Diabetes history. Intervention (9.3) 2.8(4.5) non-smbg (9.1) 2.8(3.7) 5.8(5.8) no-smbg ( )* usual care (2.0-6.

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1 Table S1 Characteristics of the included studies Study Country Intervention group Intervention Sample size Age Diabetes history Control group Intervention Sample size Age Diabetes history Followup Outcomes Barnett AH, ## instructed Davidson MB, American instructed Farmer AJ, UK + training Farmer AJ, UK + training+ application (9.3) 2.8(4.5) non (9.1) 2.8(3.7) (11. 0) 5.2(10. ) (9.9) Fontbonne A, France (10. 7) Franciosi M, Italy + training Guerci B, France + training Harashima S, Japan (fingertip) Harashima S, Japan (palm) 5.8(5.8) no ( )* 3.0(2.0.0)* usual care 152 usual care (11. 2).3(10. 2).3(10. 2) 5.5(4.7) 3.0(2.0.0)* 3.0(2.0.0)*.2 (.) No (9).7 (0.8) (0.5) 3.3(3.7)** usual care (0.) 3.3(3.7)** (9.4) 7.7 (.3) usual care (9.1) 8.4 (.) (10. 0) 8.5(4.7) no (9.4) 8.2(3.8) no (11. 9) 3.1(11. 9) 8.4(.7) 8.4(.7) 27 weeks ; FPG ; Weight; BMI ; SBP; DBP; Weight; TC; BMI ; SBP; DBP; Weight; TC; BMI ; Weight ; Weight; BMI; WC; SBP; DBP; TC; HDL; TG; ; Weight; FBG; SBP; DBP

2 Kempf K, Germany instructed Kleefstra N, Netherland instructed 3 5.0(8.4) 3.0(1.5) usual care (9.8) 3.8(1.3) (8.0) Lu J, China (13. 8) Malanda UL, Netherland instructed (7.5) 5.0 (4.0, 7.0)* 4.0( )* usual care (7.8) usual care (9.7) (38) * usual care (8.1) 8.0(3.8, 11.3)* 3.0( )* 7 (49) * 18 Muchmore DB, America 57.3(8.0) 5.7(1.4) usual care (7.3) 5.2(1.4) 44 weeks O'Kane MJ, Northern Ireland Schwedes U, Germany & Austria instructed structured (11. 0) Torre NG, Spain 5 58.(13. ) + Torre NG, Spain supervised exercise control (11. 5) (7.) 5.5(4.8) usual care (.) 5.2(3.9) (13. 2) standard treatment standard treatment (10. 1) 57.5(10. 1) 3 3 ; Weight; BMI; WC; SBP; DBP; TC; LDL; HDL; TG ; BMI; FPG; TC; TG; WC; ; Weight; ; BMI ; weight; TC; TG ; SBP; DBP; TC; BMI; HDL; LDL; TG; WC; ; SBP; DBP; TC; BMI; HDL; LDL; TG; WC; * median and interquartile; ** the total mean; # Internetbased blood glucose monitoring system; ## Czech Republic, Hungary, Iran, Malaysia, Poland, Slovakia and Turkey; no data available.

3 Table S2 Subgroup analysis of Asia and AE (AmericaEurope) groups Outcome Group No. of substudies Pooled sample size Heterogeneity Overall effect I 2 P value MD [95%CI] P value Wilcoxon test FPG BMI TG TC WC Asia % [0.58, 0.24] 1.07e W=38.5 America and Europe % [0.45, 0.1].0200e5 P= Asia % [0.8, 0.07] W=2 America and Europe [0.7, 0.77] P=0.7 Asia [1.38, 0.37] W=3 America and Europe % [1.43, 0.02] P= Asia [0.97, 0.79] 0.84 W=2 America and Europe 5 9 0% [0.15, 0.21] P=1 Asia [0.29, 0.01] W=2 America and Europe % [0.21, 0.01] P=0.75 Asia [4.33, 2.83] W=4 America and Europe % [5.8, 0.32] P=0.4 DBP America and Europe % [2.21, 0.48] SBP % [3.4, 1.29] HDL % [0.07, 0.14] LDL % [0., 0.39] Weight % [0.3, 0.05] not available

