SSE Athletic Capacity Evaluations 2017

Transcription

1 SSE Athletic Capacity Evaluations 2017 Sporting Needs Analysis Movement Patterns Average joint angle values are in the range of degrees at the hip, 114 ± 26 degrees at the knee of the outer leg and 101 ± 16 degrees at the knee of the inner leg, with relatively long movement cycle times identified to complete left and right turns of 1.6 ± 0.2 seconds in slalom and 3.5 seconds in giant slalom (Turnbull et al., 2009). A skiers lateral movements are defined as those actions occurring primarily in the skier s frontal plane. These actions are important in order to balance against the snow reaction forces created when turning (Reid, 2010). There is great reliance upon slow and forceful eccentric muscle actions when performing turns in giant slalom and slalom (Tesch, 1995). Alpine ski athletes that show higher levels of eccentric control have subsequently shown better international rankings (Hoppeler and Vogt, 2009). During alpine skiing turns deep flexion often occurs at the knee and hip of the inside turning leg identify the requirement of unilateral strength (Hydren et al., 2013). Key Muscle Groups Quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tibialis anterior, rectus abdominis, internal/external obliques, erector spinae (Hintermeister et al., 1995). Primary role of quadriceps is to maintain balance whilst the ski carves through the turn, as well as project the hips forward during the completion phase, allowing the skis come under the body and release energy from being bent in the apex of the turn (Hintermeister et al., 1995).

2 The activation of tibialis anterior has shown to be critical as dorsi flexion is responsible for pulling the body forward at an angle, which helps maintain symmetrical fore and aft balance as the skiers moves forward and laterally (Kipp et al., 2008). Rectus abdominis has the greatest EMG activation during the middle turn phase (apex) where ski snow-snow reaction forces are greatest (Hydren et al., 2013). The hamstrings and gluteal muscle groups play an essential part in the absorption of terrain and are highly active during the transition and turning phases (Hintermeister et al., 1995). Physiological Demands and Required Fitness Qualities Alpine ski racing is a high intensity sport relying primarily on the ATP-PCr and anaerobic glycolytic energy systems, with slalom, giant slalom, super G and downhill events lasting between minutes (Hydren et al., 2013). Maximising anaerobic fitness through developing lactate tolerance at or above the lactate threshold appears vital (Hydren et al., 2013). High aerobic capacity has also been viewed essential for meeting energy demands of training and competition to provide a fast sufficient recovery in the short intervals between training and race runs, as well as to sustain the overall stress of a long race season lasting 4-5 months (Neumayr et al., 2003). Average V O 2max values of elite alpine ski racers have been recorded in the range of ml kg -1 min -1 (Gross et al., 2009). Previous correlations have been reported in the literature between enhanced V O 2max and overall international ranking (Neumayr et al., 2003). Previous correlations have also been reported in the literature between enhanced lower body power and giant slalom international ranking (Impellizzeri et al., 2009). Whole body strength and power is required in order to maintain full-body structural support in high G-force alpine skiing turns (Hydren et al., 2013).

