Increased Aortic Stiffness Measured by MRI in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Relationship to Renal Function

Transcription

1 Vascular and Interventional Radiology Original Research van Elderen et al. MRI of Aortic Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Vascular and Interventional Radiology Original Research Saskia G. C. van Elderen 1 Jos J. M. Westenberg 1 Anne Brandts 1 Rutger W. van der Meer 1 Johannes A. Romijn 2 Johannes W. A. Smit 2 Albert de Roos 1 van Elderen SGC, Westenberg JJM, Brandts A, et al. Keywords: aortic stiffness, kidney, MRI, renovascular system, type 1 diabetes mellitus DOI: /AJR Received April 29, 2010; accepted after revision July 12, This research was performed within the framework of the Center for Translational Molecular Medicine (project PREDICCt; grant 01C-104) and was supported by The Netherlands Heart Foundation (grants NHS2003B136 and NHS2007B81 to P.C.N. Rensen), the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation, and the Dutch Kidney Foundation. J.W.A.S. received grant support (2008) from the Center for Translational Molecular Medicine. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. 1 Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands. Address correspondence to S. G. C. van Elderen (s.g.c.van_elderen@lumc.nl). 2 Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. AJR 2011; 196: X/11/ American Roentgen Ray Society Increased Aortic Stiffness Measured by MRI in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Relationship to Renal Function OBJECTIVE. Arterial stiffness is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether type 1 DM is associated with increased aortic stiffness as measured by MRI, independently of renal dysfunction, and to evaluate the relationship between aortic stiffness and renal function within the normal range in patients with type 1 DM. Materials and methods. We included 77 patients with type 1 DM (mean age, 46 ± 12 years) and 36 healthy control subjects matched for age and renal function in a crosssectional study. Exclusion criteria consisted of microalbuminuria, renal impairment, aortic valve disease, and standard MRI contraindications. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of aortic stiffness, was assessed by MRI. Renal function was expressed as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman s correlation analysis were performed. Stepwise multivariable logarithmic regressions with forward entry analysis for estimated GFR were performed to study the relationship with aortic PWV using interaction terms for type 1 DM. RESULTS. Patients with type 1 DM without microalbuminuria or renal impairment show increased aortic PWV compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between estimated GFR and aortic PWV in patients with type 1 DM (p < 0.001; r = 0.427) and control subjects (p = 0.002; r = 0.502), with aortic PWV being increased in patients with type 1 DM for each given estimated GFR within the normal range (p < 0.001). The decrease in estimated GFR per increase in aortic PWV was similar for patients with type 1 DM and control subjects (p, not significant). CONCLUSION. Our data show that aortic stiffness, as measured by MRI, is increased and inversely related to renal function in patients with type 1 DM with normal albuminuria and normal estimated GFR. T ype 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to functional and structural arterial vessel wall alterations, resulting in stiffening of the arterial system [1, 2]. In turn, increased arterial wall stiffness is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 1 DM [3]. A close relationship has been established between indexes of arterial stiffening and progressive microvascular damage in the kidneys that leads to renal failure [4]. The mechanism of this relationship is complex, because a decrease in aortic wall elasticity may contribute to renal dysfunction by transmission of high-pulsatile flow to the kidneys, and, conversely, renal dysfunction may also contribute to increased aortic stiffness [5]. Most of the studies describing arterial stiffness and the kidneys have been conducted in patients with chronic kidney disease [6], and similar findings have been noted in patients with DM with microalbuminuria [7]. However, whether type 1 DM per se is associated with increased aortic stiffness, independently of renal dysfunction, has not been studied in detail before, to our knowledge. Therefore, we selected patients with type 1 DM with normal renal function to avoid the possible confounding effect of renal dysfunction that may aggravate reduction in vascular elasticity. On the other hand, diabetic nephropathy is one of the major complications of type 1 DM [8], and a gradual progressive process of aortic stiffening, renal damage, and their interaction can be assumed in chronic type 1 DM disease, appearing before the onset of clinically detectable renal damage. This notion could be substantiated if an independent AJR:196, March

