Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Strength Power Potentiation Complexes. Presented by G. Gregory Haff, Ph.D., C.S.C.S.*D, FNSCA,

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2 Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Strength Power Potentiation Complexes Presented by G. Gregory Haff, Ph.D., C.S.C.S.*D, FNSCA,

3 PAP: A Tool For Improving Elite Performance? To achieve high levels of strength and power in elite athletes is there something we can do? Strength Power Potentiating Complexes may offer a mixed method tool to maximize performance and engage a PAP response

4 PAP: Factors Affecting Performance There are specific factors that impact the ability of SPPC to improve performance Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

5 PAP: Fitness Fatigue Paradigm Since fatigue dissipates at a faster rate than the PAP effect the time course between the condition activity and the performance is of particular importance The magnitude of work encountered in the conditioning activity will greatly affect this time course The greater the amount of work the larger the fatigue effects which mask the PAP effects The greater the work the longer the time delay before potentiation occurs Stone MH, Sands WA, Pierce KC, et al.. Int J Sports Physiol Perf 2008;3: Sale DG. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002;30:

6 PAP: Fitness Fatigue Paradigm The volume or workload encountered in the conditioning dictates the time frame needed before potentiation can be realized Low volume conditioning activity = shorter time delay before potentiation occurs (window 1) Higher volume conditioning activity = longer time delay before potentiation occurs (window 2) Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

7 PAP: Conditioning Activity Volume Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

8 PAP: Conditioning Activity Load Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

9 PAP: Conditioning Activity Type Seitz LB, Trajano GS, and Haff GG. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9: , 2014.

10 PAP: Conditioning Activity Type Seitz LB, Trajano GS, and Haff GG. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 9: , 2014.

11 PAP: Responders and Non Responders? Hamada et al. J Appl Physiol 88: , 2000.

12 PAP: What Subject Characteristics Underpin? There appears to be variable responses to SPPCs so what is the subject characteristics that could impact ones ability to utilize this training tool?

13 PAP: Factors Affecting Performance There are specific factors that impact the ability of SPPC to improve performance Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

14 PAP: Training Experience has an Impact? Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

15 PAP: Is it Training Experience or Something Else? Trained athletes are often Better trained Stronger Have specific physiology to match their sport So is it training experience or these factors which impact PAP responses?

16 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Ruben RM, Molinari MA, Bibbee CA, Childress MA, Harman MS, Reed KP, and Haff GG. J Strength Cond Res 24: , 2010.

17 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Ruben RM, Molinari MA, Bibbee CA, Childress MA, Harman MS, Reed KP, and Haff GG. J Strength Cond Res 24: , 2010.

18 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Seitz, Dumke, Blazevich, and Haff (unpublished data)

19 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Stronger: Squat/BwT: Male 1.75 Female >1.5 Bench/Bwt: Male 1.35 Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

20 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Stronger: Squat/BwT: Male 1.75 Female >1.5 Bench/Bwt: Male 1.35 Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

21 PAP: Conditioning Activity Impact of Strength Levels Stronger: Squat/BwT: Male 1.75 Female >1.5 Bench/Bwt: Male 1.35 Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

22 PAP: Is it Strength or Something Else? Stronger people often have different physiological attributes Higher Type II percentages? So is it strength or physiological make up which impact PAP responses?

23 PAP: Impact of Individual Fiber Type Type II fibers are associated with muscular strength r= , p<0.05 Appear to express a greater potential for expressing potentiation effects Distribution Hamada et al. (2000) JAP, 88: HPAP = % potentiation and higher type II fiber content LPAP = 43 7% potentiation and lower type II fiber content Hamada T, Sale DG, MacDougall JD, et al. J Appl Physiol 2000;88:

