ARDUINO BASED HEART RATE MONITORING AND HEART ATTACK DETECTION SYSTEM NOON MOHAMED MUSTAFA ALI INDEX NO

Transcription

1 ARDUINO BASED HEART RATE MONITORING AND HEART ATTACK DETECTION SYSTEM By NOON MOHAMED MUSTAFA ALI INDEX NO Supervisor Prof. Sami Sharif A REPORT SUBMITTED TO University of Khartoum In partial fulfillment of the degree of B. SC (HONS) Electrical and Electronic Engineering (COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING) Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering October 2017

2 DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY I declare this report entitled Arduino based heart rate monitoring and heart attack detection system is my own work except as cited in references. The report has been not accepted for any degree and it is not being submitted currently in candidature for any degree or other reward. Signature: Name: Noon Mohamed Mustafa Ali Date: 15 th Oct ii

3 Acknowledgment Five years have passed, and now I have surpassed myself and faced all the difficulties to reach this stage, and now, thanks to God, I write my own final project, and I am so proud of this big achievement. Thanks to Allah because he gave me such magnificent power from starting until the end to finish the project and all this five years. First of all, I would like to thanks my supervisor, Prof. Sami Sharif, for his constant encouragement and guidance. His valuable support and advice were the greatest factor that enabled me to write this thesis. I also would like to express deep gratitude to my project`s partner Duaa Elsaid Idrees for his cooperation and kind sharing of his effort, time and knowledge. Thanks are also due to all the technicians in the department and for all my colleagues and for everybody helped and encouraged me. iii

4 Dedication To the ones who have supported me in various ways to the source of my strength and motivation to the ones who have taken care of me every single moment since I was child till I become who I am today to my beloved parents: I have finally completed my college and this credited to you after God, I humbly dedicate this achievement to you and it is nothing when compared to your greatness, am speechless when it come to you,,, To my sisters and friends and everyone who supported me,,, To my one and only big brother, my motivation source,,, Thank you every one,,, iv

5 Abstract In this thesis, we presented the design and development of an integrated device for measuring heart rate using Pulse sensor to improve estimating the heart rate. As heart related diseases are increasing day by day, the need for an accurate and affordable heart rate measuring device or heart monitor is essential to ensure quality of health. However, most heart rate measuring tools and environments are expensive and do not follow ergonomics. Our proposed Heart Rate Measuring device is economical and user friendly based on the principle of photophlethysmography. It measures the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light intensity through that organ. The goal of this thesis is design High-efficiency and low-cost device which measures the heart rate of the patient and detecting the heart attack by putting sensors on one of the fingers or at any spot on the body that the heart rate can be measured from, and then displaying the result on the serial monitor of the arduino programmer. Miniaturized heart rates monitor system based on Arduino nano microcontroller. It offers the advantage of portability over tape-based recording systems. The thesis explains how a Arduino nano microcontroller can be used to analyze heart beat rate signals in real-time. the Hardware and software design are oriented towards Arduino nano-based system, hence minimizing the size. The important feature of this project is the use PPG algorithm to calculate heart rate on real-time. It then processes to provide the information of heart rates and notified the user if the heart rate exceed the maximum allowable. Qualitative and quantitative performance evaluation of the device on real signals shows accuracy in heart rate estimation, even under intense of physical activity. We compared the performance of pulse sensor with digital heart rate monitor. The results showed that the error rate of the pulse sensor and temperature sensor are negligible. v