2 van Elderen et al A relationship could be established between aortic stiffness and renal function within the normal range in type 1 DM. Velocity-encoded MRI is well suited to assess aortic stiffness independently of geometric assumptions, unlike other methods frequently used in clinical studies, such as tonometry and ultrasound [9]. Furthermore, MRI-based pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements have been well validated in comparison with invasive pressure recordings [10]. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was twofold: first, to investigate whether type 1 DM per se is associated with increased aortic stiffness measured by MRI, independently of renal dysfunction; and second, to evaluate the relationship between aortic stiffness and renal function within the normal range in patients with type 1 DM. Flow (ml/s) B Transit Time Materials and Methods Study Participants Between February 2008 and July 2009, 77 consecutive adult patients with type 1 DM (mean duration of type 1 DM, 24.3 ± 11.2 years) from our local outpatient clinic affiliated with the university medical center participated in our study. Between March 2009 and September 2009, 36 healthy control subjects (with no history or clinical evidence of DM, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease) similar in age and renal function were included. A retrospective subgroup analysis of a previous prospectively acquired population was performed. The patients with type 1 DM included for this study partly overlap with participants of a study described before (69 patients with type 1 DM overlap with the formerly published study, and eight patients with type 1 DM were newly recruited because of the ongoing study design) [11]. All patients with type 1 DM were receiving insulin treatment. Study subjects were included if they had preserved renal function (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate [GFR] 60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) [12], and the presence of normal albuminuria (i.e., < 30 mg/24 hr microalbuminuria or microalbumuria-to-creatinine ratio of < 2.5 mg/mmol for men or < 3.5 mg/ mmol for women). Renal function was calculated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases Ascending Aorta Abdominal Aorta ,000 1,100 Time (ms) Fig. 1 Assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity. A, Oblique sagittal scout view of aorta is shown. Oblique transverse presaturation slab in ascending aorta (1) and another presaturation slab perpendicular to abdominal aorta (2) result in black lines in image. Velocity mapping was subsequently obtained at same level of these lines to assess flow graphs in ascending and abdominal aorta. Aortic path length (Δx) between both levels was measured, as indicated by dashed line along center line of aorta. B, Flow curves in ascending and abdominal aorta are illustrated. Horizontal lines represent mean constant diastolic flow at corresponding site in aorta. Line following upstroke is determined by linear regression between 20% and 80% of range between diastolic flow and peak systolic flow. Time point of intersection between upstroke and baseline of flow curve was considered as arrival time of pulse wave. Transit time between arrival of pulse wave at ascending and abdominal aorta, respectively, was used to calculate aortic pulse wave velocity, which is defined as aortic path length divided by transit time. equation [13], which provides accurate GFR estimates using serum creatinine levels. Exclusion criteria included aortic valve stenosis or insufficiency and standard MRI contraindications. Blood pressure was measured after MRI using a semiautomated sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed after repeated blood pressure measurements according to guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension [14]. The study was approved by the local medical ethics committee and was conducted according to the principles in the Declaration of Helsinki. All study participants signed informed consent. MRI Evaluation of Aortic Stiffness For the evaluation of aortic stiffness, all participants underwent MRI scanning on a 1.5-T whole-body MRI scanner (NT 15 Gyroscan Intera, Philips Healthcare) using a five-element phased-array cardiac coil for data acquisition. Aortic PWV (i.e., the propagation speed of systolic wave front through the aorta) was assessed with a validated technique [10] as described in detail elsewhere [15]. First, coronal and oblique 698 AJR:196, March 2011

