Articles. Introduction Each year, about 22 million people have a stroke worldwide, 1,2 of whom 4 million reside in high-income

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1 The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial []): a randomised controlled trial The collaborative group* Summary Background Thrombolysis is of net benefit in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, who are younger than 80 years of age and are treated within 4 5 h of onset. The third International Stroke Trial () sought to determine whether a wider range of patients might benefit up to 6 h from stroke onset. Methods In this international, multicentre, randomised, open-treatment trial, patients were allocated to 0 9 mg/kg intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa) or to control. The primary analysis was of the proportion of patients alive and independent, as defined by an Oxford Handicap Score (OHS) of 0 2 at 6 months. The study is registered, ISRCTN Findings 3035 patients were enrolled by 56 hospitals in 2 countries. All of these patients were included in the analyses (55 in the rt-pa group vs 520 in the control group), of whom 67 (53%) were older than 80 years of age. At 6 months, 554 (37%) patients in the rt-pa group versus 534 (35%) in the control group were alive and independent (OHS 0 2; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3, 95% CI , p=0 8; a non-significant absolute increase of 4/000, 95% CI 20 to 48). An ordinal analysis showed a significant shift in OHS scores; common OR 27 (95% CI 0 47, p=0 00). Fatal or non-fatal symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within 7 days occurred in 04 (7%) patients in the rt-pa group versus 6 (%) in the control group (adjusted OR 6 94, 95% CI ; absolute excess 58/000, 95% CI 44 72). More deaths occurred within 7 days in the rt-pa group (63 [%]) than in the control group (07 [7%], adjusted OR 60, 95% CI , p=0 00; absolute increase 37/000, 95% CI 7 57), but between 7 days and 6 months there were fewer deaths in the rt-pa group than in the control group, so that by 6 months, similar numbers, in total, had died (408 [27%] in the rt-pa group vs 407 [27%] in the control group). Published Online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2) See Online/Comment DOI:0.06/S (2) See Online/Articles DOI:0.06/S (2) *Members listed in the appendix Correspondence to: Prof Peter Sandercock, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK peter.sandercock@ed.ac.uk Interpretation For the types of patient recruited in, despite the early hazards, thrombolysis within 6 h improved functional outcome. Benefit did not seem to be diminished in elderly patients. Funding UK Medical Research Council, Health Foundation UK, Stroke Association UK, Research Council of Norway, Arbetsmarknadens Partners Forsakringsbolag (AFA) Insurances Sweden, Swedish Heart Lung Fund, The Foundation of Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg, Polish Ministry of Science and Education, the Australian Heart Foundation, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Swiss National Research Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Assessorato alla Sanita, Regione dell Umbria, Italy, and Danube University. Introduction Each year, about 22 million people have a stroke worldwide,,2 of whom 4 million reside in high-income countries, 3,4 where thrombolytic therapy is affordable and feasible. The burden of ischaemic stroke among the elderly is large and increasing; 2,5 and we estimate that annually ischaemic stroke affects about a million people older than 80 years of age in high-income countries and about 3 million in low-income and middle-income countries. Thrombolytic therapy with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa), when approved in Europe, was restricted to the treatment of patients younger than 80 years of age with acute ischaemic stroke who could be treated within 3 h. A Cochrane systematic review of the completed trials of thrombolysis (including 3977 patients) with intravenous rt-pa for acute ischaemic stroke showed that treatment was associated with a significant increase in survival free of disability, despite an early 3% excess of fatal intracranial haemorrhage. 6 The review also suggested that treatment might be beneficial up to 6 h. 6 An individual patient data meta-analysis of a subset of intravenous rt-pa trials further showed that the earlier treatment was given, the greater the chance of a favourable outcome. 7 Older people have been under-represented in stroke trials in general, 8 and in stroke thrombolysis trials in particular (only 79 people aged older than 80 years had been included in trials of rt-pa). 6 As a result of the current European Union (EU) approval criteria, treatment is only applicable to a small proportion of patients with acute stroke. 9 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

2 See Online for appendix For the study protocol see The Third International Stroke Trial (), therefore, had the following objectives: to establish the balance of benefits and harms of thrombolytic therapy with rt-pa in patients who did not exactly meet the licence criteria (especially elderly patients); determine whether a wider range of patients might benefit from this treatment; assess which categories of patients were most likely to benefit by investigating possible interactions between treatment effect and various factors (including age, stroke severity, and early brain imaging results); refine current estimates of the duration of the therapeutic time window; and to improve the external validity and precision of the existing estimates of the overall treat ment effects (benefits and harms). The primary trial hypothesis was that 0 9 mg/kg rt-pa (maximum 90 mg) given to adult patients of all ages with acute ischaemic stroke, within 6 h of symptom onset, increased the proportion of people who were alive and independent at 6 months. Methods Study design and patients was a pragmatic 0 international, multicentre, randomised-controlled, open-treatment trial. The initial pilot phase was double-blinded and placebo-controlled. At the end of the pilot phase, since the main phase compared treatment with open control, several additional measures were introduced to minimise bias in the assessment of early and late outcomes. We have published reports of the rationale for the trial, 2 the protocol, 3 an update on recruitment, amendments to the protocol and the baseline characteristics of the patients recruited, and the statistical analysis plan. 4 The eligibility criteria can be summarised in terms of the uncertainty principle. 5 7 Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in detail in the protocol. 3 Briefly, patients were eligible according to the following criteria: they had symptoms and signs of clinically definite acute stroke; the time of stroke onset was known; treatment could be started within 6 h of onset; and CT or MRI had reliably excluded both intracranial haemorrhage and structural brain lesions, which could mimic stroke (eg, cerebral tumour). Additionally, if the patient had a clear indication for intravenous thrombolysis with rt-pa, they were to be treated in accordance with local guidelines. Equally, if the patient had a clear contraindication to treatment they were not to be entered in the trial. Only if both the clinician and the patient (or a relevant proxy for the patient) felt that the treatment was promising but unproven, could the patient be included in the trial after appropriate informed consent from the patient or a valid proxy. The protocol was approved by the Multi centre Research Ethics Committees, Scotland (re ference MREC/99/0/78), and by local ethical committees. This study is registered, ISRCTN Procedures Clinicians entered baseline data via a telephone voiceactivated or a secure web-based randomisation system. After the system had recorded and checked the data, patients were allocated either immediate thrombolysis with 0 9 mg/kg of intravenous rt-pa to a maximum of 90 mg (0% bolus with the remainder over h) or control treatment. The system would not accept patients with blood pressure or glucose levels outside protocol-defined criteria (appendix pp 4 5) or other data inconsistencies. The system used a minimisation algorithm to achieve optimum balance for key prognostic factors (table ), and from January, 2006, minimisation was additionally stratified by world region and then minimised on all the other key factors within regions. To be eligible to join the trial, participating hospitals had to have an organised system of stroke care. Acutecare protocols were not specified by the trial, but had to include the components of effective stroke-unit care, 9 including, soon after admission, intravenous access, monitoring of physiological variables, correction of any abnormalities, and where clinically appropriate, intravenous-fluid therapy. All patients in the trial were to be treated within that organised system of stroke care, irrespective of treatment allocation. Patients allocated to the control group were to avoid treatment with rt-pa and received stroke care in the same clinical environment as those allocated to the rt-pa group. Both treatment groups had blood pressure monitored closely over the first 24 h. In the double-blinded phase, both groups were to avoid antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy for 24 h. In the open phase, patients allocated to the control group were to start aspirin immediately. Blood pressure was managed in the same way in both treatment groups, according to local protocol. Additionally, all centres were asked for their pretrial experience of thrombolysis for treatment of stroke, and if the centre had, before joining the trial, a protocol for open-label use of rt-pa and had treated at least three people in the 2 months before joining the trial, the centre was classed as experienced. All patients had a CT or MRI brain scan before randomisation and a follow-up scan at h. A repeat brain scan was required if the patient deteriorated neurologically or intracranial haemorrhage was suspected for any reason. Although CT scanning was preferred, MRI was allowed. All scans were sent to the trial centre in Edinburgh for masked central rating of any signs of visible early ischaemia (presence and extent of hypoattenuation, swelling, hyperattenuated artery), haemorrhage, and background brain changes (leukoaraiosis, atrophy, prior stroke lesions, non-stroke lesions) with validated rating methods Images were assessed with all original identifiers stripped from the record, and then viewed via a secure web-based image viewing system by an international panel of expert radiologists. All assessments were made masked to all patient details and treatment allocation. The primary outcome specified in version 93 of the protocol and in the published statistical analysis plan 4 was the proportion of patients alive and independent as 2 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

3 measured by the Oxford Handicap Score (OHS), 26 a commonly used variant of the modified Rankin score. 27 Patients with an OHS of 0,, or 2 were classed as independent. The statistical analysis plan specified an ordinal analysis of the OHS score at 6 months. Additional secondary outcomes were to be reported separately. Events occurring within 7 days of stroke were recorded by the local trial clinician on the 7-day form: deaths subdivided by cause (swelling of the initial infarct, intracranial haemorrhage, other deaths from the initial stroke, recurrent ischaemic stroke, recurrent stroke of unknown type, any other cause); symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage; recurrent ischaemic stroke; recurrent stroke of unknown type; neurological deterioration attributed to swelling of the initial ischaemic stroke; neurological deterioration not attributable to swelling of the initial ischaemic stroke or haemorrhage; and major extracranial haemorrhage (operational definitions of rt-pa (n=55) Control (n=520) Baseline variables collected before treatment allocation* Region Northwest Europe (UK, Austria, 792 (52%) 797 (52%) Belgium, Switzerland) Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden) 25 (7%) 250 (6%) Australasia 89 (6%) 90 (6%) Southern Europe (Italy, Portugal) 204 (3%) 204 (3%) Eastern Europe (Poland) 74 (%) 73 (%) Americas (Canada, Mexico) 5 (<%) 6 (<%) Age (years) (4%) 68 (4%) (6%) 04 (7%) (2%) 77 (2%) (23%) 37 (24%) (47%) 70 (46%) >90 (7%) 99 (7%) Sex Female 782 (52%) 788 (52%) NIHSS (20%) 308 (20%) (28%) 430 (28%) (20%) 295 (9%) (8%) 273 (8%) >20 23 (4%) 24 (4%) Delay in randomisation h 43 (28%) 48 (28%) h 577 (38%) 600 (39%) h 507 (33%) 500 (33%) >6 0 h 0 (0%) 2 (<%) Atrial fibrillation 473 (3%) 44 (29%) Systolic blood pressure 43 mm Hg 487 (32%) 492 (32%) mm Hg 498 (33%) 58 (34%) 65 mm Hg 530 (35%) 50 (34%) Diastolic blood pressure 74 mm Hg 462 (3%) 445 (29%) mm Hg 54 (36%) 588 (39%) 90 mm Hg 500 (33%) 480 (32%) Blood glucose 5 mmol/l 254 (8%) 285 (2%) 6 7 mmol/l 664 (48%) 638 (46%) 8 mmol/l 455 (33%) 456 (33%) (Continues in next column) rt-pa (n=55) Control (n=520) (Continued from previous column) Treatment with antiplatelet drugs in previous 48 h 775 (5%) 787 (52%) Predicted probability of poor outcome at 6 months <40% 35 (23%) 378 (25%) 40 50% 69 (%) 60 (%) 50 75% 36 (24%) 357 (23%) 75% 634 (42%) 625 (4%) Stroke clinical syndrome ** TACI 639 (42%) 666 (44%) PACI 596 (39%) 55 (36%) LACI 68 (%) 64 (%) POCI 0 (7%) 36 (9%) Other 2 (<%) 3 (<%) Baseline variables collected from prerandomisation scan Expert reader s assessment of acute ischaemic change Scan completely normal 40 (9%) 29 (8%) Scan not normal but no sign of 743 (49%) 78 (5%) acute ischaemic change Signs of acute ischaemic change 624 (4%) 600 (40%) Data are number (%). Percentages exclude missing values from denominators. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. NIHSS=National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. TACI=total anterior circulation infarct. PACI=partial anterior circulation infarct. LACI=lacunar infarct. POCI=posterior circulation infarct. *Data for these variables were gathered via the web-based or telephone randomisation system and had to be entered, complete, and have passed range and consistency checks before the system would issue a treatment allocation. Variables were used in the minimisation algorithm. Two patients in the control group were randomly assigned at more than 6 h (protocol violation). One of these was recorded as having severe swelling on the randomisation scan, because the stroke had in fact occurred about 24 h earlier. Diastolic blood pressure missing for 2 patients in the rt-pa group and seven in the control group. For the first 282 patients, glucose levels were not recorded. After patient 282, glucose levels were measured at randomisation. One further patient had a missing value. Risk predicted by novel model designed by Konig and colleagues. 8 This model predicts outcome (death or Bartel Index <95) at 3 months. If we assume that those who die between 3 months and 6 months were dependent at 3 months, and those who do not die between 3 months and 6 months do not change their dependency status, then the risk estimates are likely to be quite accurate for death or dependency at 6 months. **Stroke clinical syndrome derived from baseline clinical features assigned by an algorithm (algorithm available on request). For the randomisation algorithm TACI, PACI, and POCI were combined as non-lacunar so the process ensured balance in the number of lacunar syndromes in each treatment group. Expert panel s masked assessment of prerandomisation scan. This assessment was done by members of the expert panel after randomisation and masked to treatment allocation and all clinical details. Prerandomisation scans were unavailable for eight patients in the rt-pa group and ten in the control group. Table : Baseline characteristics Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