6 اى غزخيص ف ز األغش دخ قذ ب رص رط ش ج بص زنب و ىق بط زبثؼخ ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت رذذ ذ ب إرا مب ذ بك قشاءاد غ ش غج ؼ خ ثبعزخذا ج بص اعزشؼبس جط ىق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ثطش قخ دق قخ. ظشا ىزضا ذ ا شاض اىقيت ب ثؼذ اصجذذ بك د ج مج شح ىج بص ق ثق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ثذقخ ػبى خ رنيفخ اقو د ش ا زبثؼخ اىقيت ثشنو د سي اصجخ ف غب خ األ خ. غ رىل فئ ؼظ أد اد ق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت غبى خ ال رز افق غ ث ئخ اىؼ و. ق ب ثزص ج بص ؼ و ػيى ق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ثص سح ع يخ اقزصبد خ د ش ؼ و زا اىج بص ػيى اعبط جذأ خ اسص خ رغ ى ثبهPPG ( (photo- phlethysmography د ش رق ز اىخ اسص خ ثق بط اىزغ ش ف دج اىذ خاله أي ػع داخو اىجغ د ش ؤدي اىزغ ش ف دج اىذ اىى اىزغ ش ف شذح اىع ء خاله زا اىؼع ثبىزبى ز ن دغبة ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ث ز اىطش قخ. اى ذف زا اى شش ع رص ج بص ثنفبءح ػبى خ رنيفخ خفعخ ؼ و ػيى ق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ىي ش ط ا عب ق ظ دسجخ دشاسح اى ش ط ثص سح د س خ اىنشف ػ اى ثخ اىقيج خ خاله زبثؼخ ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ثبإلظبفخ اىى ج بص اعزشؼبس ق ثئصذاس ص د م ج ف دبىخ دذ س اي قشاءح غ ش غج ؼ خ ز رىل ػ غش ق ظغ أج ضح االعزشؼبس ػيى أدذ األصبثغ أ ف أي ثقؼخ ػيى اىجغ ن خالى ب ق بط ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت دسجخ اىذشاسح. ص ػشض اى ز جخ ػيى اه) monitor )serial اى ج د ظ جش ج اسد. رششح األغش دخ م ف ن اعزخذا زذن ب اسد ) )Arduino nano microcontroller ىزذي و إشبساد ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ف فظ اى قذ. ز ض زا اى شش ع ثبعزخذا خ اسص خ )PPG( ىذغبة ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت ف اى قذ اىذق ق. ص رز ؼبىجخ ريل اى ؼي بد اىز ر اىذص ه ػي ب اىخ اسص خ رقذ ىي غزخذ ثص سح ف خ د ش رذز ي ريل اى ؼي بد ػيى ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت دسجخ دشاسح اى ش ط. ص ف دبه ر اىذص ه ػيى ؼي بد خط شح رق ثئخطبس ثأ ؼذه ظشثبد اىقيت قذ رجب ص اىذذ األقصى اى غ ح ث. ا ب ثبى غجخ ىزق األداء فئ اداء اىج بص ؼط دقخ ػبى خ جذا. د ش ق ب ثؼ و قبس خ ث ضا اىعغػ اىشق ر اىنفبءح اىؼبى خ ج بص اعزشؼبس اى جط بد خ األداء أظ شد اى زبئج أ ؼذه اىخطأ ف ج بص اعزشؼبس اى جط غزشؼش دسجخ اىذشاسح ال نبد زمش. vi

7 Table of Contents DECLARATION OF ORGINALITY II ACKNOWLEDGMENT III DEDICATION IV ABSTRACT V المستخلص VI TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIII CHAPTER ONE 1 1 INTRODUCTION Overview Background Problem statement Motivation Objectives Thesis layout 3 CHAPTER TOW 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction 4 vii

8 2.2 Heart Rate Measurement Heart attack Heart attack symptoms Heart attack detection Related Work 11 CHAPTER THREE 15 3 METHODOLOGY Overview High Level Project Design Detailed Project Design Hardware Design Pulse sensor Temperature sensor(lm35) Piezo buzzer Bluetooth module HC Arduino Nano Software Design Android studio Arduino 31 CHAPTER FOUR 33 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO Results Discussion 37 CHAPTER FIVE 39 5 CONCLUSION Conclusion Limitation Future work 39 REFERENCES 41 viii

9 APPENDIX A: CODE OF ANDROID A APPENDIX B: CODE OF ARDUINO B APPENDIX C: PHP FILES C APPENDIX D: THE PROJECT COST D ix

10 List of Figures Figure 2-1: Blood flow through the heart... 4 Figure 2-2: Manual Method... 6 Figure 2-3: Monitor Method... 7 Figure 2-4: Heart attacks [2]... 8 Figure 2-5: Heart attack symptoms [3]... 9 Figure 3-1: The System Block Diagram Figure 3-2:the work of the system Figure 3-3: project Design Divisions Figure 3-4:Pulse sensor Figure 3-5:pulse sensor circuit Figure 3-6:Temperature sensor Figure 3-7:pulse sensor circuit Figure 3-8:Piezo buzzer sensor Figure 3-9:Piezo buzzer circuit Figure 3-10:Bluetooth module Figure 3-11:arduino nano Figure 3-12 Login interface Figure 3-13: Register interface Figure 3-14:Patient register interface Figure 3-15:Doctor register interface Figure 3-16:Patient view Figure 3-17:Doctor view Figure 3-18:Patient Register Id x

11 Figure 3-19:Patient Id Figure 3-20:Enable bluetooth and GPS interface Figure 4-1:Integrated circuit of the system Figure 4-2:LM35 results in the serial monitor Figure 4-3:Pulse sensor results on serial plotter Figure 4-4:Pulse sensor results on serial monitor Figure 4-5:Bluetooth result message in the android application Figure 4-6:HC-05 paired with mobile bluetooth Figure 4-7:location obtained from GPS Figure 4-8:location services permissions xi