3 MRI of Aortic Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus TABLE 1: Clinical Characteristics and MRI Results of the Study Population Parameter Patients With Diabetes Mellitus (n = 77) Healthy Control Subjects (n = 36) p Clinical characteristics Male, no. (%) of subjects 39 (51) 23 (64) 0.2 Age (y) 46 ± ± Duration of diabetes mellitus (y) 24.3 ± 11.2 NA NA Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 25.2 ± ± Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 130 ± ± Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 73 ± 9 78 ± Pulse pressure (mm Hg) 57 ± ± 15 < Current smokers, no. (%) of subjects 10 (13) 4 (11) 0.7 Glycosylated hemoglobin level (%) 7.6 ± ± 0.3 a < Fasting plasma glucose level (mmol/l) NA 4.9 ± 0.6 NA Total cholesterol level (mmol/l) 4.7 ± ± High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (mmol/l) 1.6 ± ± Use of statins, no. (%) of subjects 26 (34) 0 (0) NA Use of antihypertensive drugs, no. (%) of subjects 23 (30) 0 (0) NA Renal function, estimated glomerular filtration rate 94 ± ± (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) Aortic stiffness, aortic pulse wave velocity (m/s), median (interquartile range) 6.2 ( ) 5.8 ( ) < 0.05 Note Except where noted otherwise, data are mean ± SD. NA = not applicable. a n = 10 subjects. sagittal scout views of the aorta were obtained. In these scout scans, two imaging planes, one perpendicular to the ascending aorta at the level of the pulmonary trunk and one perpendicular to the abdominal descending aorta 7.5 cm beneath the diaphragm, were determined (Fig. 1A). At those levels, retrospectively ECG-gated gradient-echo sequences with maximum velocity encoding were subsequently obtained during free breathing to assess the flow in the ascending and abdominal descending aorta. A maximal number of phases was reconstructed to ensure high (6 10 milliseconds) temporal resolution. Maximum velocity encoding was set to 150 cm/s in the ascending aorta and 100 cm/s in the abdominal descending aorta. Aortic PWV was defined as the aortic path length divided by the transit time of the systolic wave front between the respective measurement sites. Aortic path length is the distance between the ascending and abdominal descending aorta, measured along the center line in the oblique sagittal aortic scout view. Transit time is the time delay between the arrival of the foot of the pulse wave at the ascending and abdominal descending aorta, respectively (Fig. 1B). Manual contour drawing in the aorta velocity maps was performed by a single observer with 3 years of experience in cardiac MRI supervised by a senior researcher with 14 years of experience in cardiac MRI using in-house developed software packages MASS and FLOW (Leiden University Medical Center). Statistical Analysis Data are expressed as mean (± SD). Because of nonnormal distribution, aortic PWV values are expressed as median (interquartile range). To compare clinical characteristics between patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects, an independent samples t test for continuous variables and a chi-square test for dichotomous variables were used. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to test aortic PWV values between patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects. The correlation between estimated GFR and aortic PWV was tested by the Spearman s correlation analysis separately for patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects. Stepwise multivariable logarithmic regressions with forward entry analysis for estimated GFR were performed to study the relationship with aortic PWV using interaction terms for the presence of type 1 DM. To investigate the possible confounding effects of age, hypertension [14], heart rate, body mass index (BMI), smoking, duration of DM, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels, multivariable logarithmic regression analysis was performed for the association between aortic PWV and estimated GFR in type 1 DM, using estimated GFR values uncorrected for age. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We used SPSS for Windows (version 16.0, SPSS) for statistical analysis. Results In all enrolled subjects, MRI scanning was completed and PWV was successfully obtained and interpreted. The clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. There were no differences between patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects with respect to renal function, age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, smoking, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Patients with type 1 DM showed significantly increased aortic PWV (p < 0.05), lower diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.026), higher pulse pressure (p < 0.001), increased glycosylated hemoglobin levels (p < 0.001), and lower total cholesterol levels (p = 0.010) compared with healthy control subjects. Aortic PWV and Renal Function There was a statistically significant correlation between estimated GFR and aortic PWV in both patients with type 1 DM (p < 0.001; r = 0.427, corresponding