4 each of these events are provided in the published protocol 3 and statistical analysis plan 4 ). Other fatal and non-fatal non-cerebral events were also recorded and coded. Data on potential reports of any of these events were extracted from the trial database and presented to the adjudication committee who were masked to treatment allocation. Randomisation and masking To avoid predictable alternation of treatment allocation, and thus potential loss of allocation concealment, patients were allocated with a probability of 0 80 to the treatment group that would minimise the difference between the groups on the key prognostic factors. Additional details of the procedures used in the doubleblinded phase of the study are reported elsewhere. The randomisation system informed local clinicians of the patients unique trial identification number, and the weight-adjusted dose of drug or placebo in the doubleblinded phase, or of the weight-adjusted drug dose among those allocated thrombolysis in the open phase, to be given as a 0% bolus with the remainder by an infusion over h. With the exception of the 276 patients treated in the double-blinded phase of the trial, treatment was given openly and neither the patient nor the treating clinicians were masked. Hospital staff completed an early outcome form at 7 days, death, or hospital discharge, whichever occured first, recording details of events occurring in hospital within 7 days, details of background treatments given and functional status. 6 months after randomisation, general practitioners (or hospital coordinators) were contacted by the trial office staff to check that the patient was alive and inform them that they might be approached for follow-up. If appropriate, the trial office masked staff then mailed a postal questionnaire to patients to assess outcome. Non-responders were contacted by telephone, and follow-up data was obtained by telephone interview. In Italy and Austria, all follow-ups were done as telephone interviews by a clinician, who was masked to treatment allocation and was highly experienced in outcome assessment. In Portugal, patients were followed up in clinic by clinicians not involved in the patients initial treatment, again, masked to treatment allocation as far as possible. To assess the durability of any treatment benefit beyond 6 months, patients recruited in the UK (and in other countries where appropriate funding had been obtained) were also followed up at 8 months. All follow-up done by patient contact for these analyses ceased on March 3, 202, but recording of deaths from national registries of deaths continues in UK, Norway, and Sweden. Statistical analysis At the outset of the trial in 2000, we estimated that, among the type of patients likely to be recruited at the time, to detect both an absolute difference of 0% in the proportion of patients alive and independent at 6 months after treatment and to have sufficient power to permit reliable analyses of the prespecified subgroups, a sample of 6000 patients would be needed. A trial of that size could detect a clinically worthwhile net benefit of as little as 3% absolute difference in the primary outcome (80% power, α=0 05). However, it was clear by 2007 that obtaining a sample of 6000 was no longer feasible, and the Steering Committee agreed a revised recruitment target. The sample size, re-estimated in 2007 on the basis of event rates in both treatment groups combined, was 300. This sample size gave 80% power to detect an absolute difference of 4 7% in the primary outcome. We monitored the quality and integrity of the accumulating clinical data according to a protocol agreed with the study sponsors, which involved central statistical monitoring according to the principles described by Buyse and colleagues, 28 supplemented by onsite monitoring and detailed source data verification in a random sample of 0% of records in centres that had recruited more than 30 patients, or when patterns in the data at a centre seemed anomalous. All monitoring procedures were compliant with requirements of all study sponsors, the national ethics committees and regulatory agencies in the 2 participating countries, and they met all appropriate regulatory and Good Clinical Practice requirements. All baseline data, 7-day, and 6-month outcome data were subject to verification checks built into the randomisation and data management system. We monitored all baseline and postrandomisation imaging, which provided additional cross-checks on recruited patients and centre per formance. An expert radiologist checked all scans, masked to clinical details and treatment allocation, immediately on receipt at the trial office, for evidence of adverse events and protocol deviations. The independent data monitoring committee met at least annually to review the unmasked data on major outcome events in the trial, on the background stroke-unit care received by trial patients (to ensure it was equal in both treatment groups), relevant external data (including updates of the Cochrane systematic review and reports from large-scale registries of rt-pa use) in strict confidence throughout the course of the trial. The committee judged these data never met the protocol-specified criteria to recommend modification of the protocol or halt recruitment to the study. The statistical analysis plan was published 4 before unmasking of the authors to the data. All randomly assigned patients were included in the analysis. Masked analysis of the patients baseline characteristics showed clear differences in key prognostic factors (age, stroke severity, degree of ischaemic change on baseline CT or MRI) in patients randomly assigned at different times after stroke onset, which might complicate the estimation of the effect of treatment overall and in subgroups. Therefore, the primary analysis of the effect of treatment on the primary outcome was adjusted by logistic regression 4 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

5 for linear effects for the following covariates: age; National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score; time from onset of stroke symptoms to randomisation; and presence (vs absence) of ischaemic change on the prerandomisation brain scan according to expert assessment. An unadjusted analysis is also presented. The trial did not meet its original target of 6000 patients, and so was no longer adequately powered to detect a 3% absolute difference in the primary outcome (with 80% power and α=0 05). The statistical-analysis-plan writing committee, which did not have access to the accumulating data, was therefore expanded to include an independent statistician (Gordon Murray, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK) to advise on the correct approach. The writing group was persuaded by the recent empirical evidence that the ordinal method was both statistically more efficient (effectively reducing the sample size required in stroke trials 29 ) and robust against substantial deviations from the proportional assumption. 30 We therefore specified in the statistical analysis plan an ordinal logistic regression analysis, as a secondary outcome, in which the OHS as a dependent variable had 5 levels: levels 4, 5, and 6 were combined into a single level and levels 0,, 2, 3 were retained as distinct. In this model the treatment odds ratios between one level and the next were assumed to be constant, so a single parameter summarises the shift in outcome distribution between treatment and control groups. For patients known to be alive at 6 months, but with an unknown OHS, we used the level of function recorded on the 7-day form (ie, measured at 7 days or before discharge from hospital) to impute 6-month functional status. 4 We chose this simple form of imputation because it effectively classified 6-month outcomes in patients for whom both 7-day and 6-month data were known (data not shown). Analyses were done with SAS (version 9.2). Role of the funding source The sponsors of the study had no role in design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Results Between May, 2000, and July, 20, 3035 patients were enrolled in 56 centres in 2 countries. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between treatment groups (figure, table ). 67 (53%) patients were older than 80 years of age. Vital status at 6 months was known for 99% (30 of 3035) of patients. Overall, 258 (95%) of 274 patients with data (data for some relevant variables were not collected in the initial phase) did not meet the prevailing EU-licence-approval criteria. Additional baseline characteristics are shown in appendix pp 2 3. Of those assigned to the rt-pa group, 26 (2%) did not receive any rt-pa treatment, and of those assigned to the control group, seven (<%) received at least some rt-pa. Among patients allocated to the rt-pa group, the mean time from randomisation to injection of the bolus was 8 min, the mean time from onset to treatment was 4 2 h (SD 2), median 4 2 h (IQR ). Appendix pp 2 3 documents devi ations from the protocol and the background treatments that were given during the first 7 days. Most patients were cared for in a stroke unit, and there was no evidence of a major imbalance in the use of background treat ments or place of care (admissions ward, or stroke unit) over the first 7 days; an analysis of blood pressure in patients measured after randomisation showed no significant difference at each timepoint over the first 24 h in either systolic or diastolic blood pressures between the two treatment groups. However, the proportion of those who had spent at least day in a high-dependency area was somewhat higher among patients assigned to the rt-pa group than in the control group (328 [24%] vs 237 [7%]), though in both groups, the median stay in such an area was just day. 76 (49%) centres were classed as experienced in treating stroke with thromb olysis, and 43 patients were recruited by these centres. Patients recruited within 2 h of onset were significantly more likely to have a more severe neurological deficit did than those recruited at later timepoints after onset (test for linear trend p<0 000). Similarly, patients 3035 enrolled 55 assigned to the rt-pa group 488 received at least some rt-pa 26 did not receive any rt-pa treatment received unknown 55 assessed at 7 days 352 alive at 7 days 63 died within 7 days 55 assessed at 6 months 065 alive (OHS known) 3 alive (OHS not known) not known to be dead (OHS not known) 408 dead before 6 months 3035 randomly assigned 520 assigned to control group 508 received allocated intervention 7 did not receive allocated intervention* 5 treatment received unknown 520 assessed at 7 days 43 alive at 7 days 07 died within 7 days 55 analysed 520 analysed 520 assessed at 6 months 059 alive (OHS known) 4 alive (OHS not known) 3 not known to be dead (OHS not known) 407 dead before 6 months Figure : Trial profile rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. OHS=Oxford Handicap Score. *Of the patients allocated to control, seven actually received some rt-pa. Appendix pp 4 5 gives more detail of treatment actually received and background care. Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

