Atrial Function After Ablation Procedure in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Using Steady-State Free Precession Magnetic Resonance Imaging
|
|
- Louise Fisher
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Atrial Function After Ablation Procedure in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Using Steady-State Free Precession Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tatjana Fleck, MD, Florian Wolf, MD, Till Bader, MD, Raimund Lehner, MD, Clemens Aigner, MD, Günter Stix, MD, Ernst Wolner, MD, and Wilfried Wisser, MD Departments of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radiology, and Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Background. Surgical ablation procedures are an established surgical procedure for restoration of sinus rhythm and reestablishment of atrial function in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of steadystate free precession magnetic resonance imaging (SSFP MRI) for examination of atrial dimensions and function after ablation procedures. Methods. Nineteen patients (mean age, years) being at least six months after surgical ablation procedure, with stable sinus rhythm, were selected for the study. They underwent cardiac MRI. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were measured using Simpson s rule. The presence of visual contraction was visually assessed. Results. In MRI evaluation mean end-diastolic volume of the right atrium and left atrium after an ablation procedure was ml and ml, respectively. Mean stroke volume was ml and ml for the right and left atrium. Mean ejection fraction of the right atrium was and for the left atrium. An atrial kick of both atria was observed in 8 of 19 (47%) patients. An atrial kick of only the right atrium was observed in an additional 13 of 19 (68%) patients. Conclusions. The anticipated events after a surgical ablation procedure are the restoration of atrial contractility and the associated atrial kick, thereby enhancing cardiac output and decreasing the risk of thromboembolism. Evaluation of atrial function after an ablation procedure using SSFP MRI is feasible and allows a standardized documentation of postoperative atrial function, thus allowing evaluation of the surgical outcome in a reproducible way. Echocardiographic evaluation seems to underestimate the transport function of the atrium. (Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1600 4) 2007 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Atrial fibrillation is the most common rhythm disturbance in clinical practice with increasing prevalence in the aging population and often associated with underlying structural heart disease. It is a tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated activation of the atria, which subsequently leads to deterioration of atrial transport function, resulting in low or stagnant flow in the atria, which increases the risk of systemic thromboembolism to 5% to 8% a year [1]. The maze procedure, initially developed by James Cox in 1991, is an established surgical procedure for restoration of sinus rhythm and reestablishment of atrial function in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Although the original Cox maze procedure restores sinus rhythm in 90%, this technique has not gained widespread application due to its complexity. Therefore, alternative energy sources such as radiofrequency, microwave, and Accepted for publication May 22, Presented at the Poster Session of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, San Diego, CA, Jan 29 31, Address correspondence to Dr Wisser, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, A-1090, Austria; wilfried.wisser@meduniwien.ac.at. cryothermy for the creation of atrial lesions have emerged in order to avoid the traditional cut and sew maze. Success rates are highly variable and not easy to compare because of different study endpoints [2 5]. The aim of treating atrial fibrillation is the restoration of a regular rhythm so that a normal cardiac output is maintained. Especially, the mechanical transport function of the atria is of importance for optimum cardiac output. Despite the presence of atrial transport function in most of the patients after the maze procedure, more important is whether the amount of mechanical function is sufficient to provide atrial contraction, which in turn is mandatory to eliminate the risk of thrombus formation. It was the aim of our study to assess the presence of atrial kick by means of SSFP MRI. Material and Methods Patient Characteristics Nineteen patients (8 women and 11 men; mean age years; range, 42 to 80; mean EuroSCORE of ), being at least six months after maze procedure with stable sinus rhythm and documented by 24-hour by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons /07/$32.00 Published by Elsevier Inc doi: /j.athoracsur
2 Ann Thorac Surg FLECK ET AL 2007;84: ATRIAL FUNCTION AFTER ABLATION USING SSFP MRI electrocardiogram, were enrolled for the study after informed consent and approval by our local ethics committee were obtained for their procedures. Indications for surgery were the following: mitral valve insufficiency (n 6), mitral tricuspid valve insufficiency (n 1); mitral valve stenosis tricuspid valve insufficiency (n 1); mixed mitral valve pathology (n 3); aortic valve stenosis (n 1); aortic valve insufficiency (n 1); aortic valve stenosis mitral valve insufficiency (n 2); coronary artery disease (n 2); coronary artery disease mitral valve insufficiency (n 1); and coronary artery disease mitral tricuspid valve insufficiency (n 1). Routine transthoracic echocardiographic controls were done preoperatively as well as 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using