regression line; estimated GFR = 23 ln(aortic PWV) + 137) and healthy control subjects (p = 0.002; r = 0.502, corresponding regression line; estimated GFR = 24 ln(aortic PWV) + 130), which are shown in Figure 1. Interaction analyses showed that the association between estimated GFR and aortic PWV was significantly different between patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects (Fig. 2 and Table 2). Patients with type 1 DM had a higher aortic PWV than did healthy control subjects for each given estimated GFR (p < 0.001). The decrease in estimated GFR per increase in aortic PWV was not significantly different between patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects (p, not significant). The inverse association between estimated GFR and aortic PWV in patients with type 1 DM was independent of age, hypertension, heart rate, BMI, smoking, DM duration, and glycosylated hemoglobin level (p = 0.026; β = 0.392). Discussion The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether type 1 DM per se is associated with increased aortic stiffness measured by MRI, independently of renal dysfunction, and to evaluate the relationship between aortic stiffness and renal function AJR:196, March

4 van Elderen et al. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s) within the normal range in patients with type 1 DM. The main findings of our cross-sectional study are that patients with type 1 DM without microalbuminuria or renal impairment have increased aortic stiffness, compared with matched healthy control subjects; an inverse association between estimated GFR and aortic PWV was found in both patients with type 1 DM and in healthy control subjects; aortic stiffness was increased for each given estimated GFR within the normal range in patients with type 1 DM; and the decrease in renal function per increase in aortic stiffness was similar for patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects. We found increased aortic stiffness in patients with type 1 DM without microalbuminuria and renal impairment. The present finding of increased aortic PWV in patients with type 1 DM compared with healthy control subjects extends the observations in previous studies showing augmentation of aortic Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Healthy Control Subjects Fig. 2 Graph shows inverse relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate and aortic pulse wave velocity in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in healthy control subjects. TABLE 2: Linear Regression Analysis Defined by the Formula: egfr=a*ln (aortic PWV) + B, for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Respectively Healthy Controls Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73m²) A ± SE p a B ± SE p b Spearman s r Patients with type 1 DM 23 ± 5 (p < 0.001) 137 ± 9 (p < 0.001) (p < 0.001) < Healthy control subjects 24 ± 7 (p = 0.002) 130 ± 12 (p < 0.001) (p = 0.002) a The rate of decrease of egfr per increase in aortic PWV did not statistically differ between type 1 DM patients and healthy control subjects. b p-values are reported from interaction analysis showing increased aortic PWV in type 1 DM patients compared with healthy control subjects for each given egfr. stiffening in type 1 DM [2, 16, 17]. Our findings confirm the hypothesis of an association between type 1 DM per se and increased aortic stiffness, irrespective of the potential detrimental effect on vascular elasticity of frequently present renal dysfunction. Second, we showed a significant decrease in renal function within the normal range per increase in aortic stiffness, which was similar for patients with type 1 DM and healthy control subjects, but with increased aortic stiffness for each given estimated GFR in patients with type 1 DM (Fig. 1). Our findings are consistent with those of earlier studies showing a significant relationship between estimated GFR values and arterial stiffness in a community population with normal renal function [18, 19]. However, in those studies, the influence of type 1 DM was not reported. Interestingly, although aortic stiffness was increased in patients with type 1 DM selected in our study, the increase in aortic stiffness itself 25 did not show an additional deteriorative effect on renal function; the rate of decrease in estimated GFR per increase in aortic stiffness remained similar with healthy control subjects. A consequence of increased aortic stiffness is that pulse waves propagate faster into peripheral arteries and therefore may induce early return of reflected waves, as manifested by the increased brachial pulse pressure shown by our data. Transmission of high pulsatile pressure is known to lead to renal microvascular damage [20]. Apparently, the interaction between PWV and renal function is also operational in presumed healthy subjects, indicating that this