6 rt-pa (n=55) Control (n=520) Adjusted analysis* Unadjusted analysis Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Absolute difference per 000 (95% CI) Died within 7 days 63 (%) 07 (7%) 60 ( 22 to 2 08) ( 23 to 2 07) (7 to 57) Died between 7 days and 6 months 245 (6%) 300 (20%) 0 73 (0 59 to 0 89) (0 65 to 0 95) ( 63 to 8) Status at 6 months Vital status unknown, disability imputed 3 Alive at 6 months, disability imputed 3 4 Known 6 month vital and disability status Number included in analysis (status known or imputed) OHS at 6 months 0 38 (9%) 6 (8%) 225 (5%) 204 (3%) 2 9 (3%) 24 (4%) (6%) 93 (3%) 4 5 (8%) 40 (9%) (3%) 246 (6%) Died before 6 months 408 (27%) 407 (27%) 0 96 (0 80 to 5) (0 86 to 9) ( 30 to 33) Alive and favourable outcome (0+) 363 (24%) 320 (2%) 26 ( 04 to 53) (0 99 to 4) ( to 59) Alive and independent (0++2) 554 (37%) 534 (35%) 3 (0 95 to 35) (0 92 to 24) ( 20 to 48) Data are number (%) unless otherwise stated. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. OHS=Oxford Handicap Scale. *Odds ratios and p values were calculated by logistic regression after adjusting for age (linear), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (linear), time (linear), and presence or absence of visible acute ischaemic change on baseline scan as judged by the expert reader. p value calculated from test of difference between percentages for rt-pa and control, using normal approximation. Absolute difference calculated as rt-pa control, so a positive number indicates this outcome was more frequent in the treatment group. OHS: 0, no symptoms at all;, symptoms, but these do not interfere with everyday life; 2, symptoms that have caused some changes in lifestyle but patients are still able to look after themselves; 3, symptoms that have significantly changed lifestyle and patients need some help looking after themselves; 4, severe symptoms requiring help from other people but not so bad as to need attention day and night; 5, severe handicap needing constant attention day and night. Primary outcomes. Table 2: Deaths by 6 months and functional outcome at 6 months Control rt-pa 0 8% % 4% 3% 9% 6% 27% 9% 5% 3% 6% 8% 3% 27% Figure 2: Outcome at 6 months: Oxford Handicap Scale (OHS) by treatment group For the ordinal analysis, which was adjusted for age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), delay (all linear), and and presence or absence of visible acute ischaemic change on baseline scan as judged by the expert reader, the statistical analysis plan prespecified that OHS levels 4, 5, and 6 were grouped and 0,, 2, 3 remained discrete. In that analysis, the common odds ratio was 27 (95% CI 0 47; p=0 00). An ordinal analysis with OHS levels 0,, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 all discrete, adjusted in the same way, gave an odds ratio of 7 (95% CI 03 33; p=0 06). rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. recruited at earlier time points were significantly older than those recruited later (test for linear trend p<0 000). The proportion of patients with a definitely visible ischaemic lesion (vs only possible or no early ischaemic change) on baseline imaging rose with time (test for linear trend p=0 0045). At 6 months, 554 (37%) in the rt-pa group versus 534 (35%) in the control group were alive and independent in activities of daily living (OHS 0 2; table 2). A secondary ordinal analysis provided evidence of a favourable shift in the distribution of OHS scores at 6 months with treatment (p<0 00; figure 2). More patients died within 7 days in the rt-pa group than in the control group, but between 7 days and 6 months there were correspondingly fewer deaths in the rt-pa group. Symptomatic intracranial haemor rhage and fatal or non-fatal deterioration due to swelling of the infarct within 7 days occurred in more patients in the rt-pa group than in the control group (table 3). rt-pa was associated with a significant increase in extracranial haemorrhages (table 3). To assess the effect of treatment on the primary outcome, the statistical analysis plan predefined a small subset of key prognostic subgroups (figure 3). The subgroup analyses are of the adjusted effects and take account of the fact that, for a specific prognostic factor, the distribution of other factors might differ between subcategories. For example, in older patients the time to randomisation was shorter. The subgroup analyses for a specific factor provide estimated effects within subcategories that adjust for such imbalances. Overall, little variation occurred in the adjusted effects of treatment in different subgroups. However, a significant difference 6 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

7 rt-pa (n=55) Control (n=520*) Adjusted analysis Odds ratio (95% CI) p value Absolute difference per 000 (95% CI) Cerebral events Symptomatic swelling of original infarct Non-fatal 2 (%) 7 (%) 23 (0 64 to 2 35) ( 5 to ) Fatal 47 (3%) 25 (2%) 89 ( 4 to 3 4) (4 to 25) Total 68 (4%) 42 (3%) 66 ( to 2 49) (4 to 3) Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage Non-fatal 49 (3%) 9 (%) 5 56 (2 72 to 4) < (7 to 36) Fatal 55 (4%) 7 (<%) 8 2 (3 68 to 7 9) < (22 to 42) Total 04 (7%) 6 (%) 6 94 (4 07 to 8) < (44 to 72) Neurological deterioration not due to swelling or haemorrhage Non-fatal 07 (7%) 79 (5%) 37 ( 02 to 86) (2 to 36) Fatal 38 (3%) 49 (3%) 0 74 (0 48 to 4) ( 9 to 5) Total 45 (0%) 28 (8%) 4 (0 88 to 46) ( 9 to 32) Recurrent ischaemic stroke Non-fatal 8 (%) 5 (%) 2 (0 6 to 2 42) ( 5 to 9) Fatal 3 (0%) 5 (<%) 0 6 (0 4 to 2 57) ( 5 to 2) Total 2 (%) 20 (%) 06 (0 57 to 97) ( 8 to 9) Recurrent stroke of unknown type Non-fatal (<%) 2 (<%) 0 50 (0 05 to 5 56) ( 3 to 2) Fatal 2 (<%) (<%) 98 (0 8 to 22 3) 0 58 ( 2 to 3) Total 3 (<%) 3 (<%) 0 98 (0 20 to 4 89) ( 3 to 3) Non-cerebral events Myocardial infarction Non-fatal 8 (%) 9 (%) 0 89 (0 46 to 7) 0 77 ( 8 to 7) Fatal 5 (<%) 4 (<%) 25 (0 33 to 4 68) ( 3 to 5) Total 23 (2%) 23 (2%) 0 95 (0 53 to 7) ( 9 to 9) Extracranial bleed Non-fatal 4 (%) (<%) 4 5 ( 90 to 0) (4 to 4) Fatal 2 (<%) 2 (<%) 0 99 (0 4 to 7 3) ( 3 to 3) Total 6 (%) 3 (<%) 5 46 ( 59 to 8 8) (3 to 4) Allergic reaction Non-fatal 2 (%) 0 (0%) 8 (3 to 2) Fatal 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0 to 0) Total 2 (%) 0 (0%) 8 (3 to 2) Total deaths from cerebral causes within 7 days 45 (0%) 87 (6%) 76 ( 32 to 2 34) (20 to 57) Total deaths from non-cerebral causes within 7 days** 8 (%) 20 (%) 0 89 (0 47 to 69) 0 77 ( 9 to 7) Total deaths within 7 days 63 (%) 07 (7%) 60 ( 22 to 2 08) (7 to 57) Data are number (%) unless otherwise stated. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. *One patient in the control group was missing a 7-day form but did return a 6-month form, so was known to be alive at 7 days. This case has been omitted from the analysis. Odds ratio and p value calculated from logistic regression after adjusting for age (linear), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (linear), time (linear), and presence or absence of visible acute ischaemic change on baseline scan. When no events occurred in one treatment group the logistic model was not applied. Absolute difference was calculated as rt-pa control, so a positive number indicates this outcome was more frequent in the treatment group. Symptomatic swelling of the original infarct was defined as significant neurological deterioration accompanied by evidence of significant brain swelling as determined by the independent masked expert assessment of the scan defined as: shift of the midline away from the side of the ventricle or effacement of the basal cisterns or uncal herniation on a postrandomisation scan (or autopsy if not rescanned before death). The presence of some degree of haemorrhagic transformation was permitted, provided it was not identified by the expert CT reader to be a major contributor to the mass effect. Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was defined as significant neurological deterioration accompanied by clear evidence of significant intracranial haemorrhage on the postrandomisation scan (or autopsy if not rescanned and death occurs after 7 days). Significant haemorrhage was present on any postrandomisation scan if the expert reader both noted the presence of significant haemorrhagic transformation of the infarct or parenchymal haematoma and indicated that haemorrhage was a major component of the lesion (or was remote from the lesion and likely to have contributed significantly to the burden of brain damage). This event included clinical events described as a recurrent stroke within 7 days, in which the recurrent stroke was confirmed to be caused by an intracranial haemorrhage. Non-fatal cerebral events are exclusive. However, non-fatal non-cerebral events are not exclusive. A given patient could have one or more non-fatal non-cerebral events and a non-fatal cerebral event. **The deaths in the fatal rows are exclusive (a patient can only contribute to one of the fatal rows). Total deaths from non-cerebral causes include deaths not attributed to myocardial infarction, extracranial bleed, or allergic reaction. Table 3: Fatal and non-fatal cerebral and non-cerebral events within 7 days of randomisation Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

8 Subgroup Events/number of patients Adjusted p value rt-pa Control Age (years) /698 (47 4%) 346/79 (48 %) 0 92 ( ) >80 223/87 (27 3%) 88/799 (23 5%) 35 ( ) NIHSS score Predicted probability of poor outcome at 6 months < /35 (72 9%) 290/377 (76 9%) 0 8 ( ) /69 (52 %) 76/60 (47 5%) 20 ( ) /36 (35 2%) 8/357 (33 %) 0 ( ) > /634 (3 %) 50/624 (8 0%) 73 ( ) Time to randomisation (h) >4 5 Acute ischaemic change on randomisation scan according to expert panel No 392/883 (44 4%) 379/90 (4 6%) 7 ( ) Yes 58/624 (25 3%) 49/598 (24 9%) 05 ( ) Sex Female Male 22/304 (72 7%) 276/728 (37 9%) 50/402 (2 4%) 7/8 (8 6%) 32/43 (30 6%) 82/577 (3 5%) 240/507 (47 3%) 239/782 (30 6%) 35/733 (43 0%) 232/308 (75 3%) 268/724 (37 0%) 33/42 (7 8%) /65 ( 5%) 95/48 (22 7%) 226/600 (37 7%) 23/500 (42 6%) 235/787 (29 9%) 299/73 (40 9%) Adjusted odds ratio (99% CI) 0 85 ( ) 08 (0 8 45) 73 ( ) 7 43 ( ) 64 ( ) 0 73 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 04 ( ) Stroke syndrome TACI 06/639 (6 6%) 96/665 (4 4%) 36 ( ) PACI 28/596 (47 %) 254/550 (46 2%) 07 (0 76 5) LACI 00/68 (59 5%) 03/64 (62 8%) 0 9 ( ) POCI 66/0 (60 0%) 79/36 (58 %) 04 ( ) Clinician s assessment of recent ischaemic change at randomisation No evidence 38/894 (42 6%) 366/897 (40 8%) 3 (0 84 5) Possible evidence 05/36 (29 %) 08/340 (3 8%) 0 92 (0 56 5) Definite evidence 68/260 (26 2%) 60/28 (2 4%) 39 ( ) Atrial fibrillation No 440/042 (42 2%) 436/078 (40 4%) 09 ( ) Yes 4/473 (24 %) 98/440 (22 3%) 20 ( ) Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) /487 (35 3%) 70/49 (34 6%) 8 ( ) /498 (39 4%) 96/58 (37 8%) 09 ( ) 65 86/530 (35 %) 68/509 (33 0%) ( ) Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) /462 (32 7%) 33/445 (29 9%) 32 ( ) /54 (37 7%) 29/586 (37 4%) 08 ( ) 90 93/500 (38 6%) 78/480 (37 %) 0 97 ( ) Glucose (mmol/l) /254 (42 9%) 09/285 (38 2%) 23 ( ) /664 (39 3%) 242/636 (38 %) 6 ( ) 8 43/455 (3 4%) 44/456 (3 6%) 03 ( ) Treatment with antiplatelet drugs in previous 48 h No 288/736 (39 %) 282/725 (38 9%) 02 ( ) Yes 265/775 (34 2%) 25/786 (3 9%) 20 ( ) Trial phase Blinded 34/36 (25 0%) 38/40 (27 %) 0 9 ( ) Open 520/379 (37 7%) 496/378 (36 0%) 4 ( ) Centre with experience of thrombolysis 0 9 No 33/940 (33 3%) 309/950 (32 5%) 0 ( ) Yes 24/575 (4 9%) 225/568 (39 6%) 4 ( ) Total 554/55 (36 6%) 534/58 (35 2%) 2 (0 89 4) Favours control Favours rt-pa Figure 3: Adjusted effect of treatment on the primary outcome (alive and independent, Oxford Handicap Score 0,, or 2) in subgroups The key predefined subgroups were age 80 years or younger, age older than 80 years, time from stroke onset to randomisation (0 3 0 h, h, h), initial stroke severity as measured by National Institutes of Health stroke score, and the appearance of the baseline brain scan on expert read for each subgroup (whether ischaemic change is visible or not). The treatment odds ratio in each subgroup has been adjusted for the linear effects of the other key variables (age, NIHSS, and delay) but not for the presence or absence visible ischaemic change. It is for this reason that the adjusted odds ratio in the Total row at the bottom of the table does not exactly agree with the odds ratio in table 2. The choice of cut-points to define certain subgroups is slightly different to those given in table. 4 On the graph, for each subgroup, the horizontal line represents the 99% CI, the diamond is centred on the overall estimate and it represents the 95% CI. The graph was generated with R (version 2..). rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. NIHSS=National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. TACI=total anterior circulation infarct. PACI=partial anterior circulation infarct. LACI=lacunar infarct. POCI=posterior circulation infarct. 8 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