12 List of Tables Table 2-1:Survey results Table 2-2:Error ratio Table 3-1: Software tools xii

13 List of Abbreviations ECG PPG SMS GPS IBI BPM MCU IDE Electrocrdiogram Photoplethysmographic Short Message Service Global Positioning System Interbeat Interval Beat Per Minute Microcontroller Unit Integrated Development Environment xiii

14 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview This chapter describes an overall of this project including a background, a problem statement and motivation, the objectives and proposed system of the project, and the thesis layout. 1.2 Background Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in the many countries, it accounted for over 15 million deaths worldwide. In addition, several million people are disabled by cardiovascular disease. The delay between the first symptom of any cardiac ailment and the call for medical assistance has a large variation among different patients and can have fatal consequences. One critical inference drawn from epidemiological data is that deployment of resources for early detection and treatment of heart disease has a higher potential of reducing fatality associated with cardiac disease than improved care after hospitalization. Hence new strategies are needed in order to reduce time before treatment. Monitoring of patients is one possible solution. This project can be used in hospitals (Calling Ambulance) and also for patients who can be under continues monitoring while traveling from place to place (using heart rate band). Since the system is continuously monitoring the patient and in case of any abnormal in the heart beat rate of the patient the system will immediately send message to the concerned doctors and relatives about the condition of the patient and abnormal details. 1

15 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.3 Problem statement Some severe diseases and disorders e.g. heart failure needs close and continual monitoring procedure after diagnosis, in order to prevent mortality or further damage as secondary to the mentioned diseases or disorders. Monitoring these types of patients, usually, occur at hospitals or healthcare centers. Heart arrhythmias for instance, in many cases, need continual long-term monitoring. However, the patients are often too early released, owing to need of hospital bed for another patient on the waiting list, who needs to be hospitalized immediately. 1.4 Motivation Long waiting time for hospitalization or ambulatory patient monitoring/treatment, are other well-known issues for both the healthcare institutions and the patients. This project provides healthcare authorities to maximize the quality and breadth of healthcare services by controlling costs. The use of modern communication technology in this context is the sole decisive factor that makes such communication system successful. 1.5 Objectives The aim of our project is to provide a heart attack detection and heart beat monitoring device by sensing the heart rate of the patient using the wearable device(heart rate band) that contains camera sensor that will then send data to the application on mobile through Bluetooth. The application will process the data, checks continuously for abnormality in the heart beats according to an algorithm coded in it. Therefore, if it detects any abnormality, the application will immediately send an alert message and the location of the patient respectively to the Emergency Center, the concerned doctors and the relatives using the PSTN. The Emergency Center will send an ambulance to the patient as soon as possible. 2

16 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.6 Thesis layout Chapter Two: contain a brief background about the Heart in general and Cardiovascular disease and Heart attack. It also include a literature review about Heart attack detection system. Chapter Three: contain description of the components and design methods used in this project. Chapter Four: provides the result obtained from the application and the hardware and analyzed and compared with the calculated ones. Chapter Five: provides the conclusion of the project and the future work and improvements that could be applied to the project. 3

17 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER TOW 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The heart is the strongest muscle that is responsible for pumping blood and delivering oxygen all around the body. Regardless it s just the size of a person s fist; it s composed of four main chambers (two atria and two ventricles). The following figure shows blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium which receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle; the right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. Then the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle. Finally, the left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body. [1] Figure 2-1: Blood flow through the heart The heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute based on the number of contractions of the ventricles. The heart rate differ from one person to another due to several factors such as age, 4

18 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW body mass, athleticism, obesity, medication, alcohol use, smoking, gender and physical activity level. For individuals who have certain heart conditions, the heart may not efficiently push blood through the body with each contraction. These individuals have a pulse that is lower than their heart rate. The heart rate is often synchronized with the pulse. However, heart rate and pulse rate are technically different because a heart rate measures the rate of (heart beats) of the heart, whereas a pulse rate measures the rate of palpable blood pressure increases throughout the body. Normally, healthy adults who are reasonably fit and overweight, and do not smoke or drink heavily, will have resting heart rates between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). Average, healthy teenager heart rates are the same as those for adults, while children under 10 years of age experience higher heart rates and pulses: Newborns ( bpm). Infants ( bpm). Toddlers ( bpm). Preschoolers (80-120bpm). Elementary Age ( bpm).[2] These ranges help in determining the normality of the heart beat. 2.2 Heart Rate Measurement The heart rate measurement is essential for providing a person s cardiovascular fitness. There are several spots on the body that the heart rate can be taken from, at which an artery is close to the surface and a pulse can be felt. The most common places to measure heart rate is at the wrist (radial artery) and the neck (carotid artery) using the palpation method. Other places sometimes used are the elbow (brachial artery) and the groin (femoral artery). [3] 5

