2/27/16. Electrodermal Activity (EDA) Sensors. Financial rela*onships. Awakening Human Potential in Mind and Body

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1 4 th International California Conference Awakening Human Potential in Mind and Body Keep Calm and Carry On: Using Sense Technology as a Bridge Between Mind and Body Presented by: Rosalind Picard, Sc.D., FIEEE" Professor, MIT Media Lab Co-Director, Media Lab Advancing Wellbeing Director, Affective Computing Co-founder and Chief Scientist, Empatica, Inc. Co-founder Affectiva, Inc. Financial rela*onships Full professor employed by MIT at the Media Lab Research sponsors are >75 MIT member companies including Google, Intel, Samsung, NEC, GlaxoSmithKline, Otsuka, Biogen, NSF, NIH. Many of our sponsors make and sell wearable sensors: hqp:// Co- founder, Chairman, Chief ScienSst and Investor in: EmpaSca, Inc providing wearable sensors and analyscs used in clinical and sciensfic studies, and Co- founder and Investor in AffecSva, Inc, providing tools and analyscs to read facial expressions. picard@media.mit.edu" affect.media.mit.edu" Electrodermal Activity (EDA) Sensors Trouble understanding whose emotions? Traditional MIT Media Lab Physical activity" Temperature" Sleep" Autonomic stress LIVE DEMONSTRATION Empatica E4 sensor data 1

2 Sympathetic division" Stimulation: fight or flight " AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM" Parasympathetic division" Inhibitory: rest and digest " Terminology: Measuring autonomic stress Sympathetic division" Stimulation: fight or flight " AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM" Parasympathetic division" Inhibitory: rest and digest " Used with permission from R. Sapolsky (Not shown: Enteric division)" Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activates the skin, increasing its conductance. This is called:" Electrodermal activity (EDA) " Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) slows the heart. We use photoplethysmography (PPG) to" measure heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV)" Super Simplified Sweat Gland Model Measuring electrodermal activity (EDA) to understand autonomic stress." EDA is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system." Twitter: #rosalindpicard Measuring electrodermal activity (EDA) to understand what is calming." Does EDA measured as skin conductance exactly measure stress? For scientists, it is a good measure: It goes up with increasing cognitive, emotional, and physical load For non-scientists, there can be misinterpretations, but you can learn and be careful Twitter: #rosalindpicard 2

3 Data from a wedding in India (sensor on ankle, under bride s dress) showing most significant moments Skin conductance changes with music Calm with friends Anxiety just before Wedding Ceremony (Healey, Dabek, Picard, 1998) 1999: Out of the lab, onto Boston roads Boston driving (relatively calm, highway) 13: Healey & Picard, Best Paper of the Decade from IEEE ITS Signals gathered in a driving session Heart rate is NOT a good measure of stress. Heart-rate variability (HRV) is helpful, LF/HF. 3

4 Unusual Stress: Rest2 We smoothed event counts over time, then measured these correlations between physiology and event counts: Skin conductance: Heart rate Heart rate variability EMG.3-. Respiration Healey and Picard, IEEE T. Intel. Transport. Sys. 5 MIT Student, 7 days, 24 hours/day Electrodermal Activity, μs Main findings: - 95% accurate classifying low/med/high stress - Skin conductance was the most strongly correlated feature Twitter: #rosalindpicard Girl (age 6) wearing skin conductance sensor for a full day of school Long- term EDA shows different physiological phenotypes Q Sensor Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Subject 4 3 Child1 3 Child2 3 Child3 3 Child4 3 Child5 " Subject 5 5 children diagnosed with autism, 6 days of data for each affect.media.mit.edu" 4

5 Can I borrow a (sweatband) sensor to read the stress of my little brother? He has autism 94% accurate convulsive seizure detection using a wrist-worn electrodermal activity and accelerometry Poh et al (12), Epilepsia. Seizures Labeled from EEG Twitter: #rosalindpicard PGES =" Post-ictal Generalized EEG Suppression" The bigger the EDA on the wrist, the longer the brain waves were suppressed Twitter: #rosalindpicard info@empatica.com picard@media.mit.edu Seizures are like little electrical fires in your br ain An alert might prevent SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) Seizures/ Epilepsy ASD Conservative estimate: 1 in 4 children with ASD has seizures (epilepsy) Some kinds of seizures may go undiagnosed. Epilepsy rate is 9% in Rett Syndrome and 7% in Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Wong, J Child Neurol 8, (1993). 5

6 EDA may respond to subclinical seizures and to deep brain atypical stimulation that the EEG can miss RED = EEG BLACK = EDA -Activity" -Sleep" -Time J " -Alerts: Stress" -Alerts: Stress + motion " - API (your app here)" Objective data help foster behavior change Event Starts 8:3 Learns event will be delayed Stimming 3min Talk Pace s Embrace: Gently vibrates when autonomic stress climbs Anticipation of pain flu shot in left arm Left amygdala stimulation gives largest left-side EDA Right amygdala stimulation gives largest right-side EDA red = right wrist EDA blue = left wrist EDA Twitter: #rosalindpicard info@empatica.com picard@media.mit.edu L Amyg L ahpc L phpc L Cing R Amyg R ahpc R phpc R Cing Mangina & Beuzeron-Mangina 1996, Int. J. Psychophysiology 22(1996)1-8. 6

7 Subjects with learning disabilities were characterized by important bilateral EDA asymmetries Manginga 1986, 1989; Mangina and Beuzeron-Mangina 1988, Why look at both left and right wrist Electrodermal activity (EDA) separately? Right amygdala is associated with threat/negative stimuli Left amygdala is associated with a mix of positive and negative arousal. Ji G, Neugebauer V. (9) Hemispheric lateralization of pain processing by amygdala neurons J Neurophysiol. 9 Oct;2(4): Epub 9 Jul Cases where we d predict right>left EDA: Significant association exists between anxious/depressed symptoms and right amygdala volume (r=.469, P=.2) and not with left amygdala volume." Juranek et al. 6, n=42 children who met criteria for autism spectrum disorders " Studies of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have shown larger right amygdala activation when viewing masked angry faces (and not masked neutral faces). The amount of right amygdala activation correlated positively with GAD severity. " Monk et al., 8, n=17 youth with GAD, n=12 youth with no psychiatric diagnosis " 39 Free pdf: MIT Student, 7 days, 24 hours/day Electrodermal Activity, μs Why are there such large peaks of arousal during sleep? 7

8 Can EDA patterns from the wrist tell us about memory formation/ activation during sleep? " Predicting memory consolidation (pre- vs. postsleep): EDA is more accurate than EEG N=24 healthy adults, 72 nights of sleep. Classifying highest vs. lowest % of VDT Performance, Sano & Picard, Body Sensor Networks, Cambridge MA 13 In children labeled as poor sleepers by their parents: EDA storms Human embryo has three tissue types Pre-Sleep Sleep They had EDA storms before and after falling asleep. The first one could relate to difficulty falling asleep. Twitter: #rosalindpicard Free Scientific publications, articles, software Embrace: Autonomic stress & seizure insights info@empatica.com, Connect With Us Follow profectumfoundation Join Us Profectum 8