9 did occur in the adjusted effect of treatment between patients older than 80 years and in patients 80 years or younger (p=0 027), suggesting greater benefit in those older than 80 years of age; contrary to expectations. 4 Treatment appeared at least as effective in this age group as in younger patients. Significant trends towards larger effects of treatment in more severe strokes were also seen (as assessed by the NIHSS and by the predicted probability of a poor outcome 8 ). Benefit was greatest in patients treated within 3 h, but there was insufficient power to examine decay of benefit with time. An analysis of the treatment effect in each of three equal-sized cohorts of patients (ie, those recruited in , , 2009 ) did not provide any evidence of period effects (data not shown). We also undertook a sensitivity analysis restricted to the 2939 (96%) patients with known 6-month vital and disability status (appendix pp 4 5), and the results were not qualitatively different from those in table 2. Discussion Although the increase in the number of patients treated with rt-pa who were alive and independent at 6 months was smaller than originally anticipated and was not significant, the secondary analysis provides supportive evidence of benefit. The ordinal analysis provided evidence that on average, patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis up to 6 h after stroke survived with less disability. At 6 months, vital status was known for most patients and there was no evidence of any difference in the number of deaths, despite the excess of deaths within 7 days of stroke (mainly due to intracranial haemorrhage). Since mortality at 6 months was equal in the two groups, and in view of the evidence that the lower the patients degree of disability at 6 months, the greater their subsequent survival, 3 long-term follow-up beyond 6 months is important. Follow-up for survival, therefore, continues in the UK, Norway, and Sweden to assess whether an overall survival advantage from rt-pa after 6 months emerges. Since we sought to recruit older patients and patients who did not strictly meet prevailing licence criteria for thrombolytic therapy with rt-pa, we anticipated a higher risk of adverse events, chiefly symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage. The patient information leaflet stated that rt-pa treatment might be associated with an increased risk of fatal intracranial haemorrhage of 4%, which indeed was the rate reported in the trial. Furthermore, applying a similar definition of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage as in the Cochrane systematic review, the frequency of this disorder within 7 days in patients treated with rt-pa (6 8%) was comparable with the 7 3% reported in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke (SITS) registry of 6483 patients treated within licence in routine clinical practice. 32 We also expected a higher risk of death in the control group, and a smaller proportion alive and independent than in previous trials. Reassuringly, despite the different event rates in the control group, for most of the outcomes, there was no clear evidence that the effects of treatment were qualitatively different in to those seen in earlier randomised trials, with two exceptions. We identified significant trends towards larger effects of treatment in patients with more severe strokes. We also anticipated a reduction in fatal and non-fatal neurological deterioration due to swelling of the initial infarct, 6 so the clear 7 per 000 excess was unexpected, and inconsistent with data from previous trials. 6 As proposed by Kent and colleagues, 33 we reported the effect of treatment on the primary outcome in several prespecified subgroups and included the effects subdivided by the result of a prognostic score. Benefit with treatment was greatest within 3 h, but the analyses did not have sufficient power to define the shape of the relation between benefit and time beyond 3 h. The effect of treatment in patients older than 80 years of age was at least as large as in patients younger than 80 years of age. A formal test for trend showed a significant difference for greater benefit of rt-pa in patients with increasingly severe strokes. However, in view of the overall nonsignificant benefit for the primary outcome, the significant interactions across subgroups in these analyses should be interpreted with caution. As specified in the statistical analysis plan, we planned additional secondary analyses to explore these apparent effects on the primary outcome (and on other outcomes, such as symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage) and to decide if these effects were due to chance. Lyden 34 has identified limitations in these data, chiefly that recruited only half the number of patients originally intended and so was underpowered for the primary outcome (and more so for the subgroup analyses). The many changes in the regulatory environment over the course of the trial delayed the approval of the trial in many centres and precluded the participation of several countries and hence was a significant factor in our failing to achieve our original target. Nonetheless, the trial was the largest-ever trial of thrombolysis therapy for stroke 34 (over three times larger than any previous trial) and included more patients treated within 3 h of stroke (n=849) than were included in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) trial (n=624), the only previous trial examining specifically treatment within 3 h (panel). The fact that most of the patients treated within 3 h were older than 80 years of age (n=726), yet achieved similar benefit to younger patients in NINDS trial, adds to the NINDS trial. The absence of masking is most relevant for the assessment of the events within 7 days. However, every possible precaution was taken to ensure masking of the expert panel assessing the scans, and the adjudication committee, who also assessed clinical data on all potential cerebral events. The proportional effect of Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

10 Panel: Research in context Systematic review To update the published systematic review of randomised-controlled trials of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa) in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and incorporate the third International Stroke Trial () results, 6 we searched for additional randomised trials of intravenous rt-pa versus control within 6 h of onset of acute ischaemic stroke up to March 30, 202, in the Cochrane Stroke Trials Registry (November, 20), Internet Stroke Trials Centre (March, 20), Medline and Embase (search strategy available on request), and references lists in review articles and conference abstracts. The primary analysis was for all patients treated up to 6 h after stroke. Data were available for 702 patients in 2 trials. We tested for heterogeneity between the estimates of effect for key outcomes from two strata: all trials before and. The tests for heterogeneity in the proportional effects of treatment across these two strata were not significant for symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (χ² 2 3, p=0 ), deaths within 7 days (χ² 44, p=0 2), deaths by the end of follow-up (χ² 0, p=0 3) and, the proportion alive and independent (modified Rankin score 0 2: χ² 3 08, p=0 08). Similarly, no heterogeneity occurred across the two strata for patients of all ages treated within 3 h (χ² 0 25, p=0 6). The review established that the effects of treatment reported in in this wider range of patients (generally outside the current approvals) were consistent with those seen in previous trials. Interpretation By providing estimates on the benefits and harms of treating patients with acute ischaemic stroke outside the current approvals, enables clinicians to consider thrombolytic treatment for a wider range of patients, especially those older than 80 years of age. The data reinforce the need for further efforts to increase the proportion of all ischaemic strokes treated within 3 h. The additional data from give greater confidence that mortality is not increased by treatment. The implications for ongoing research are that the data strengthen the rationale for the ongoing trials of thrombolysis in patients presenting more than 4 5 h after onset of stroke, and suggest that the imposition of upper age limits on future trials in acute stroke will become harder to justify. treatment on fatal and non-fatal events within 7 days was very similar, which perhaps suggest that masking of the assessors was successful. The self-assessment at 6 months by patients or their carer by postal questionnaire or masked telephone interview was unmasked and so could be subject to reporting bias. 34 However, self-reported outcome by patients is necessarily subjective and affected by many things besides knowledge of treatment allocation. The subgroup analysis subdivided by trial phase provides some reassurance in that no significant difference was seen in the effect of treatment on the primary outcome in the double-blind phase and the open phase (figure 3). The measurement of outcome with OHS at 6 months is different from previous trials that measured the modified Rankin score at 3 months. When we planned in 998, the modified Rankin score and OHS were judged to be equivalent. Both are derivatives of the original Rankin scale, developed by members of our group. While the proportion of patients recorded as dependent might be slightly different with each scale, the choice of outcome scale would not bias the assessment of treatment effect between treatment and control groups. The outcome was recorded at 6 months and 8 months, to assess the effects on survival free of disability after a few months and also in the long term (the longer the benefit persists, the greater the cost-effectiveness). The longer time to follow-up allowed any differential effect of rt-pa on early and late death to become clearer. Outcome (other than survival) was not recorded at 3 months, although the proportional effects on death and disability seen at 6 months in are comparable with those seen at 3 months in previous trials. Lyden also comments that the sampling approach to monitoring in was less intense than in many commercial studies, and is a potential concern, but also states: many clinical trialists believe that source verification of some clinical trial data assures safety, accuracy, and validity of the trial data. Authorities do not agree on the minimum quantity of verified data to assure validity (00%, half, 0% sample) but there is no evidence to suggest any problems with the [] data set due to limited monitoring. 34 When the results of are incorporated into an updated systematic review, 35 the estimates of relative treatment effect are broadly compatible with the previous rt-pa trials for each of the main outcomes: alive and independent; death at final follow-up; and fatal intracranial haemorrhage. Our trial was underpowered to reliably detect import ant subgroup effects, and so a collaborative individual patient data meta-analysis (the Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists Collaboration [STTC]) has been established, which will include data from all the completed intra venous rt-pa trials and will update the previous pooled analysis. 7 The meta-analysis will explore which baseline factors, other than time, might modify the effects of treatment on major outcomes (such as death, functional outcome, and intracerebral haemorrhage), and so provide better guidance for clinicians and patients to apply this treatment as effectively as possible in routine practice. For the types of patient recruited in (about three quarters of whom were randomised after 3 h, and half of all patients were older than 80 years of age), by 6 months there was evidence that rt-pa improved functional outcome. The data add weight to the policy of treating patients as soon as possible, and also justify extending treatment to patients older than 80 years of age. The data do not support any restriction of treatment on the basis of stroke severity or the presence of early ischaemic change on the baseline brain scan. The data support the need for randomised trials of thrombolysis in selected patients more than 4 5 h after stroke. Contributors The study was conceived by the co-chief investigators, PS, RIL, and JMW. JMW led the development of all of the imaging aspects of the study. The study was designed by PS, RIL, and JMW, with input from all the other listed contributors who act as coordinators of the trial in their own country. PS, RIL, JMW, MD, and KI designed the study and wrote the protocol. KI is the study coordinator. GC is the study statistician who prepared the analyses for this paper. PS, RIL, MD, GV, AC, AK, EB, KBS, 0 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