19 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW There are two methods are used to measure the heart rate: 1. Manual Method In this method there are two places where the beats can be measured using fingers: Wrist (radial artery): here the index and middle fingers are used together where they are placed on the opposite wrist, about ½ inch on the inside of the joint, in line with the index finger. Once a beats are found, then the number of beats can be counted within a one minute period. Neck (carotid pulse): to measure the heart rate at the nick, the first two fingers placed on either side of the neck until the beats are felt. [3] Figure 2-2: Manual Method 2. Monitor Method To get more accurate heart rate measurement, a heart rate monitor (ECG/EEG) can be used. There are many devices and phone Applications that can be used to measure the heart rate such as wristbands, chest straps and armbands, with most delivering digital readouts which designed primarily for tracking the pulses. [2] This is particularly important during exercise where the motion of exercise often makes it hard to get a clear measurement using the manual method. Using a heart rate monitor is also useful when you wish to record heart rate changes over short time periods, where the heart rate may be changing. Many heart rate monitors require at least a little body perspiration between the chest strap and the skin for best conduction of the signal. [3] 6

20 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Using those devices may also help individuals with abnormal heart rate conditions to determine what causes them. [2] 2.3 Heart attack Figure 2-3: Monitor Method The heart muscle requires a constant supply of oxygen-rich blood to nourish it. This critical blood supply provided by the coronary arteries. If there is a coronary artery disease, those arteries become narrow and blood cannot flow as well as they should. The accumulation of fat, cholesterol and other substances that form deposits in the arteries that feed the heart causes stop of the flow of the blood. The plaque deposits are hard on the outside and soft and mushy on the inside. When the plaque is hard, the outer shell cracks, platelets come to the area, and blood clots from around the plaque. If the artery totally blocked by a blood clot, the heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen. Within a short time, death of heart muscle cells occurs, causing permanent damage. This is called a heart attack. [4] 7

21 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 2-4: Heart attacks [2] The amount of damage to the heart muscle depends on the size of the area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between injury and treatment. [4], [5] In the past, heart attacks often ended in death. But today, most of people that have heart attacks are still alive and this is due to increased awareness of signs and symptoms of heart attacks and the development of treatment methods and detection. In addition, the general lifestyle, types of food, stress and tension, all of those have an important role in recovering from heart attacks Heart attack symptoms Heart attack has several signs and symptoms which includes chest pain, jaw pain, toothache, headache, shortness of breath, nausea( less common but possible symptom), vomiting, general discomfort, sweating, heartburn and indigestion, arm pain( more commonly the left arm), upper 8

22 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW back pain, general malaise (vague feeling of ill ness). Figure 2-5: Heart attack symptoms [3] Sometimes there are no symptoms, this case called silent heart attack which is occurring with mild symptoms and may seem unrelated to the heart. A heart attack can occur anytime, anywhere, but there are many warning signs occur before heart attack, therefore, you should note and not underestimate any of the previous symptoms, which may help in early detection and treatment of heart attack. [5] Heart attack detection Heart attack detection based on patient s signs and symptoms, medical and family histories, and test results. There are several diagnostic tests used to detect the heart attack such as: 9

23 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW 1. EKG (Electrocardiogram) An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the heart's electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart. An EKG can show signs of heart damage due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and signs of a previous or current heart attack.[6] 2. Blood Tests During a heart attack, heart muscle cells die and release proteins into the bloodstream. Blood tests can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. Higher than normal levels of these proteins suggest a heart attack. Commonly used blood tests include troponin tests, CK or CK MB tests, and serum myoglobin tests. Blood tests often are repeated to check for changes over time.[6] 3. Coronary Angiography Coronary angiography (an-jee-og-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your coronary arteries. This test often is done during a heart attack to help find blockages in the coronary arteries. A thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck. The tube is threaded into your coronary arteries, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.[6] Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through the coronary arteries. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels. If your doctor finds a blockage, he may recommend a procedure called percutaneous (per-ku- TA-ne-us) coronary intervention (PCI), sometimes referred to as coronary angioplasty (AN-jeeoh-plas-tee). This procedure can help restore blood flow through a blocked artery. Sometimes a 10