3 Testing Battery Exercise Back Squat Inverted Row U14/ U16 and Pull Up U18/U21 Press Up Hexagon Test Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump Double Leg Triple Bounding Broad Jumps U14/U16 and Single Leg Triple Bounding Broad Jumps U18/U21 150m Decrement Run Rationale The back squat represents, firstly, a mobility assessment. Athletes should be able to squat to full depth (hip crease below top of knee at the bottom position of a squat, with both heels on the ground and neutral spine maintained throughout). Secondly it represents an assessment of lower body and dynamic postural trunk strength (Schoenfeld, 2010). The pull up and inverted row assess upper body pulling strength (Ronai and Scibek, 2014a; Ronai and Scibek, 2014b). The pull up and inverted row indicate an athlete s general athletic qualities, as well as the ability to maintain correct posture throughout a dynamic movement (Ronai and Scibek, 2014a; Ronai and Scibek, 2014b). Greater upper body strength has also been shown to decrease upper body injury risk in impact sports (Kocher and Feagin, 1996). The press up measures the strength of the upextremity and trunk musculature (Cogley et al., 2005). The ability to maintain a neutral spine throughout this dynamic movement will indicate the capabilities of an athlete s trunk musculature. The hexagon test represents a measure of the athlete s ability to perform repeated bouts of lower body power, in multiple directions, whilst maintaining balance and control. The test has shown excellent reliability for measuring agility, which supports its use as a tool to assess athletic performance and agility of the lower-extremity (Beekhuizen et al., 2009). The countermovement jump, squat jump (performed with a 3 second pause) and the eccentric utilisation ratio (calculated from the two jump tests) provide an assessment of an athlete s lower body power and their individual power generating characteristics (Markovic et al,. 2004; McGuigan et al., 2006). The double and single leg triple bounding broad jumps provide further assessment of and athletes lower body power. There have been high correlations reported in the literature between double and single leg bounding broad jumps and on-snow skiing performance (Heikkinen, 2003). The 150m decrement running test gives a measure of an athlete s aerobic and anaerobic abilities, providing an assessment of the athlete s energy systems capabilities (Gastin, 2001).

4 Reference List Beekhuizen, K.S., Davis, M.D., Kolber, M.J. and Cheng, M.S.S., (2009). Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the hexagon agility test. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(7), pp Cogley, R.M., Archambault, T.A., Fibeger, J.F., Koverman, M.M., Youdas, J.W. and Hollman, J.H., (2005). Comparison of muscle activation using various hand positions during the pushup exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(3), pp Gastin, P.B., (2001). Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports medicine, 31(10), pp Gross, M.A., Breil, F.A., Lehmann, A.D., Hoppeler, H. and Vogt, M., (2009). Seasonal variation of VO2max and the VO2-work rate relationship in elite Alpine skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(11), pp Hintermeister, R.A., O'Connor, D.D., Dillman, C.J., Suplizio, C.L., Lange, G.W. and Steadman, J.R., (1995). Muscle activity in slalom and giant slalom skiing. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27(3), pp Hydren, J.R., Volek, J.S., Maresh, C.M., Comstock, B.A. and Kraemer, W.J., (2013). Review of strength and conditioning for alpine ski racing. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 35(1), pp Kocher, M.S. and Feagin, J.A., (1996). Shoulder injuries during alpine skiing. The American journal of sports medicine, 24(5), pp Kipp, R.W., Reid, R.C., Gilgien, M., Moger, T., Tjorhom, H., Haugen, P. and Smith, G., (2008). Slalom Performance in Elite Alpine Ski Racing can be predicted by Fore/Aft Movement Dynamics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(5), p.s165. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I. and Cardinale, M., (2004). Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), pp McGuigan, M.R., Doyle, T.L., Newton, M., Edwards, D.J., Nimphius, S. and Newton, R.U., (2006). Eccentric utilization ratio: effect of sport and phase of training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(4), pp Neumayr, G., Hoertnagl, H., Pfister, R., Koller, A., Eibl, G. and Raas, E., (2003). Physical and physiological factors associated with success in professional alpine skiing. International journal of sports medicine, 24(8), pp Reid, R.C., (2010). A kinematic and kinetic study of alpine skiing technique in slalom. Ronai, P. and Scibek, E., (2014a). The pull-up. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(3), pp Ronai, P. and Scibek, E., (2014b). The inverted row. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(4), pp Schoenfeld, B.J., (2010). Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(12), pp

5 Tesch, P.A., (1995). Aspects on muscle properties and use in competitive Alpine skiing. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27(3), pp Turnbull, J.R., Kilding, A.E. and Keogh, J.W.L., (2009). Physiology of alpine skiing. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 19(2), pp Vogt, M. and Hoppeler, H., (2009). Eccentric exercise in Alpine skiing. Science and Skiing IV.