phenomenon may be physiologic to some extent. Of note, in our study, aortic stiffness was associated with renal function in patients with type 1 DM independently of other risk factors, including age, hypertension, smoking, duration of type 1 DM, and glucose regulation. In contrast to our data, a previous study did not find this independent relationship between estimated GFR and aortic PWV in DM [21]. These differences may be explained by the fact that the other study included patients with both type 1 and type 2 DM. Risk profiles in patients with type 1 DM are usually different from those in patients with type 2 DM. Type 2 DM is commonly associated with a high prevalence of other classic risk factors (e.g., obesity, abnormal lipid status, and hypertension) that also may affect aortic stiffness [22] and subsequently confound the relationship between aortic stiffness and renal function, as analyzed in our study independently of BMI and hypertension in patients with type 1 DM. Another explanation for the difference in study outcome may be the method used for measuring aortic stiffness. In our study, aortic PWV was assessed using velocity-encoded MRI, a validated technique that is not dependent on geometric estimations, unlike applanation tonometry, which was used in the other study [21]. In perspective, MRI assessment of aortic PWV is currently not part of the clinical routine in patients with type 1 DM. However, our data show increased aortic stiffness in patients with type 1 DM without microalbuminuria, whereas microalbuminuria is currently one of the most frequently used screening tools for the early detection of cardiovascular disease [23] in medical practice. Furthermore, arterial stiffness has been described as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 1 DM [3]. Importantly, in addition to MRI- 700 AJR:196, March 2011

5 MRI of Aortic Stiffness in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus assessed aortic stiffness being a marker of renal function in our current study, earlier studies have shown that MRI-assessed aortic stiffness is an integrated marker of both cardiac function and cerebral small vessel disease [11] in patients with type 1 DM. The results of our cross-sectional study and of earlier studies suggest that MRI assessment of aortic PWV could function as an integrated noninvasive screening tool for the detection of multiorgan cardiovascular complications in type 1 DM beyond the classic risk factors. However, longitudinal studies are required to confirm a clinical role of aortic PWV in cardiovascular risk stratification and optimization of therapy. In conclusion, this cross-sectional study shows that aortic stiffness is increased in patients with type 1 DM independently of renal dysfunction. Moreover, an inverse relationship was found between aortic stiffness and renal function within the normal range in patients with type 1 DM as well as in healthy control subjects. Longitudinal studies are needed to provide additional insight into the mechanisms of interaction between aortic stiffening and renal failure as severe complications in type 1 DM and to further assess the clinical significance of our findings. References 1. Giannattasio C, Failla M, Piperno A, et al. Early impairment of large artery structure and function in type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1999; 42: Oxlund H, Rasmussen LM, Andreassen TT, Heickendorff L. Increased aortic stiffness in patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1989; 32: Schram MT, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Stehouwer CD. Pulse pressure is associated with age and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes: the Eurodiab Prospective Complications Study. J Hypertens 2003; 21: Safar ME, London GM, Plante GE. Arterial stiffness and kidney function. Hypertension 2004; 43: Karalliedde J, Smith A, DeAngelis L, et al. Valsartan improves arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes independently of blood pressure lowering. Hypertension 2008; 51: Temmar M, Liabeuf S, Renard C, et al. Pulse wave velocity and vascular calcification at different stages of chronic kidney disease. J Hypertens 2010; 28: Lambert J, Smulders RA, Aarsen M, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. Carotid artery stiffness is increased in microalbuminuric IDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: Finne P, Reunanen A, Stenman S, Groop PH, Gronhagen-Riska C. Incidence of end-stage renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. JAMA 2005; 294: Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van BL, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: Grotenhuis HB, Westenberg JJM, Steendijk P, et al. Validation and reproducibility of aortic pulse wave velocity as assessed with velocity-encoded MRI. 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