24 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW small mesh tube called a stent is placed in the artery to help prevent blockages after the procedure.[6] 2.4 Related Work There are many people suffered from heart problems, and therefore there is a need for follow-up on a daily basis and sometimes periodic. Since it s impractical to go to the hospital every day, there are many applications were developed to be used to follow a patient, but each application is different from the other in terms of accuracy so we need to know which application is more accurate than the rest. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific accuracy of randomly chosen heart rate android applications against digital heart rate monitor. This study analyzes different behaviors of existing heart rate monitoring applications for suggestion of future improvement in the accuracy. The society as a whole will benefit from this study as it provides an easy and portable way for measuring the daily heart rate especially for cardiovascular disease patients and other heart diseases. This study was conducted on university students their ages range from (18-22) the sample is about twenty students. and the size of Data used for this study was collected from measuring the heart rate of a group of students at University Of Khartoum Faculty Of Engineering. The heart rate was measured by using the manual method at the first, then the digital heart rate monitor used to measure the heart rate under the supervision of certified doctor.then four different heart rate monitoring android applications are used for the same person, then the results from each method was compared with the digital heart rate monitor results. Android applications used in the survey are: 1. Instant Heart Rate. 2. Runtastic Heart Rate. 11

25 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW 3. Cardiograph. 4. Pedometer and Heart Rate Monitor. Sample of size twenty (10 female and 10 male) students was selected randomly from the first to fifth year students. This study limited to the locally conducted experiment using specific android applications (stated above). Also, the randomness of the sample do not take into account the medical history of the student (consider the normal heart rate). The resulting accuracies are limited to the size of the sample. For better results, the experiment should be conducted on a larger scale. Results are listed as shown in the table below which contains the measurement results for each application on its own: Table 2-1:Survey results Application/ Digital Instant Runtastic Cardiograph Pedometer Age Gender Number Heart Rate Monitor Heart Rate Heart Rate And Heart Rate Monitor F F F F F F 12

26 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW F F M M M M M M F M M M F M *NOTE: for Runtastic heart rate monitor, it does not allow more than three attempts per day. 13

27 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW This table shows the error ratio for each application compared to the digital heart rate monitor. Table 2-2:Error ratio Application/ Instant Runtastic Cardiograph Pedometer Number Heart Rate Heart Rate And Heart Rate Monitor 1 4.3% 4.3% 22.5% 4.3% 2 1.3% 1.3% 19.4% 1.3% 3 8.3% 5.5% 4.1% 0% 4 6.7% % 4.8% % % 9% 6 0.9% % 1.8% 7 1.2% - 6.3% 12.6% 8 2.3% % 1.1% % % 12.8% % % 11.7% % % 15.5% % % 0% % % 2.1% 14

28 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW % % 4.8% % % 12.6% % % 8.3% % - 5.8% 1.1% % % 12.0% % % 9.8% % - 8.0% 3.4% We found that Instant Heart Rate Monitor received the highest accuracy and Cardiograph received the lowest accuracy. From this study we can conclude that Instant Heart Rate Monitor is more accurate application compared to the digital heart rate monitor and other applications. Depending on the findings and conclusions we found that: 1. The patient should know the types of applications and how they are used. 2. The patient should know which applications give accurate results compared to other applications. 3. The doctor should advise his patients to use the appropriate application according to the patient s condition. 15

29 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER THREE 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview To achieve the objectives of this project, several hardware components and software tools are employed and used after they have been selected among other alternatives due to some reasons and circumstances. This chapter discuss the high level design then the detailed design and talks about all these tools and materials mentioning brief description of the main component features that may be the primary reason behind the selection of this component or tool. All hardware and software design steps are considered in this chapter. 3.2 High Level Project Design In the high level design section we can see the project from an overall view point, then get down and discuss each unit separately and more clearly. Figure 3-1: The System Block Diagram This system consists of: 15

30 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Three sensors( Pulse sensor, Temperature sensor, Buzzer sensor): Pulse sensor: used to measure patient pulse. Temperature sensor: used to measure patient temperature. Buzzer sensor: used to alert patient in case of abnormality. 2. Arduino Nano: receives data from the sensors and send it through Bluetooth module. 3. Bluetooth module: used to transfer data collected from sensors to the application. 4. Android application: receives data from Bluetooth module and displays it in a specific place in the application. All these units(components) work together to output an integrated system that works as follow: Figure 3-2:the work of the system pulse sensor, temperature sensor, and buzzer sensor are used to measure patient s pulse, temperature, and monitor if there was an abnormal measures collected from the pulse and temperature sensors to alert the patient and people around him that this patient needs help. Those sensors are connected to the Nano Arduino microcontroller which is the main brain of the project. The Nano Arduino microcontroller, according to the algorithm saved in it received data from the sensors and then send this data to the application via Bluetooth module. The application stores the data as records and then send it to the doctor to monitor the patient s condition periodically. In case of any abnormal changes, the buzzer will alert the patient and alert all people around him that there is abnormal changes and they should help the patient. The application calls the ambulance and opens the GPS automatically to identify the patient s location to be able to access it. The GPS turned-on according to a specific code that written within the code of the application. 16