11 VM, AP, GJH, KM, MB, SR, GG, SJP, AA, MC, and PL recruited patients to the study. GV, AC, AK, EB, KBS, VM, AP, GJH, KM, MB, SR, GG, SJP, AA, MC, and PL acted as National Coordinators. PS drafted the Article and all authors commented on drafts and approved the final version. collaborative group The members of the collaborative group are listed in full in the appendix. Writing committee Peter Sandercock (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland), Joanna M Wardlaw (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland), Richard I Lindley (Sydney Medical School Westmead Hospital and The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Australia), Martin Dennis (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland), Geoff Cohen, Gordon Murray, Karen Innes (University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland), Graham Venables (Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK), Anna Czlonkowska (Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland), Adam Kobayashi (Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland), Stefano Ricci (Department of Neurology ASL, Ospedale, Citta di Castello, Italy), Veronica Murray (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden), Eivind Berge (Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Karsten Bruins Slot (Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Graeme J Hankey (Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia), Manuel Correia (Hospital Geral de Santo Antonio, Porto, Portugal), Andre Peeters (Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium), Karl Matz (Landesklinikum Donauregion Tulln, Tulln, Austria), Phillippe Lyrer (University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland), Gord Gubitz (Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada), Stephen J Phillips (Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada), Antonio Arauz (Instituto Nacional de Neurologia, Mexico City, Mexico). Trial steering committee Independent chairmen: Colin Baigent (University of Oxford, Oxford UK); David Chadwick (University of Liverpool, Liverpool UK). Independent member: Pippa Tyrrell (University of Manchester, Manchester, UK); Gordon Lowe (University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK). Co-principal investigators: PS; RIL. Chief investigator for neuroradiology: JMW; MD. Statistician: GC. Trial Co-ordinator: KI. Lay representative: Heather Goodare. CT and MRI reading panel JMW, Andrew Farrall, Rüdiger von Kummer, Lesley Cala, Anders von Heijne, Zoe Morris, Alessandro Adami, AP, Gillian Potter, Nick Brady. Data monitoring committee Rory Collins (Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Chairman), Philip Bath (Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK), Jan van Gijn (University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands), Richard Gray (University of Oxford, Oxford, UK), Robert Hart (McMaster University, ON, Canada), Salim Yusuf (McMaster University, ON, Canada). Event adjudication committee Keith Muir (Institute of Neurological Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK), PS, RIL. National coordinators and associate national coordinators Australia: RIL, GJH. Austria: KM, Michael Brainin. Belgium: AP. Canada: GG, SJP. Italy: SR. Mexico: AA. Norway: EB, KBS. Poland: AC, AK. Portugal: MC. Switzerland: PL; Stefan Engelter. Sweden: VM, Andreas Terent, Bo Norrving, Per Wester: UK: GV. Trial coordinating centres Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland: KI, Alison Clark, David Perry, Vera Soosay, David Buchanan, Sheila Grant, Eleni Sakka, Jonathan Drever, Pauli Walker, Indee Herath, Ann Leigh Brown, Paul Chmielnik, Christopher Armit, Andrea Walton, Mischa Hautvast, Steff Lewis, Graeme Heron, Sylvia Odusanya, Pam Linksted, Ingrid Kane, Will Whiteley, Robin Sellar, Philip White, Peter Keston, Andrew Farrell, Zoe Morris, Hector Miranda. Clinical Trials Service Unit, Oxford, UK: Lisa Blackwell. National coordinating centres Italy (up to Sept, 2008): Maria Grazia Celani; Enrico Righetti. Italy (after Sept, 2008): Silvia Cenciarelli; Tatiana Mazzoli. Central follow-up for Italy: Teresa Anna Cantisani. Poland: Jan Bembenek. Sweden: Eva Isaakson. Norway: EB, KBS. Australia: Genevieve Freys. The list of participating hospitals in each country is in the appendix. Conflicts of interest EB has received honoraria for lectures at meetings arranged by Boehringer Ingelheim, and reimbursement for costs for attending these meetings. AC has received lecture fees and conference travel costs from Boehringer Ingelheim. GB has received honoraria and speaker fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Synthlabo Aventis, Hoffman La Roche, and Novo Nordisk. AK has received lecture fees and conference travel costs from Boehringer Ingelheim. RIL has received payment in his role as conference scientific committee member and for occasional lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim; has attended national stroke meetings organised and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; and is not a member of any industry advisory boards. PS has received lecture fees (paid to the Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh) and travel expenses from Boehringer Ingelheim for occasional lectures given at international conferences; and was a member of the Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and received attendance fees and travel expenses for attending DSMB meetings (paid to the Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh). KBS has received an honorarium for a lecture from Boehringer Ingelheim and had costs for participating in scientific meetings reimbursed; is a member of the European Medicines Agency s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) and the Cardiovascular Working Party. The views expressed in this article are the personal views of KBS and should not be understood or quoted as being made on behalf of or reflecting the position of the European Medicines Agency or one of its committees or working parties. VM has received an unrestricted educational grant for a meeting on thrombolysis in stroke at which was discussed. JMW received reimbursement for reading CT scans for European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III (ECASS III) from Boehringer Ingelheim in the form of funding to her department, the Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh; is the contact reviewer for the Cochrane systematic reviews of thrombolytic treatment for acute stroke; has attended meetings held by Boehringer Ingelheim as an unpaid independent external adviser during the licensing of rt-pa, but was refunded her travel expenses and the time away from work; has attended and spoken at national and international stroke meetings organised and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim for which she received honoraria and travel expenses; and is director of the Brain Research Imaging Centre for Scotland, which is located within the Department of Clinical Neurosciences at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland and houses a research MRI scanner, which was funded by the UK Research Councils Joint Research Equipment Initiative, supplemented by grants and donations from various other sources including Novartis, Schering, General Electric, and Boehringer Ingelheim. These commercial sources contributed to the purchase of the scanner, but not the running costs or any individual studies. All other members of the writing committee declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The collaborative group thanks all the patients who participated in the study, and the many individuals not specifically mentioned in the paper who have supported the study. is an investigator led trial. The University of Edinburgh and the Lothian Health Board are cosponsors. The start-up phase was supported by a grant from the Stroke Association, UK. The expansion phase was funded by The Health Foundation UK. The main phase of the trial is funded by the following organisations: UK MRC (grant numbers G and EME ) and managed by NIHR on behalf of the MRC-NIHR partnership; The Research Council of Norway; AFA Insurances (Sweden); the Swedish Heart Lung Fund; The Foundation of Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg; Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institute Joint ALF-project grants (Sweden); the Government of Poland (grant number 2PO5B0928); the Australian Heart Foundation (grant number G 04S 638); Australian NHMRC (grant number ); the Swiss National Research Foundation; the Swiss Heart Foundation; Foundation for health and cardio-/neurovascular research, Basel, Switzerland; the Assessorato alla Sanita, Regione Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

12 dell Umbria; Danube University, Krems, Austria. Drug and placebo for the 300 patients in the double-blind component of the start-up phase were supplied by Boehringer Ingelheim. We thank the NIHR Stroke Research Network, NHS Research Scotland, through the Scottish Stroke Research Network, and the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research Clinical Research Centre for their support. The imaging work was undertaken at the Brain Imaging Research Centre, a member of the SINAPSE collaboration, at the Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh. SINAPSE is funded by the Scottish Funding Council and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Executive. Additional support was received from Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland, DesAcc, University of Edinburgh, Danderyd Hospital R&D Department, Karolinska Institutet, Oslo University Hospital, and the Dalhousie University Internal Medicine Research Fund. This report presents independent research supported by the NIHR through the UK Stroke Research Network. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. References Strong K, Mathers C, Bonita R. Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF, et al, and the Oxford Vascular Study. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 98 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 2004; 363: Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 200: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367: Islam MS, Anderson CS, Hankey GJ, et al. Trends in incidence and outcome of stroke in Perth, Western Australia during 989 to 200: the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 2008; 39: Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, Del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, et al, and the ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS and EPITHET rt-pa Study Group. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, and EPITHET trials. Lancet 200; 375: Sanossian N, Ovbiagele B. Prevention and management of stroke in very elderly patients. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: Bembenek J, Kobayashi A, Sandercock P, Czlonkowska A. How many patients might receive thrombolytic therapy in the light of the ECASS-3 and data? Int J Stroke 200; 5: Ware JH, Hamel MB. Pragmatic trials guides to better patient care? 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Large scale randomised evidence of moderate benefits. BMJ 998; 37: Collins R, MacMahon S. Reliable assessment of the effects of treatment on mortality and major morbidity, I: clinical trials. Lancet 200; 357: König IR, Ziegler A, Bluhmki E, et al, and the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) Investigators. Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials. Stroke 2008; 39: Langhorne P, Pollock A, and the Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 2002; 3: Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, Buchan AM. Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. ASPECTS Study Group. Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score. Lancet 2000; 355: Wardlaw JM, Sellar RJ. A simple practical classification of cerebral infarcts on CT and its interobserver reliability. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 994; 5: Wardlaw JM, Farrall AJ, Perry D, et al, and the Acute Cerebral CT Evaluation of Stroke Study (ACCESS) Study Group. Factors influencing the detection of early CT signs of cerebral ischemia: an internet-based, international multiobserver study. Stroke 2007; 38: van Swieten JC, Hijdra A, Koudstaal PJ, van Gijn J. Grading white matter lesions on CT and MRI: a simple scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 990; 53: Cordonnier C, Potter GM, Jackson CA, et al. Improving inter-rater agreement about brain microbleeds. Development of the Brain Observer MicroBleed Scales (BOMBS). Stroke 2009; 49: Farrell C, Chappell F, Armitage PA, et al. Development and initial testing of normal reference MR images for the brain at ages and years. Eur Radiol 2009; 9: Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C. A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 990; 53: van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJ, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 988; 9: Buyse M, George SL, Evans S, et al. The role of biostatistics in the prevention, detection and treatment of fraud in clinical trials. Stat Med 999; 8: Bath PM, Gray LJ, Collier T, Pocock S, Carpenter J, and the Optimising Analysis of Stroke Trials (OAST) Collaboration. Can we improve the statistical analysis of stroke trials? Statistical reanalysis of functional outcomes in stroke trials. Stroke 2007; 38: McHugh GS, Butcher I, Steyerberg EW, et al. A simulation study evaluating approaches to the analysis of ordinal outcome data in randomized controlled trials in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT Project. Clin Trials 200; 7: Slot KB, Berge E, Dorman P, Lewis S, Dennis M, Sandercock P, and the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project, the International Stroke Trial (UK), and the Lothian Stroke Register. Impact of functional status at six months on long term survival in patients with ischaemic stroke: prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2008; 336: Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Dávalos A, et al, and the SITS-MOST investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet 2007; 369: Kent DM, Rothwell PM, Ioannidis JP, Altman DG, Hayward RA. Assessing and reporting heterogeneity in treatment effects in clinical trials: a proposal. Trials 200; : Lyden PD. In Anticipation of International Stroke Trial-3 (). Stroke 202; published online May 3. DOI:0.6/ STROKEAHA Wardlaw J M, Murray V, Berge E, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 202; published online May 23. DOI:0.06/S (2) Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

13 Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis Joanna M Wardlaw, Veronica Murray, Eivind Berge, Gregory del Zoppo, Peter Sandercock, Richard L Lindley, Geoff Cohen Summary Background Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa, alteplase) improved functional outcome in patients treated soon after acute ischaemic stroke in randomised trials, but licensing is restrictive and use varies widely. The trial adds substantial new data. We therefore assessed all the evidence from randomised trials for rt-pa in acute ischaemic stroke in an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched for randomised trials of intravenous rt-pa versus control given within 6 h of onset of acute ischaemic stroke up to March 30, 202. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI in the primary analysis for prespecified outcomes within 7 days and at the final follow-up of all patients treated up to 6 h after stroke. Findings In up to 2 trials (702 patients), rt-pa given within 6 h of stroke significantly increased the odds of being alive and independent (modified Rankin Scale, mrs 0 2) at final follow-up (6/3483 [46 3%] vs 434/3404 [42 %], OR 7, 95% CI 06 29; p=0 00), absolute increase of 42 (9 66) per 000 people treated, and favourable outcome (mrs 0 ) absolute increase of 55 (95% CI 33 77) per 000. The benefit of rt-pa was greatest in patients treated within 3 h (mrs 0 2, 365/896 [40 7%] vs 280/883 [3 7%], 53, 26 86, p<0 000), absolute benefit of 90 (46 35) per 000 people treated, and mrs 0 (283/896 [3 6%] vs 202/883 [22 9%], 6, 30 90; p<0 000), absolute benefit 87 (46 28) per 000 treated. Numbers of deaths within 7 days were increased (250/2807 [8 9%] vs 74/2728 [6 4%], 44, 8 76; p=0 0003), but by final follow-up the excess was no longer significant (679/3548 [9 %] vs 640/3464 [8 5%], 06, ; p=0 33). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (272/3548 [7 7%] vs 63/3463 [ 8%], 3 72, ; p<0 000) accounted for most of the early excess deaths. Patients older than 80 years achieved similar benefit to those aged 80 years or younger, particularly when treated early. Interpretation The evidence indicates that intravenous rt-pa increased the proportion of patients who were alive with favourable outcome and alive and independent at final follow-up. The data strengthen previous evidence to treat patients as early as possible after acute ischaemic stroke, although some patients might benefit up to 6 h after stroke. Funding UK Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, University of Edinburgh, National Health Service Health Technology Assessment Programme, Swedish Heart-Lung Fund, AFA Insurances Stockholm (Arbetsmarknadens Partners Forsakringsbolag), Karolinska Institute, Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Research Council of Norway, Oslo University Hospital. Introduction Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa, alteplase) was licensed in North America in 996 for intravenous use within 3 h of stroke in selected patients after the publication of the results of the trials undertaken by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD, USA, in 624 patients. A restricted conditional licence for the use of rt-pa within 3 h of ischaemic stroke was granted in Europe in 2002 after publication of two further trials of intravenous rt-pa administered up to 6 h after ischaemic stroke 2,3 and a systematic review of 356 patients. 4,5 The European approval allowed treat ment, within 3 h, of patients younger than 80 years who also met other strict criteria. Although the licence restricted the use of rt-pa to within 3 h, the results of the trials 6 suggested that rt-pa, given as late as 6 h after ischaemic stroke, might reduce the number of patients with poor functional outcomes. 4,5 In that context, the Third International Stroke Trial () was initiated in 2000, with the aim of providing evidence from a randomised trial for a wide range of patients, including those older than 80 years, treated between 3 6 h, and with comorbid disorders such as previous stroke. Meanwhile, a meta-analysis of individual patient data from completed trials undertaken in 2004 suggested that intravenous rt-pa might be of benefit up to 4 5 h after stroke, 6 with the findings confirmed in 2008 in the ECASS 3 trial of patients younger than 80 years who were treated between h after stroke. 7,8 Despite this increasing evidence from trials of 3977 patients who were treated up to 6 h after stroke, 9 substantial uncertainties 0 have been caused by the lack of precision in the overall estimates of treatment effects for the important outcomes of death and functional outcome, longest time window for net benefit, effect of treatment in people older than 80 years (only 94 patients in this age group were included in the completed trials), and the effect of factors such as stroke severity, stroke subtype, use of antiplatelet drugs before stroke, and other comorbidities (eg, previous stroke, diabetes, or hypertension). Published Online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2) See Online/Comment DOI:0.06/S (2) See Online/Articles DOI:0.06/S (2) Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK (Prof J M Wardlaw MD, Prof P Sandercock DM, G Cohen PhD); Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (Prof V Murray MD); Department of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Prof E Berge MD); School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA (Prof G del Zoppo MD); and Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, and George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (Prof R Lindley MD). Correspondence to: Prof Joanna M Wardlaw, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK joanna.wardlaw@ed.ac.uk Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

