirium related to, 753 Seizure(s) absence impaired consciousness effects on, after transplantation, generalized tonic-clonic impaired consciousness effects on,

17 impaired consciousness and, nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents and management of, poststroke, 832 in pregnant patients, 981 temporal lobe complex partial impaired consciousness effects on network inhibition hypothesis, Sepsis delirium and, 752 Septic encephalopathy impaired consciousness due to, Sheehan syndrome in pregnant patients, 984 Shock hemorrhagic encephalopathy syndrome and nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1013 Sodium disturbances in clinical presentation of, 856 encephalopathies due to, laboratory findings in, 855 management of, 856 Status epilepticus nonconvulsive impaired consciousness due to, in pregnant patients, 981 Stroke after transplantation, coma after, 832 impaired consciousness due to, See also specific types of strokes diagnosis of, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, management of, 833 ischemic impaired consciousness due to, See also Ischemic stroke, impaired consciousness due to nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, in pregnant patients causes of, cardiac, evaluation of, seizures after, 832 Stupor(s) defined, 884 described, 766 idiopathic recurrent, organic, 998 organic catatonic,

18 1090 Stupor(s) (continued) psychogenic, psychogenic catatonic, Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) impaired consciousness due to, stroke during pregnancy due to, 977 Subdural hematomas stroke during pregnancy due to, 977 Subfalcial herniation impaired consciousness related to, 767 Subsyndromal delirium, 751 Surrogate(s) in disordered states of consciousness management ethical issues related to decision making, insistence of treatment, refusal of treatment, Syncope, causes of, defined, 903 described, 903 diagnosis of, cardiac imaging in, 912 ECG in, ECG monitoring in, 915 EEG in, exercise stress testing in, 912 external loop recorder in, head-up tilt testing in, implantable loop recorders in, laboratory tests in, 912 patient history in, 909 physical examination in, management of, neurally mediated, pathophysiology of, prognosis of, 920 reflex, T Tacrolimus cyclosporine vs. in rejection prevention after transplantation, 957 TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Temporal lobe complex partial seizures impaired consciousness effects on, network inhibition hypothesis, TGA. See Transient global amnesia (TGA) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) during pregnancy,

19 Tick-borne bacterial diseases impaired consciousness due to, Tonic-clonic seizures generalized impaired consciousness effects on, Tonsillar herniation impaired consciousness related to, 769 Toxic pulmonary edema in pregnant patients, 986 Transient global amnesia (TGA), basic approach to, clinical features of, described, 1045 differential diagnosis of, 1047 epidemiology of, future directions in, 1050 neuroimaging of, pathophysiology of, Transplantation. See also specific types CNS complications after, See also specific types akinetic mutism, CNS infections, CPM, drug toxicity, EBV, encephalopathy, failure to awaken, 945, GVHD, idiopathic hyperammonemia, 962 incidence of, 945 opportunistic infections, 964 PTLD, seizures, stroke, white matter diseases, 956 risk factors associated with, 944 Transtentorial herniation impaired consciousness related to, Trauma. See also specific types abdominal in pregnant patients coma due to, head nonaccidental nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents due to, 1015 in pregnant patients coma due to, impaired consciousness due to, diagnostic studies in, management of, pathophysiology of,

20 1092 Trauma (continued) types of, Traumatic brain injury (TBI). See also Trauma causes of, 885 TTP. See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) Tuberculous meningitis impaired consciousness due to, U Ultrasonography in assessment of nontraumatic coma in children and adolescents, 1022, 1023 Unresponsiveness psychogenic, See also Psychogenic unresponsiveness Uremia treatment of encephalopathy related to, Uremic encephalopathy, EEG changes in, V Vascular malformations cerebral stroke during pregnancy due to, 976 Vegetative state (VS), corticothalamic function loss and, defined, 884 described, diagnostic assessment of, ethical aspects of deciding appropriate course of treatment, determining and communicating diagnosis, determining and communicating prognosis, new technologies related, historical context of, 774 late recovery in, prevalence of, 773 prognosis of, treatment of, Venous air embolism in pregnant patients, 986 Venous sinus thrombosis ischemic stroke and impaired consciousness due to, 830 Venous thrombosis cerebral stroke during pregnancy due to, Viral encephalitis clinical presentation of, described, 932

21 1093 diagnosis of, 933 impaired consciousness due to, treatment of, VS. See Vegetative state (VS) W Wernicke encephalopathy, 841 coma during pregnancy due to, 983 White matter diseases after transplantation, 956