31 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW 3.3 Detailed Project Design The previous section was talked about the project in general, this section will explain all the details about hardware and software design. As illustrated in figure, the project design consists of software design and hardware design. Figure 3-3: project Design Divisions Hardware Design A device which gives an output by detecting the changes in quantities or events can be defined as a sensor. Generally, sensors produce an electrical signal or optical output signal corresponding to the changes in the inputs. All types of sensors can be basically classified into analog sensors and digital sensors. But, there are a few types of sensors such as temperature sensors, IR sensors, ultrasonic sensors, pressure sensors, proximity sensors, and touch sensors are frequently used in most of the electronics applications.[7] Hardware design consists of several types of sensors and other components: 1. Pulse sensor. 2. LM35 (Temperature sensor). 3. Piezo Buzzer Sensor. 4. Bluetooth module (HC-05). 5. Arduino nano. 17

32 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Pulse sensor Figure 3-4:Pulse sensor The pulse sensor is an IR sensor having a photocell which is used to emit and detect the infrared light. It is essentially a photoplethysmograph, which is a well-known medical device used for non-invasive heart rate monitoring.[8] Principle of Heartbeat Sensor: The pulse sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate is to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided by the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to the heart beat pulses. There are two types of photophlethysmography: Transmission: Light emitted from the light emitting device is transmitted through any vascular region of the body like earlobe and received by the detector. Reflection: Light emitted from the light emitting device is reflected by the regions.[8] Working of a Heartbeat Sensor: The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a light detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses causes a variation in the flow of blood to different regions of the body. When a tissue is illuminated with the light source, it either reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe). Some of the light is absorbed by the blood and the 18

33 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to the heart beat rate. This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and the blood volume and the AC component synchronous with the heart beat and caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC signal. Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of prime importance.[8] Figure 3-5:pulse sensor circuit To achieve the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first filtered using a 2 stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses using a comparator circuit or using simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to a microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate, given by the formula- BPM(Beats per minute) = 60*f Where f is the pulse frequency.[8] Temperature sensor(lm35) Figure 3-6:Temperature sensor 19

34 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: In general, a temperature sensor is a device which is designed specifically to measure the hotness or coldness of an object. LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in C).With LM35,the temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self-heating and does not cause more than 0.1 C temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from -55 C to 150 C.The LM35 s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.[9] Working principle: Figure 3-7:pulse sensor circuit There are two transistors in the center of the drawing. One has ten times the emitter area of the other. This means it has one tenth of the current density, since the same current is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage across the resistor R1 that is proportional to the absolute temperature, and is almost linear across the range. The "almost" part is taken care of by a special circuit that straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus temperature. The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base of the left transistor (Q1) is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) by comparing the output of the two transistors. The amplifier at the right converts absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) into either Fahrenheit or Celsius, depending on the part (LM34 or LM35).The little circle with the "i" in it is a constant current source circuit. 20

35 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a highly accurate temperature sensor. The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -- two in the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant current source, and some in the curvature compensation circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny package with three leads.[9] Piezo buzzer Figure 3-8:Piezo buzzer sensor A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Buzzer used as an alarm in case of any abnormal in the readings of the heart beats, issued a voice (alarm) as a warning to the patient and people around him that this patient needs help.[10] Working principle: Figure 3-9:Piezo buzzer circuit 21

36 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW The voltage drop across resistors R1(10k ) and R2 (150k ) is provided to the piezoelectric diaphragm. Due to the applied potential, the diaphragm starts vibrating. These vibrations are fed to the base of a transistor T1 (BC547). T1 acts as an amplifier to amplify these vibrations and the output appears across the collector resistor R3 (100 ).[10] Bluetooth module HC-05 Figure 3-10:Bluetooth module HC-05 designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup using Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module. It could be setted to master or slave by user. Serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH(Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). HC-05 sends data from the sensors to the application.[11] This module has two modes of operation, Command Mode where we can send AT commands to it and Data Mode where it transmits and receives data to another bluetooth module.[12] Hardware features Typical -80dBm sensitivity. Up to +4dBm RF transmit power. Low Power 1.8V Operation,1.8 to 3.6V I/O. PIO control. UART interface with programmable baud rate. 22

37 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW With integrated antenna. With edge connect. Software features Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,parity:no parity, Data control: has. Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400, Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected. Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected. PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s. Auto-connect to the last device on power as default. Permit pairing device to connect as default. Auto-pairing PINCODE: 0000 as default. Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of connection. HC-05 VS HC-06 HC-05 is a more capable module that can be set to be either Master or Slave. HC-06 is a Slave only device, and it is not cheaper.[12] Arduino Nano Figure 3-11:arduino nano 23