14 Mori et al, Trial design Number of patients Method of randomisation 3 Seq Pack 0 6 mg/kg (34 mg) or 0 9 mg/kg (5 mg) Dose Control Antithrombotic drug use Patients Age inclusion range Stroke type Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years Carotid territory; ICA or MCA occlusion on angiography JTSG, Seq Pack 0 6 mg/kg (34 mg) Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years Carotid territory; ICA or MCA occlusion on angiography Haley et al, years Any ischaemic 993 stroke 27 Seq Pack 0 85 mg/kg Placebo Avoid intravenous heparin for several hours ECASS, Seq Pack mg/kg (maximum 00 mg) NINDS, 995 ECASS II, ATLANTIS A, ATLANTIS B, 7,8 999 ECASS 3, Wang et al, EPITHET, Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 800 Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 42 Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 63 Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 82 Central telephone or internet based 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 00 Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) 0 Seq Pack 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg), Central telephone or internet based 0 9 mg/kg (maximum 90 mg) Placebo Aspirin or intravenous heparin not allowed; subcutaneous heparin allowed for <24 h; thereafter, any antithrombotic allowed 8 80 years Carotid territory Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years Any except very mild and very severe Placebo Aspirin or intravenous heparin not allowed; subcutaneous heparin allowed for <24 h 8 80 years Carotid territory Exclusion criteria* for CT-defined ischaemia Visible infarction Visible infarction Time after stroke Final follow-up Follow-up method (independent) <6 h 4 weeks At clinic (not stated) <6 h 4 weeks At clinic (not stated) None <3 h 3 months At clinic (not stated) Visible infarction greater than a third of MCA territory 6 h 3 months At clinic (not stated) None 3 h 3 months At clinic (masked independent clinician) Visible infarction greater than a third of MCA territory 6 h 3 months At clinic (not stated) Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years As for NINDS None 6 h 3 months At clinic (masked independent clinician) Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years As for NINDS Visible infarction greater than a third of MCA territory Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years As for NINDS Visible infarction greater than a third of MCA territory Open control Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years As for NINDS Any visible infarction Placebo Avoid for 24 h 8 80 years As for NINDS Visible infarction greater than a third of MCA territory Placebo first 276 patients, open control thereafter Avoid for 24 h; start aspirin at 24 h unless contraindicated 8 years All subtypes Visible infarct only if it appears >6 h after stroke ie, incompatible with stated time after stroke Most within 5 h 3 months At clinic (masked independent clinician) h 3 months At clinic (masked independent clinician) 6 h 3 months At clinic (not stated) 3 6 h 3 months At clinic (not stated) 6 h 6 months Centralised telephone or postal questionnaire (yes) rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Seq Pack=randomised by taking the next of a sequentially numbered pack of active drug or placebo. ICA=internal carotid artery. MCA=middle cerebral artery. *Haemorrhage and mimics were excluded in all studies. NINDS included 69 patients and EPITHET included 25 patients older than 80 years. Table : Randomised controlled trials of rt-pa in acute ischaemic stroke, design characteristics, and other key factors 2 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

15 We updated the systematic review of rt-pa to assess the overall effect of intravenous rt-pa when given up to 6 h after stroke for important early and late outcomes, and to address some of the previous key uncertainties. Methods We updated the systematic review of trials of rt-pa in acute ischaemic stroke, first published in 992, updated periodically in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews since then. 9 We searched using multiple over lapping search methods up to March, 202 (appendix). We translated non-english language publications and obtained additional information from principal investigators. We included all randomised trials of rt-pa versus control in patients with definite ischaemic stroke, after having excluded intracerebral haemorrhage and other brain disorders on imaging that might account for the symptoms. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality, applied the inclusion criteria, extracted the data, and resolved discrepancies by discussion or asking the trial investigators. We excluded trials that did not provide relevant clinical outcomes or in which the latest follow-up was less than month after treatment. We aimed to use intention-to-treat data, sought additional unpub lished data when necessary, and verified the extracted data with the principal investigators of the trials when possible, avoiding double counting of data when multiple publications arose from the same trial. We extracted data using a standard form for trial characteristics including inclusion and exclusion criteria; method of randomisation; latest time to treatment; rt-pa dose and administration; other medical treatments; methods and timing of follow-up assessments; and the demographic details of patients. We extracted data for the number of patients allocated rt-pa or control with key early or late outcomes (detailed below) including the numbers within prespecified categories of modified Rankin Scale (mrs) score, Oxford Handicap Score (OHS, a further mod ification of the mrs), or equivalent by the end of follow-up. We treated mrs and OHS scale points as being equivalent and translated Barthel Index scores to mrs: Barthel scores greater than 60 are equivalent to mrs 0 2 and Barthel scores greater than 90 are equivalent to mrs 0. 8 We sought to extract data for outcomes in key subgroups defined by delays to treatment (0 3 h, 3 6 h); age (up to and including 80 years or >80 years); presence or absence of visible infarction on imaging; baseline stroke severity; and different anti thrombotic regimens. Tabulations of data were provided by the trial statistician. See Online for appendix Trials Events/patients Odds ratio (95% CI) Heterogeneity rt-pa Control Death before Fatal intracranial haemorrhage before /292 63/55 250/ /844 55/55 20/3359 Deaths (excluding fatal intracranial haemorrhage) before /54 08/55 4/2669 Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage before Symptomatic oedema before / /55 272/ /475 68/55 305/ /208 07/520 74/2728 4/804 7/520 2/ /4 00/520 50/ /944 6/59 63/ /45 42/520 30/ (0 88 7) 58 ( ) 44 ( 8 76) p= ( ) 4 87 ( ) 4 8 ( ) p< ( ) 09 ( ) 0 93 (0 73 8) p= ( ) 4 6 ( ) 3 72 ( ) p< ( ) 64 ( ) 0 97 (0 79 9) p=0 75 χ 2 = 44 (p=0 2) χ 2 =0 64 (p=0 4) χ 2 =4 23 (p=0 04) χ 2 =2 3 (p=0 ) χ 2 =0 29 (p=0 00) Thrombolysis decreases Thrombolysis increases Figure : Effects of rt-pa on early outcomes (7 days) Data are numbers, unless otherwise indicated. Degrees of freedom is. Treatment was administered up to 6 h after the stroke. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. =Third International Stroke Trial. Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

16 We assessed early outcomes (within 7 days) including death from any cause; fatal intracranial haemorrhage (death attributed to intracranial haemorrhage identified on scanning or at post mortem); death not attributable to intracranial haemorrhage; symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (as defined in individual trials, but usually as worsening of neurological status contemporaneous with the appearance of new haemorrhage on brain imaging that was sufficient to cause neurological deterioration); and symptomatic infarct swelling (worsening of neurological status contemporaneous with major infarct swelling on imaging). We assessed outcomes at the end of follow-up including death between 7 days and the end of follow-up; total number of deaths from all causes; alive and favourable outcome (defined as mrs or OHS 0 ); alive and independent (defined as mrs or OHS 0 2); and depen dency (defined as mrs or OHS 3 5). Effect per 000 patients treated (95% CI) Heterogeneity χ² Df p value Events within 7 days, treatment up to 6 h after stroke Death (total) 25 ( to 39) Fatal intracranial haemorrhage 29 (23 to 36) Death (not due to intracranial haemorrhage) 4 ( 6 to 8)* Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage 58 (49 to 68) Symptomatic oedema 2 ( 8 to 3)* Events by end of follow-up, treatment up to 6 h after stroke Deaths between 7 days and end of follow up 22 ( 39 to 4) Deaths by end of follow up 7 ( to 25)* Alive and independent (mrs 0 2) 42 (9 to 66) Alive and favourable outcome (mrs 0 ) 55 (33 to 77) Dependent (mrs 3 5) 50 ( 73 to 27)* Outcome by time to treatment Alive, favourable outcome (mrs 0 ), <3 h 87 (46 to 28) Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), <3 h 90 (46 to 35) Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), 3 6 h 8 ( 0 to 45)* Dead by end of follow-up, <3 h 5 ( 55 to 25)* Dead by end of follow-up, 3 6 h 8 ( 3 to 39)* Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, <3 h 68 (49 to 87) Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, 3 6 h 58 (46 to 70) Outcome by age and time to treatment Treatment up to 6 h after stroke Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), 80 years 43 (6 to 70) Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), >80 years 38 ( 3 to 79) Treatment up to 3 h Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), 80 years 95 (35 to 55) Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), >80 years 96 (35 to 57) Treatment between 3 6 h Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), 80 years 23 ( 8 to 54) Alive and independent (mrs 0 2), >80 years 5 ( 6 to 50) rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Df=degrees of freedom. mrs=modified Rankin Scale. *A minus indicates fewer events per 000 patients treated with rt-pa. Table 2: Absolute effects of rt-pa per 000 patients treated and between trial heterogeneity, all outcomes Statistical analyses were all prespecified in the review protocol. 9 The primary analysis was for all patients treated up to 6 h after stroke. We also assessed the effect of rt-pa given within 3 h and between 3 6 h of the stroke, and in patients aged up to 80 years versus those older than 80 years; for analyses subdivided by time to treatment we have used time to randomisation in because this provides an unbiased estimate of time to treatment, which is applicable to patients allocated rt-pa and open control. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for each outcome, unadjusted for baseline variables, using standard fixed-effects methods, 2 and calculated statistical heterogeneity using the χ² statistic, mentioned when significant hetero geneity was present. We provided data for the comparison of the overall estimate from the previous trials with and with the updated overall estimate of effect. We calculated the absolute effects per 000 patients treated. The figures were prepared in R (version 2..). Role of the funding source The sponsors and funding agencies were not involved in the design or execution of the review or interpretation of the data. No drug manufacturing company was involved in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, writing of the report, or decision to submit this report for publication. All authors saw and approved the final version of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Results 2 trials of intravenous rt-pa versus control, with 702 patients (appendix p 4), were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. 3,7,3 2 Key methodological characteristics are identified in table and further details are reported elsewhere. 9,2 Most data (5276 patients [75%]) were from trials that were done in Europe. We judged the risk of bias to be low across all trials. Most trials included patients with different stroke severities and aetiological subtypes (eg, lacunar in NINDS and ), although the results were not reported by subtype in most trials. Centralised randomisation, by telephone or through a secure web server to ensure allo cation concealment, was used in two trials. 7,2 The total rt-pa dose was about 0 6 mg/kg 3,4 to mg/kg. 2 An identical-looking placebo was used in all except two trials. 9,2 Final follow-up was at month in two trials, 3,4 6 months in the trial, and 3 months in the other trials. In four trials, follow-up had to be done by a masked clinician who was not involved in the initial care of the patient;,7,6 8 mostly postal or masked telephone follow-up was used in ; follow-up masking was not specified in the remaining trials. Functional outcomes were not available for two trials. 4,5 included patients who were taking aspirin before the stroke; 4 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