4 Table S3 Subgroup analysis of different followup periods Outcome Followup period No. of substudies Pooled sample size Heterogeneity Overall effect I 2 P value MD [95%CI] P value Wilcoxon test BMI DBP SBP HDL TG TC Weight % [0.47, 0.25] e10 W= % < [0.48, 0.08] P= % [1.18, 0.22] W= % [1.88, 0.09] P= % [0.88, 1.40] W= % [2.95, 0.53] P= % [0.15, 3.29] W= % [4.84, 0.57] 0.10 P= [0., 0.20] W= % [0.11, 0.18] 0.28 P= % [0.23, 0.43] W= % [0.21, 0.20] P= % [0.24, 0.00] W= % [0.25, 0.02] P= % [0.75, 0.29] W= % [0.77, 0.] P=0.514 WC % 13% [4.51, 1.85] 3.15 [.4, 0.17] W=1 P=0.4

5 FPG % [0.5, 0.11] LDL % [0., 0.39] not available Table S4 Subgroup analysis of diabetes history Diabetes duration Outcome No. of substudies Pooled sample size Heterogeneity Overall effect I 2 P value MD [95%CI] P value Wilcoxon test More than one year % [0.40, 0.17] e W=21 Newly diagnosed % [0.75, 0.33] e7 P=0.905 More than one year FPG % [0.5, 0.17] BMI 94 51% [0.4, 0.02] DBP % [0.2, 1.02] SBP % [2.8, 2.34] HDL % [0.18, 0.09] LDL [0.01, 0.59] TG % [0.21, 0.3] TC % [0.21, 0.04] Weight % [0.3, 0.05] not available WC % [3.75, 1.33]

6 Table S5 Summary of adverse events Study Hypoglycaemia Adverse events Intervention Control Total Intervention Control Total Barnett AH, (51) 21 () 48 (117) Farmer AJ, (less intensive)/43 (more intensive) Franciosi M, Guerci B, (144) Kempf K, Lu J, O Kane MJ, (31) 13 (3) 31 (7) Data were presented as the number of patients experienced hypoglycaemia/adverse events (the number of hypoglycaemic/adverse events) Not reported. Table S Results of Begg and Egger s tests Outcome No. of substudies Begg s test Egger s test Z P value T P value FPG BMI DBP SBP HDL LDL TG TC Weight WC

7 Table S7 Comparison of RCTs included in this metaanalysis with those included in three important metaanalyses RCTs Welschen LM 2005 a Shekelle P Malanda UL 20 This metaanalysis Comments Quality Effective Wing RR 198 Excluded because some patients used insulin Fontbonne A 1989 Funders: C; trial registration: unclear Very low No Allen BT 1990 Excluded due to the Comparison of to SMUG Rutten G 1990 Excluded due to nonrct Muchmore DB 1994 Funders: A&C * ; trial registration: unclear Very low No Jaber LA 199 Excluded because failing to report whether or not to use insulin Kibriya MG 1999 Excluded because some patients used insulin Schwedes U 2002 Funders: C; trial registration: unclear Very low Yes Guerci B 2003 Funders: not report; trial registration: unclear Very low Yes Davidson MB 2005 Funders: A&C; trial registration: unclear Low No Farmer A 2007/2009 Funders: A&C * ; trial registration: yes (ISRCTN474459) High No Barnett AH 2008 Funders: C; trial registration: unclear Moderate Yes O Kane MJ 2008 Funders: A&C * ; trial registration: yes (ISRCTN498147) High No Duran A 2010 The same trials with Torre NG 2103; Funders: A; trial registration: yes (ISRCTN81729) Low Yes Kleefstra N 2010 Funders: A&C; trial registration: unclear High No Franciosi M 2011 Funders: C; trial registration: yes (NCT ) Moderate Yes Lu J 2011 Funders: A&C; trial registration: unclear Low No

8 Harashima S 2013 Funders: C; trial registration: yes (UMIN ) Low Yes Kempf K 2013 Funders: C * ; trial registration: unclear Low No Torre NG 2013 The same trials with Duran A 2010; Funders: A; trial registration: yes (ISRCTN81729) Low Yes Malanda UL 2015 Funders: A&C; trial registration: yes (ISRCTN845853) High No indicates the RCT is included in corresponding systematic review; A, the funder is academic; C, the funder is commercial; C *, the funder is commercial that provides meters, test strip or needle pricks;, quality and effective were not analyzed since the corresponding trials were excluded from this metaanalysis. The quality is based on the risk of bias assessed by a Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. a, Welschen LM, Bloemendal E, Nijpels G, et al. Selfmonitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:15107.