38 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Overview Arduino Nano is a surface mount breadboard embedded version with integrated USB. It is a smallest, complete, and breadboard friendly. It has everything that Diecimila/Duemilanove has (electrically) with more analog input pins and onboard +5V AREF jumper. Physically, it is missing power jack. The Nano is automatically sense and switch to the higher potential source of power, there is no need for the power select jumper. Power: The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source. Memory: The ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader. The ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM. Input and Output: Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or output, using pinmode(), digitalwrite(), and digitalread() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 ma and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of kohms. Communication: The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A 24

39 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus. To use the SPI communication, please see ATmega328 datasheet. Programming: The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software.[13] Software Design There are several software tools that have been used to program the system. The microcontroller needs to program using their own software before the system operated. Table 3-1: Software tools Software tools Android studio programmer Arduino programmer Usage To design and program android application To program Arduino nano Android studio Android studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE), designed specifically for android development. It is a replacement for the Eclipse Android Development Tools (ADT) as primary IDE for native Android application development. In this project, android studio have been used to create two accounts, one for patient and the second for doctor. Java codes have been used to create and design accounts to be useful for both patient and doctor. A Web Hosting service is a type of internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. This service has been 25

40 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW used to store and retrieve the required data to or from the application using special database codes (SQL) to connect the application with a web host. This application works according to the following steps: The data that collected from sensors are transferred via bluetooth module and received by the application using bluetooth code that enable the mobile bluetooth to pair with HC-05 and then display collected data in the specific interfaces in the application. Following figures show the interfaces of the application accounts: This interface enables users (patients and doctors) to login to their accounts by entering their username and password in case they are already have an accounts: Figure 3-12 Login interface In case you haven t an account, this register interface asks you if you are a doctor or a patient to let you enter your specific account: 26

41 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 3-13: Register interface In case you haven t an account and selecting a patient account in the register interface, the following interface enables users to register their data to be saved to create a new account: Figure 3-14:Patient register interface In case you haven t an account and selecting a Doctor account in the register interface, the following interface enables users to register their data to be saved to create a new account: 27

42 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 3-15:Doctor register interface when users (patients) logged in to their account this interface appears, which consists of three sections (Measure section, Health records, and Medical ID) : Figure 3-16:Patient view when users (Doctors) logged in to their account this interface appears, which consists of (List of my patients, ADD new patient(button), REMOVE patient (button)) : list of my patient: contains the patients that monitoring by this doctor. ADD and REMOVE buttons: used to add new patients and remove the patients from the list. 28

43 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 3-17:Doctor view In register section, the patient must fill in the id requirement to be saved: Figure 3-18:Patient Register Id Saved id information must appear in this interface when Medical ID in patient view interface was selected: 29

44 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Figure 3-19:Patient Id This interface enables access to GPS and Bluetooth on mobile, which is a very important step in the application to pairing with bluetooth module and to obtain the patient location, which is sent to the doctor and the ambulance to find out the location of the patient. Figure 3-20:Enable bluetooth and GPS interface 30

45 CHAPTER TOW LITERATURE REVIEW Arduino Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board and a piece of software or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that used to write and upload computer code to physical board. Arduino programmer have been used to programming the nano arduino by uploading specific codes that contains an algorithms used to monitoring the heart rate and the temperature of the patient continuously, it also contains the bluetooth module and Piezo buzzer codes. The algorithm used to measure the heart rate is a photoplethysmography (PPG) algorithm which was non-invasive method used to detect volume changes in the blood vessels and therefore measure the heart rate based on the changes in light absorption in the tissues at a specific red or NIR wavelength. This method can also be used to measure the fetal heart rate through the maternal abdomen. The acquired PPG signal is composed of an AC component which represents blood volume changes, and a DC component which represents the heart rate baseline and low frequency noise components.[14] 31

46 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO CHAPTER FOUR 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO 4.1 Results The implementation has been done by dividing the whole project into small parts (hardware and software) to achieve the project objectives. All hardware components have been integrated into one circuit as shown below: Figure 4-1:Integrated circuit of the system After we have connected all the components in the circuit, we connected this circuit with the computer and we loaded the code on the Arduino nano. This code contains many algorithms that run all the components. When we opened the serial monitor of the arduino programmer we obtain the following results: 1. Temperature sensor result: Figure 4-2:LM35 results in the serial monitor 33

47 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO We took 10 readings, compared them with a device that containing temperature sensor and the results were identical. 2. Pulse sensor result: There are two way to display the output of the pulse sensor: We obtain the output of the pulse sensor displays on the plotter in the shape of ECG waves and the result was as follow: Figure 4-3:Pulse sensor results on serial plotter Then, the same experiment was repeated, in this attempt the results was read from the serial monitor as shown below: Figure 4-4:Pulse sensor results on serial monitor 34