17 subcutaneous heparin was allowed within 24 h of rt-pa in three trials; 2,3,7 and antithrombotic drugs were not allowed until 24 h after rt-pa in the other trials. Data for all outcomes were not provided in all trials but all available data were used. The effects of rt-pa on the early outcomes are shown in figure and the absolute event rates per 000 patients treated with estimates of heterogeneity are provided in table 2. Data for deaths within 7 days, available from eight trials, 2,3,7,3,5,9 2 showed that 8 9% of patients allo cated rt-pa and 6 4% allocated control died within 7 days (figure ), an absolute increase of 25 deaths per 000 individuals treated (table 2). Data for fatal intracranial haemorrhage within 7 days, available from eight trials, 3,7,5 8,2 showed that 3 6% of patients allocated rt-pa and 0 6% of those allocated the control died from intracranial haemorrhage (figure ), an absolute increase of 29 deaths per 000 patients. There was no evidence that rt-pa increased the number of deaths within 7 days from causes other than intra cranial haemorrhage (figure ), implying that the excess of early deaths with rt-pa is mostly from fatal intracranial haemorrhage, although it should be noted that data were only available from five trials. 2,3,7,5,2 Although no between-trial heterogeneity was noted (table 2), there was marginal heterogeneity between previous trials as a group and (p=0 04; figure ). Data for symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within 7 days, available from all 2 trials, showed that 7 7% of patients allocated rt-pa and 8% allocated control developed this haemorrhage (figure ; appendix p 5). The crude estimate of the absolute excess of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage with rt-pa was 58 per 000 patients treated (table 2). Data for symptomatic infarct swelling within 7 days was available from six trials; 3,7,7,8,2 0 2% allocated rt-pa and 0 4% allocated control developed infarct swelling (figure ), with substantial between-trial hetero geneity (table 2) mostly due to differences between and previous trials (p=0 00 figure ). The effects on outcomes at final follow-up are shown in figure 2 and the absolute event rates in table 2. Data for deaths between 7 days and the end of follow-up, available from eight trials, 2,3,7,3,5,9 2 showed that 5% of patients allocated rt-pa and 3 6% allocated control died in this period (figure 2), a reduction of 22 deaths per 000 individuals treated with rt-pa (table 2). Data for total number of deaths from all causes by the end of follow-up, available from all 2 trials, showed that 9 % allocated rt-pa and 8 5% allocated control died (figure 2; appendix p 5), equivalent to a non-significant increase in deaths of seven per 000 patients treated with rt-pa. Data for patients who were alive and independent (mrs 0 2) were available from ten trials (appen dix p 6). 3,7,3, % of patients allocated rt-pa and 42 % allocated control were alive and independent (mrs 0 2) at the end of follow-up (figure 2), an absolute increase of 42 per 000 people treated with rt-pa (table 2). Trials Events/patients Odds ratio (95% CI) Heterogeneity rt-pa Control All deaths between 7 days and final follow-up before All deaths before Alive and independent (mrs 0 2) before Favourable outcome (mrs 0 ) before / /55 323/ / /55 679/3548 dd 057/ /55 6/ / /55 2/ / / / / / / / / / / / / ( ) 0 79 ( ) 0 84 ( ) p= ( ) 0 (0 86 8) 06 ( ) p= ( 2 45) 06 ( ) 7 ( 06 29) p= ( 9 55) 8 ( 00 40) 29 ( 6 43) p<0 000 χ 2 =2 (p=0 ) χ 2 = 00 (p=0 3) χ 2 =3 08 (p=0 08) χ 2 = 8 (p=0 3) Thrombolysis decreases Thrombolysis increases Figure 2: Effects of rt-pa on outcomes at final follow-up Data are numbers, unless otherwise indicated. Treatment was administered up to 6 h after the stroke. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. =Third International Stroke Trial. mrs=modified Rankin Scale. Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

18 Data for patients who were alive with favourable outcome (mrs 0 ) were available in the same ten trials (appendix p 6). 34 8% of patients allocated rt-pa and 29 3% allocated control had mrs 0 at the end of follow-up (figure 2), equivalent to 55 more patients alive and almost symptom free per 000 treated (table 2). Heterogeneity was noted between all trials (table 2) but not between previous trials combined and (figure 2). Data for patients treated within 3 h and between 3 6 h after stroke were available for three key outcomes (figure 3, table 2). Among patients treated within 3 h of stroke, using a cutoff of mrs 0 (six trials 3,6,8,2 ), 283 (3 6%) of 896 allocated rt-pa and 202 (22 9%) of 883 allocated control achieved a favourable outcome (OR 6, 95% CI 30 99, p<0 000), an absolute increase of 87 per 000 individuals given rt-pa. Among patients treated within 3 h of stroke (six trials 3,6,8,2 ), 40 7% allocated rt-pa and 3 7% allocated control achieved mrs 0 2 (figure 3), an absolute increase of 90 per 000 patients treated (table 2). Of the patients treated between 3 6 h after stroke (seven trials 2,3,7,6,7,20,2 ), 47 5% allocated rt-pa and 45 7% allocated control achieved mrs 0 2 (figure 2), an absolute increase of 8 per 000 patients treated. The difference in ORs between the subgroups treated within 3 h and between 3 6 h was significant (χ²=9 49, 2 degrees of freedom (df), p=0 002). There were slightly fewer deaths by the end of follow-up in people treated within 3 h (seven trials; 3,5,6,8,2 figure 3), equiva lent to 5 fewer deaths per 000 (table 2), but slightly more deaths in those treated between 3 6 h (seven trials; 2,3,7,6,7,20,2 figure 3), equivalent to an excess of 8 per 000 individuals who were treated with rt-pa. However, the difference in ORs between the subgroups treated within 3 h and between 3 6 h was not significant (χ²=3 20, df 2, p=0 07). No difference was noted in the Trials Events/patients Odds ratio (95% CI) Heterogeneity rt-pa Control Alive and independent Treated within 3 h before 5 6 Treated between 3 6 h before 6 7 Death by the end of follow-up Treated within 3 h before 6 7 Treated between 3 6 h before 6 7 Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage Treated within 3 h before 5 6 Treated between 3 6 h before /465 32/43 365/ / /084 82/249 83/479 4/43 224/90 77/ / / /465 32/43 72/896 9/404 72/084 9/ /465 95/48 280/ / /00 33/ /478 50/48 233/896 40/ /00 396/2478 7/465 4/48 /883 33/347 2/00 45/ ( ) 50 ( ) 53 ( 26 86) p< ( 00 36) 0 96 (0 8 4) 07 ( ) p= ( ) 0 87 (0 65 5) 0 9 (0 73 3) p= ( 02 63) 08 (0 89 3) 6 ( 00 35) p= ( ) 4 9 ( ) 4 55 ( ) p< ( ) 4 48 ( ) 3 73 ( ) p<0 000 χ 2 =0 04 (p=0 8) χ 2 =2 76 (p=0 0) χ 2 =0 25 (p=0 6) χ 2 = 27 (p=0 3) χ 2 =0 09 (p=0 8) χ 2 = 08 (p=0 3) Thrombolysis decreases Thrombolysis increases Figure 3: Effects of rt-pa on alive and independent (mrs 0 2) and death by the end of follow-up and on symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage within the first 7 days, by time to treatment Data are numbers, unless otherwise indicated. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. =Third International Stroke Trial. mrs=modified Rankin Scale. 6 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

19 Trials Events/patients Odds ratio (95% CI) Heterogeneity rt-pa Control Treated up to 6 h 80 years >80 years Treated up to 3 h 80 years >80 years Treated between 3 6 h 80 years >80 years / / / /52 / / / /486 80/ / /84 434/3403 2/526 69/ / /997 28/484 33/248 6 ( 04 29) 22 ( ) 8 ( 07 30) p= ( 8 93) 68 ( ) 56 ( 28 90) p< ( ) 0 97 ( ) 07 (0 96 2) p=0 23 χ 2 =0 42 (p=0 5) χ 2 =0 67 (p=0 4) χ 2 =0 53 (p=0 5) Thrombolysis decreases Thrombolysis increases Figure 4: Effect of rt-pa on alive and independent at the end of follow-up, subgrouped by age and time to treatment Data are numbers, unless otherwise indicated. rt-pa=recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. =Third International Stroke Trial. summary ORs for symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage for those treated within 3 h (six trials; 3,6,8,2 figure 3), equivalent to 68 more such haemorrhages per 000 treated individuals (table 2), and for those treated between 3 6 h (seven trials; 2,3,7,6,7,20,2 figure 3), equivalent to 58 more per 000 treated patients (table 2; test for difference between subgroups χ²=0 57, df 2, p=0 45). The results were the same when the analysis was restricted to the trials of treatment in both time windows (data not shown). No heterogeneity was noted between trials, or between previous trials combined and, for any of the outcomes within 3 h and between 3 6 h. Three trials included a total of 7 patients older than 80 years (25 from EPITHET, 69 from NINDS, the rest from ).,20,2 Among patients older than 80 years who were treated within 6 h, 27 2% allocated rt-pa and 23 4% allocated control were mrs 0 2 (p=0 07; figure 4), an increase of 38 per 000 individuals were alive and independent (table 2). Among patients aged 80 years and younger, 52 5% allocated rt-pa and 48 3% allocated control were alive and independent (mrs 0 2) at the end of follow-up (p=0 009), an increase of 43 per 000 people (table 2). For patients older than 80 years treated within 3 h, 28 9% allocated rt-pa and 9 3% allocated control were alive and independent (figure 4; p=0 003), an increase of 96 per 000 people (table 2). Among those 80 years and younger treated within 3 h, 49 6% allocated rt-pa and 40 % allocated control were alive and independent (figure 4; p=0 00), an increase of 95 per 000 people (table 2). Among people treated between 3 6 h after stroke, of those aged 80 years and younger 52 6% allocated rt-pa and 50 3% allocated control achieved mrs 0 2 at the end of follow-up compared with 25 9% allocated rt-pa and 26 4% allocated control who were older than 80 years (figure 4). Tabular data were too few to provide reliable evidence about the effects of antithrombotic drugs in addition to rt-pa, and were not available to assess the effect of presence or absence of visible infarction on imaging or by baseline stroke severity on main outcomes. Discussion The data reported in this systematic review and metaanalysis for 702 patients showed that for every 000 patients allocated intravenous rt-pa up to 6 h after stroke, 42 more patients were alive and independent (mrs 0 2); 55 more were alive with a favourable outcome (mrs 0 ) at the end of follow-up. This benefit occurred despite an increase in the number of early symptomatic intracranial haemorrhages and early deaths. These early hazards were offset by a reduction in the number of deaths between 7 days and the end of follow-up, and so, by the end of follow-up, no effect on deaths from all causes was apparent, and the number who were dependent (mrs 3 5) was reduced. Earlier treatment is better, leading to an increase in the number of patients who were alive with favourable outcomes (mrs 0 ) and alive and independent (mrs 0 2) with treatment within 3 h of stroke. Among the 7 patients older than 80 years, the absolute benefits from rt-pa were at least as large as for the younger patients, especially with early treatment. Do the effects of rt-pa in the 3035 patients in (95% of whom did not meet contemporaneous European licence criteria) differ materially from the effects in the 3977 patients from previous trials (who largely did meet these criteria)? The characteristics of patients in that excluded them from the licence criteria were chiefly age and time: 53% were older than 80 years, 72% were treated more than 3 h after stroke Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