standard parasternal and apical views. Measurement of the A wave and atrial diameters were done according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography [6]. All patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Philips Intera 1.5T, Philips Medical Systems, Austria) using steady-state free precession (SSFP) pulse sequence 12 months after surgery. Standard twochamber and four-chamber long axis series as well as a complete set of short axis cine acquisitions were obtained ( 8 to 10 slices, thickness 6 mm, 15 to 20 phases) in order to capture both atria entirely. Two experienced readers evaluated the images independently using a workstation and commercially available dedicated software. Enddiastolic and end-systolic volumes were measured using Simpson s rule and were obtained from measuring the biplane area length in orthogonal long axis, twochamber, and four-chamber views by manual segmentation by one of the two observers. The presence of visual contraction (atrial kick) was visually assessed. Normal values (MRI variables) in patients with sinus rhythm are given in the current literature [7] with a left atrial ejection fraction of and a right atrial ejection fraction of Surgical Procedure After median sternotomy, normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass was established in standard fashion. The venous drainage was accomplished by cannulating both venae cavae in case of mitral and tricuspid valve procedures, left atrial endocardial maze procedures, or by cannulating the right atrium with a two-stage cannula in the remaining cases. The surgical ablation procedure was performed either endocardially with microwave (Lynx; Tektronix, Graz- Grambach, Austria) in six patients and with unipolar irrigated radiofrequency (Medtronic Pen, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) in eight patients, or epicardially with bipolar irrigated radiofrequency (Medtronic Cardioblate; Medtronic) in three patients and with focused ultrasound (Epicor: St. Jude Medical, Inc, St Paul, MN) in two patients. The lesion concept used was a biatrial endocardial and left atrial endocardial maze and epicardial pulmonary vein isolation in nine, five, and five patients, respectively. A detailed description of the ablation procedures has been published recently [8, 9]. LEFT ATRIAL ENDOCARDIAL MAZE. The ablation lines were performed with a unipolar radiofrequency ablation tool. After onset of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, the venous inflow was occluded. Thereafter the aorta was cross-clamped and the heart arrested. Myocardial protection was achieved with cold blood cardioplegia infused antegradely and retrogradely. The left atrium was entered through the interatrial groove and the left-sided maze was performed. In contrast to the original maze procedure the left and right pulmonary veins were encircled separately, leading to two isolated isles that were connected at the back of the left atrium creating a figure H. Then the remaining lesions to the posterior mitral annulus and the left atrial appendage were carried out. After completion of the maze procedure, the necessary heart surgeries were performed and the left atrium was closed by a double running suture. BIATRIAL ENDOCARDIAL ABLATION. In cases of biatrial endocardial ablation, lesion patterns on the right side were added. Right sided lesions were created after atriotomy beginning from the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava, then from the inferior vena cava to the sinus coronarius, and from the superior vena cava to the tricuspid valve and to the right atrial appendage. PULMONARY VEIN ISOLATION. The pulmonary veins were isolated with a bipolar radiofrequency ablation tool. After onset of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, right and left pulmonary veins were dissected free with the heart beating. After encircling of the pulmonary venous cuffs, the jaws of the pliers were positioned on the atrial wall and closed. Care was taken to apply the ablation on the atrial myocardium rather than on the pulmonary vein itself. No further connecting lines to the mitral annulus or the left atrial appendage were drawn. The left atrial appendage was left in place. EPICOR (ST JUDE MEDICAL, INC). In patients where the Epicor system was used, the pericardial reflection lines around the superior and inferior venae cavae were dissected free to gain access to the transverse and oblique sinus. Thereafter a specially designed introducer-sizer was passed into the transverse sinus and guided into the oblique sinus, thereby encircling all four pulmonary veins. Afterward the UltraCinch (St Jude Medical) was passed in the same way and ablation was carried out for 10 minutes [9]. Follow-Up 1601 Patients were evaluated 3, 6, and 12 months after operation and then on a yearly basis. Rhythm was determined on the basis of a 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Echocardiographic data were collected in respect to left and right atrial diameter and MRI was performed after 12 months. CARDIOVASCULAR