48 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO 3. Bluetooth module results: When the code uploaded into the circuit, bluetooth module (HC-05) become available to pair with other devices. And we have opened bluetooth from the interface of our application that we installed in the mobile, so the application can be paired with the HC-05, and we obtained the following results : Figure 4-5:Bluetooth result message in the android application This result contain a bluetooth permission request to turn on bluetooth. Also, the bluetooth of the mobile and the HC-05 bluetooth was paired as shown in the following result: Figure 4-6:HC-05 paired with mobile bluetooth 35

49 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO 4. GPS results: In the part of application, android studio create an activity called GPS, from this activity we obtained the following result: Figure 4-7:location obtained from GPS We opened GPS from the interface of our application that we installed in the mobile, and the following permissions taken before given any results: Figure 4-8:location services permissions After this step, GPS can work and then gives the results. 36

50 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO All these results are collected sent to the application through bluetooth after pairing the HC-05 module with the mobile bluetooth. 4.2 Discussion The purpose of this project was to design and implement useful application with wearable band to measure the heartbeat with high accuracy. We have done a survey to compare many applications and calculate their accuracy as explained in chapter 2. This survey helps us to design our application with accurate features. After designing and implementing the project, the previous results was obtained. From results we can found that: The temperature sensor (LM35) has a very high accuracy sensor. We took 10 readings from the serial monitor, compared them with a device that containing temperature sensor and the results were identical. We found that the accuracy of the temperature sensor is : Accuracy = 1- Error ratio Error ratio = ( actual value measured value)/(actual value) measured value = the value obtained from the serial monitor which is (27.83). actual value = the value obtained from the device that contains temperature sensor, which is (27). So, the error ratio = ( )/(27) = The accuracy of the LM35 = 1-(0.03) = 0.97= 97% Which is very high accuracy. The output of the pulse sensor that displayed on the serial monitor compared to the output from the digital heart rate monitor ( high accuracy) for the same person, then we calculated accuracy of our pulse sensor as follow: Error ratio = ( actual value measured value)/(actual value) 37

51 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO measured value = the value obtained from the serial monitor which is (88)bpm. actual value = the value obtained from the digital monitor which is (91)bpm. So, the error ratio = (91-88)/(91) = To calculate the accuracy : Accuracy = 1-Error ratio = 1 - (0.032) = 96.8% Which is very high accuracy. We found that the output of the pulse sensor that displayed on the plotter in the shape of ECG waves includes some noise signals, this noise signals is due to the non-ideal nature of the components. Some filtration are needed to obtain the pure signal from the plotter to calculate its accuracy. All android studio activities and interfaces run in a correct way, and you can moving between activities in a smooth way without facing any error. When the results obtained from sensors, it means that all the arduino codes are correct and does not contains any kinds of error. 38

52 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION CHAPTER FIVE 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion In this project, the design and development of an Arduino based heart rate monitoring and heart attack detection system has been presented. The device is portable, durable, flexible, reliable and cost effective. Also, it is efficient, easily estimable data and easy-to-use for the end user. Experimental results have shown acceptable range with actual heartbeat rates. Finally, this handheld system has proven to be a useful heart rate counting system and heart attack detection for the end user. However, further improvement is expected with the upgraded module to improve and simplify the system for the users. 5.2 Limitation The main limitation of this study is that: The hardware implementation does not give the accurate results of the monitoring system due to the non-ideal nature of the components. 5.3 Future work Furthermore some enhancements and improvements could be done: Enhance the performance of the heart rate algorithm to provide more accuracy results. Send the data from the patient account to the doctor account for continuous monitoring. Send a message to the doctor and ambulance in case of abnormal rise or fall in the readings obtained from the sensors, this message includes the patient location and abnormal readings of the patient. 39

53 REFERENCES REFERENCES [1] Fuster, wayne&o rouke 2001, pp [2] Hjalmarson,a; gilpin, e. a.; kjekshus, j.; schieman, g.; nicod, p.; henning, h.; ross, j. ( ). influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction [3] Braunwald e. (editor), heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine, fifth edition, Philadelphia, w.b. saunders co., 1997, p. 108 [4] A.D.A.M. Copyright [5] Edwards S., Heart rate Monitor Book, Leisure systems international, 1(3), (1993) 4 [6] Walraven,G.(2011).Basic arrhythmias(7 th ed.), pp [7] Sensor Types ( [8] Sokwoo Rhee design and analysis of artifact Resistive finger photoplethysmographic sensors for vital sign monitoring massachusetts,u.s, 2001, chapter1,p9. [ [9] LM35 Data sheet( [10] Piezo Sensor Datasheet ( [11] Bluetooth Module Data sheet ( [12] Bluetooth Module Data sheet ( modules-how-to). [13] Arduino Nano Datasheet( 41

54 REFERENCES [14] PPG ( 42

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