24 PAP: Impact of Individual Fiber Type Distribution Seitz, Dumke, Blazevich, and Haff (unpublished data)

25 PAP: Impact of Individual Fiber Type Distribution Seitz, Dumke, Blazevich, and Haff (unpublished data)

26 PAP: Impact of Individual Fiber Type Distribution Seitz, Dumke, Blazevich, and Haff (unpublished data)

27 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

28 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms Phosphorylation of the subunit RLC of myosin light chains Catalyzed by Myosin light chain kinase Activated when Ca 2+ molecules released from the SR during contraction bind to calmodulin alters the structure of the myosin head Moves it away from its thick filament backbone actin and myosin more sensitive to myoplasmic calcium rate of the myosin and actin cross-bridge cycling rate Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39: Güllich, A. and D. Schmidtbleicher. New Studies in Athletics 11: Chiu, L.Z., et al. J Strength Cond Res 17: Brooks, Fahey and Baldwin (2004) Exercise Physiology, McGraw Hill.

29 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms The phosphorylation response occurs more readily in type II fibers than in type I fibers Very few studies have examined this phenomenon in intact human models Smith et al. (2007) JSCR, 21: Examined dynamic leg extension performance before and 7 minutes after a 10 sec isometric MVC Found no significant changes in RLC phosphorylation or leg extension performance when examining the entire sample It is likely that the neural responses exert more of an effect on postactivation potentiation Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

30 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms Nervous System Response Recruitment of Higher Threshold Motor Units Increased Motor Unit Synchronization Desensitization of alpha motor neuron input Decreased reciprocal inhibition of antagonists Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39: Stone MH, Sands WA, Pierce KC, et al.. Int J Sports Physiol Perf 2008;3: Sale DG. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002;30:

31 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms Postactivation Potentiation has the potential to increase power by: velocity of movement the rate of force development which can then alter the velocity response Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39: Stone MH, Sands WA, Pierce KC, et al.. Int J Sports Physiol Perf 2008;3: Sale DG. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002;30:

32 PAP: Potential Physiological Mechanisms Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

33 PAP: Recovery Time Between CA and Performance Seitz L, Saez de Villarreal E, and Haff GG. J Strength Cond Res 28: , 2014.

34 PAP: Recovery Time Between CA and Performance Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

35 PAP: Recovery Time Between CA and Performance Seitz L, Saez de Villarreal E, and Haff GG. J Strength Cond Res 28: , 2014.

36 PAP: Recovery Time Between CA and Performance Seitz L, Saez de Villarreal E, and Haff GG. J Strength Cond Res 28: , 2014.

37 PAP: Recovery Time Between CA and Performance Stronger: Squat/BwT: Male 1.75 Female >1.5 Bench/Bwt: Male 1.35 Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

38 PAP: Types of Exercise Performance Tillin NA, Bishop D. Sports Med 2009;39:

39 PAP: Types of Exercise Performance Seitz LB and Haff GG. Sports Medicine, a head of press.

40 SPPC: Practical Applications Based upon acute studies and the physiological mechanisms associated with postactivation potentiation the most logical application of strength-power-potentiating complexes would be in phases of the periodized training plan which target power or speed development

41 PAP: Practical Examples Exercise Parings Radcliffe J and Farentinos R. High Powered Plyometrics, 2E. Human Kinetics, 2015.

42 PAP: Practical Examples Exercise Parings Radcliffe J and Farentinos R. High Powered Plyometrics, 2E. Human Kinetics, 2015.

43 PAP: Practical Examples Programming Examples

44 PAP: Practical Examples Programming Examples

45 Thank You!! Most Important Collaborator: Erin The Coach Haff, MA, mtor Barbell Club and Australian Weightlifting Federation Post-Graduate Research Students: Jenny Conlon (Ph.D. Candidate) James Tufano (Ph.D. Candidate) Harry Banyard (Ph.D. Candidate) Penny Blanco (M.S. Candidate) Amanda Hooper (M.S. Candidate) Stewart Guppy (M.S. Candidate) Jose Delgado (M.S. Candidate) International Collaborators: Dr. Laurent Seitz, French Rugby League Dr. Charles Dumke, UMONT. Dr. Travis Triplett, ASU. Dr. Jeff McBride, ASU. Dr. Michael Stone, ETSU. Dr. Kejo Hakkinen, Jyvaskula Dr. Simon Walker, Jyvaskula