20 onset. A large proportion had severe strokes and 46 (5%) had National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale greater than 25, hence the fairly high numbers of deaths in both the rt-pa and control groups. There was no evidence to suggest that any of the beneficial or adverse effects of rt-pa were qualitatively different in these outside-licence patients from individuals in earlier trials, except for non-intracranial-haemorrhage early deaths and symptomatic infarct swelling. The proportion of patients with sympto matic infarct swelling in (3 6%) was less than that of previous trials (7 3%) but the results of showed an increase in symptomatic infarct swelling with rt-pa, whereas those of previous trials had suggested a reduction (p=0 06). These differences could be attrib utable to several factors: the analysis of symptomatic oedema and its definition were prespecified in but not in five of previous trials that provided relevant data; patients in were older, had more severe strokes (hence larger infarcts), and were treated later than in previous trials. These and other possibly aggregate characteristics could have changed the effect of rt-pa on symptomatic infarct swelling and in turn the effect on nonintracranial-haemorrhage early deaths; these points merit further analysis. The updated review provides additional insights. First, the finding that fewer deaths occurred with rt-pa between 7 days and late follow-up in confirms a pattern suspected in previous trials, and indicates that the excess hazard with rt-pa is largely attributable to symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage and occurs early, so that patients who survive the acute phase without intracranial haemorrhage benefit. One explanation for this might be that more dis abled stroke survivors have an ongoing higher risk of death; 22 rt-pa, by shifting the balance towards better functional outcome, reduces the risk of death in the long term. The longer follow-up in (6 months vs 3 months in previous trials), might have allowed this net balance of early hazard versus later benefit to emerge more clearly. Second, the benefits of rt-pa occur in severe and milder strokes. Third, as suggested by the results of non-randomised studies, 23,24 the relative and absolute benefits of rt-pa are at least as large in older as in younger people (figure 4, table 2). Fourth, the new data reinforce the evidence that benefit is greatest when rt-pa is given within 3 h. Therefore, efforts to reduce treatment delays should continue, particularly for older people. The latest time window for benefit remains unclear. Although benefit from thrombolysis clearly declines with increasing delay to treatment, 8 these data suggest that benefit probably extends beyond 4 5 h, possibly as late as 6 h in some patients, though the time probably varies with key individual or combined patients charac teristics, which were not possible to identify with just summary unadjusted data. Patients presenting later are different (eg, less severe stroke) than those presenting earlier. The lower benefit with later treatment is not due to more symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage because the odds of this haemorrhage with rt-pa are actually slightly lower in patients treated between 3 6 h than within 3 h (figure 3, table 2). Thus, non-significantly more deaths and the reduction in the OR for alive and independent at the end of follow-up for treatment between 3 6 h might indicate less benefit with later treatment ie, less tissue to salvage, rather than simply more hazard. An analysis of individual patient data from all 2 trials is essential to find out the effect of rt-pa in patients with different severities and subtypes of stroke (particularly lacunar stroke), by appearance of the ischaemic lesion or rest of the brain on imaging, in key subgroups of patients eg, those in atrial fibrillation, on aspirin before stroke, with high blood pressure or diabetes with narrow time windows and functional outcome strata, and by different doses of rt-pa, and to define the latest time for benefit. Identifying how to avoid sympto matic intracranial haemorrhage is critical, because it is the single largest hazard. Ongoing trials, Thrombolysis in Elderly Stroke Patients in Italy (TESPI), 25 Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study (ENCHANTED), or EX tending the time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits (EXTEND 26 ) are addressing treat ment in the elderly or at later times and ways to reduce the risk of haemorrhage eg, whether a lower dose of rt-pa or blood pressure lowering can reduce symptomatic intracranial haemor rhage. Trials to investigate alternative doses, routes of thrombolytic drug administration, different thrombolytic drugs, and mechanical thromb ectomy and advanced imaging could help identify patients for whom these alternative therapies might be more effective than is intravenous rt-pa. Information about the effect of thrombolysis on long-term survival free of dependence is sparse (with NINDS being the only trial so far in which outcomes at 2 months have been reported; for the intention is to report functional outcome up to 8 months and overall survival thereafter 2 ) but this study will be important for understanding the true health economic effect of thrombolytic treatment. If small gains in functional ability by 3 6 months translate into greater long-term survival free of disability, 22 this is likely to reduce health-care costs and increase quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Contributors JMW wrote the protocol, undertook the searching, data extraction, and verification, sought additional information and verified information with trialists, analysed, drafted, and edited the report for the first published version and all the subsequent updates. VM and EB undertook searching, trial evaluation, data extraction, and verification in previous updates. GC provided data from. VM, EB, GdZ, PS, RIL, and GC did the data verification in this update and edited the report. All authors approved the report for submission. Conflicts of interest JMW, VM, EB, PS, RIL, and GC are all investigators in the trial. JMW was a member of the expert neuroradiological adjudication committee for and ECASS 3. GdZ was on the data and safety monitoring committees of the ECASS and ECASS II trials funded by 8 Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

21 Boehringer Ingelheim. JMW has received reimbursement for expenses for speaking at and attending meetings arranged by Boehringer Ingelheim, is not or has not been on any industry expert panels but did provide independent information to Boehringer Ingelheim to assist with the European license application for rt-pa. RIL has received payment in his role as conference Scientific Committee member and for occasional lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim; he has attended national stroke meetings that were organised and funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; and he is not a member of any industry advisory boards. EB and PS have received payment for lectures at meetings arranged by Boehringer Ingelheim, and reimbursement for costs for attending these meetings. Acknowledgments UK Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, University of Edinburgh, National Health Service Health Technology Assessment Programme, Swedish Heart-Lung Fund, AFA Insurances Stockholm (Arbetsmarknadens Partners Forsakringsbolag), Karolinska Institute, Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, Research Council of Norway, Oslo University Hospital funded this study. The authors of the Cochrane Review have not received financial support from any pharmaceutical company to undertake the review. We are extremely grateful to Lisa Blackwell, Clinical Trial Service Unit, Oxford, for preparing all the figures and Colin Baigent for very helpful comments during the preparation of this and the previous version of the Cochrane Review. We also thank Charles Warlow and Martin Dennis for helpful comments. We sincerely thank the principal investigators of previous trials for additional data during previous updates of the Cochrane Review and Steve Davis for data for patients older than 80 years in this update. We also thank the Trial Steering Committee including the national coordinators and the data monitoring committee who commented on the draft report (details in reference 22). References The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-pa Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke. N Engl J Med 995; 333: Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 995; 274: Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 998; 352: Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PAG, Berge E. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Where do we go from here? A cumulative meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34: Wardlaw JM, del Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T, Berge E. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-pa stroke trials. Lancet 2004; 363: Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4 5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: Lees KR, Bluhmki E, von Kummer R, et al. Time to treatment with intravenous alteplase and outcome in stroke: an updated pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS and EPITHET trials. Lancet 200; 375: Wardlaw JM, Murray VE, Berge E, del Zoppo GJ. Thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PA, Murray V. Should more patients with acute ischaemic stroke receive thrombolytic treatment? BMJ 2009; 339: b4584. Wardlaw JM, Warlow CP. Thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: does it work? Stroke 992; 23: Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration. BMJ 994; 308: Mori E, Yoneda Y, Tabuchi M, et al. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute carotid artery territory stroke. Neurology 992; 42: Yamaguchi T, Hayakawa T, Kiuchi H, for the Japanese Thrombolysis Study Group. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator ameliorates the outcome of hyperacute embolic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 993; 3: Haley EC Jr, Brott TG, Sheppard GL, et al. Pilot randomized trial of tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. The TPA Bridging Study Group. Stroke 993; 24: Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S. The rtpa (alteplase) 0 to 6 hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke study investigators. Stroke 2000; 3: Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madden KP, Hamilton S. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: a randomized controlled trial. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. JAMA 999; 282: Albers GW, Clark WM, Madden KP, Hamilton SA. ATLANTIS trial: results for patients treated within 3 hours of stroke onset. Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2002; 33: Wang SY, Wang XL, Zeng H, et al. Early intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute cerebral infarction. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2003; 5: Davis SM, Donnan G, Parsons MW, et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: The collaborative group. The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial []): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 202; published online May 23. DOI:0.06/S (2) Bruins Slot K, Berge E, Dorman P, et al. Impact of functional status at six months on long term survival in patients with ischaemic stroke: prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2008; 336: Mishra NK, Ahmed N, Andersen G, et al. Thrombolysis in very elderly people: controlled comparison of SITS International Stroke Thrombolysis Registry and Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. BMJ 200; 34: c Bhatnagar P, Sinha D, Parker RA, Guyler P, O Brien A. Intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis to aid decision making in patients over 80 years of age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 20; 82: Lorenzano S, Toni D, for the TESPI trial Investigators. TESPI (Thrombolysis in Elderly Stroke Patients in Italy): a randomized controlled trial of alteplase (rt-pa) versus standard treatment in acute ischaemic stroke in patients aged more than 80 years where thrombolysis is initiated within three hours after stroke onset. Int J Stroke 202; 7: Ma H, Parsons MW, Christensen S, et al. A multicentre, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled Phase III study to investigate EXtending the time for Thrombolysis in Emergency Neurological Deficits (EXTEND). Int J Stroke 202; 7: Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)

22 Comment rt-pa for ischaemic stroke: what will the next question be? In the acute stage of ischaemic stroke, intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-pa) increases the odds of survival without dependency. 3 The European licence for this treatment was based on administration of rt-pa within 3 h in patients aged 80 years or younger who still have a neurological deficit, no severe changes on CT scans, and no general contraindication. The licence was recently extended to 4 5 h, in accord with the results of ECASS 3. 2 When rt-pa entered clinical practice, many clinicians strictly followed the contraindications included in the licence, although most of these contraindications are based on no or weak scientific evidence, reducing the proportion of eligible patients. Indeed, many questions remain unanswered: eg, can we extend the time window for treatment? Should we treat patients aged over 80 years, and patients with minor deficits or early recovery, severe deficits, extended early CT changes, silent brain lesions on MRI (severe white matter changes or microbleeds), cervical artery dissections, diabetes, or previous ischaemic stroke? In the past 0 years, patients from these subgroups were either not treated, when managed according to a strict application of the licence, or were treated by clinicians on the basis of experience or indirect evidence. 4 This dichotomous management across many centres deserved attention. In The Lancet, the results of two important studies provide answers to some of these questions. The third international stroke trial () 5 compared the efficacy and safety of rt-pa versus placebo (or standard care after the first 276 patients) in the 0 6 h time window, in patients who were not eligible for thrombolysis according to the licence. is the largest study of thrombolysis to date, with a sample size of 3035 patients and including 67 patients aged over 80 years. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients alive and independent, as defined by an Oxford Handicap scale (OHS) score of 0 to 2, at 6 months after stroke. showed no significant effect of rt-pa on this primary endpoint (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3, 95% CI ). More deaths occurred within 7 days in the rt-pa group than in the control group (63 [%] in the rt-pa group vs 07 [7%] in the control group; adjusted OR 60, 95% CI ). However, casefatality rates were similar in both groups after 6 months (408 [27%] in the rt-pa group vs 407 [27%] in the control group), and more patients had OHS scores 0 in the rt-pa group (363 [24%]) than in the control group (320 [2%]), with significant evidence for a favourable shift in the level of dependency (adjusted OR 26, 95% CI 04 53, p=0 08; absolute increase 29/000, to 59). The magnitude of the effect was greater in patients treated within 3 h, and at least as large in patients aged 80 years or more as in younger patients. The meta-analysis 6 to which contributes a large part has roughly the same results, but rt-pa administered within 6 h of symptom onset significantly increased the odds of being alive and independent (modified Rankin scale 0 2) at the end of the follow-up compared with controls (6/3483 [46%] vs 434/3404 [42%], OR 7, 95% CI 06 29). The meta-analysis also strengthens the evidence that treating patients as soon as possible is more effective, and that in this setting time is probably more important than any other factor. and the updated meta-analysis are an important achievement in stroke research. Their main strength is the large sam ple size, allowing subgroup analyses in categories usually excluded from trials, especially elderly patients. The efficacy of rt-pa in elderly patients with ischaemic Stroke Coloured angiogram of patient s brain following a stroke, caused by blocked middle cerebral artery. Science Photo Library Published Online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2) See Online/Articles DOI:0.06/S (2) and DOI:0.06/S (2) Published online May 23, 202 DOI:0.06/S (2)