3 1602 FLECK ET AL Ann Thorac Surg ATRIAL FUNCTION AFTER ABLATION USING SSFP MRI 2007;84: Fig 1. Patient with no atrial contraction. Statistics Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Continuous data were expressed as mean SD and compared using the Student t test for paired data. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The concomitant operative procedures performed with the surgical ablation procedure were the following: mitral valve reconstruction in nine patients, tricuspid valve repair in two patients, mitral valve replacement in four patients, aortic valve replacement in two patients, and coronary artery bypass surgery in two patients. In four patients combined procedures were performed. Mean aortic cross-clamp time and extracorporeal circulation time was and minutes, respectively. There were no intraoperative complications. All patients experienced an uneventful postoperative stay and were discharged after a mean of 7 5 days. A sinus rhythm was documented in all patients before discharge by ECG and echocardiography. Fig 3. Patient with no left but present right atrial contraction. In echocardiography an A wave in both atria was observed in 4 of 15 patients. Unfortunately, in four patients the contractility of the right atrium was not measured. A significant correlation was found for the duration of preoperative atrial fibrillation. In the patients with an atrial kick it was a mean of months, whereas in the patients without an atrial kick (Fig 1) it was months (p 0.016). An MRI examination at 12 months postoperatively showed the presence of an atrial kick of both atria in 8 of 19 patients (Fig 2). A significant correlation was calculated for the stroke volumes of the left and right atrium (p 0.024) as well as for the MRI-defined left atrial kick and the echocardiographic-defined A wave through the mitral valve (p 0.029). There was a trend toward a higher ejection fraction of the right and left atrium in patients with atrial kick than those without, but did not reach a statistical significance. Mean end-diastolic volume of the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) after surgical ablation procedure was ml and ml, respectively. Mean stroke volume was ml and ml for the RA and LA, respectively. Mean ejection fraction of the RA was and was of the LA. An atrial kick of both atria was observed in 8 of 19 (47%) patients. An atrial kick of only the RA was observed in an additional 13 of 19 (68%) patients (Fig 3). Mean interobserver variability for all parameters was % Fig 2. Patient with right and left atrial contraction. Comment Atrial function is threefold; namely the reservoir function, in which the venous return is stored by atrial relaxation and elongation during systole, the conduit function in which the atrium conducts blood into the ventricle during diastole, and the active contractile function in which ventricular filling is enhanced [10]. During atrial fibrillation, hemodynamic function is affected by
4 Ann Thorac Surg FLECK ET AL 2007;84: ATRIAL FUNCTION AFTER ABLATION USING SSFP MRI the loss of synchronous atrial mechanical activity, the irregularity of ventricular response and the rapid heart rate. Especially the decrease in cardiac output can be attributed to the loss of atrial contraction, which predominantly affects patients with concomitant structural heart disease. Furthermore, the persistent fast heart rate additionally jeopardizes atrial mechanical function. Even though, the maze procedure often leads to sinus rhythm restoration, the recovery of atrial transport function remains to be elucidated. However, the main question is whether the mechanical function of the atria is sufficient to provide an atrial contraction, which is mandatory for reducing the stasis of blood in the atria, thereby eliminating the risk of thrombus formation. Regarding the duration of atrial fibrillation, our findings were in accordance with a recent report of Isobe and Kawashima [11], who showed that patients with a longer duration of preoperative atrial fibrillation were less likely to recover atrial transport function after restoration of sinus rhythm [11]. In the current literature detailed examination of atrial transport function as well as long-term follow-up is still pending. This is attributed mainly to the limited ability of echocardiography to accurately evaluate atrial geometry, wall motion, and volume measurements due to the complexity of the atrial shapes [11 13]. There are some studies, particularly by Yashima and colleagues [10] and Ishii and colleagues [12], which report a slow recovery of atrial transport function or atrial function remaining at an unsatisfactory level, in a serial evaluation of echocardiographic studies [10, 12]. The results are somewhat more favorable in patients with lone atrial fibrillation, as demonstrated in a recent study by Hemels and colleagues [13], which showed a normal atrial contraction pattern in 41% of their patients after one year. As mentioned above, so far follow-up studies are mainly performed by echocardiography, which is often limited by suboptimal acoustic windows and thus impedes quantification of atrial dimensions [10 12]. Magnetic resonance imaging, on the other hand, is another noninvasive imaging technique and is currently the golden standard for assessment of left and right ventricular dimensions and function. The advantages of MRI over echocardiography are the superior image quality, the possibility of quantification of dimension and volumes, and the high reproducibility as well as the smaller sample size needed for statistical analysis [6, 11 13]. Especially, SSFP MRI has become the technique of choice for assessing regional and global cardiac function because of its superior blood tissue contrast that enables excellent visualization of cardiac motion in areas of slow blood flow [14 16]. Yamanaka and colleagues [17] have recently evaluated left atrial size by means of multislice computed tomography. They compared a series of patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and mitral valve disease with coronary artery bypass patients (who served as control). Multislice tomography accurately quantified left atrial volume and regional wall motion but revealed a diffusely low atrial mechanical function after the maze procedure despite recovery of sinus rhythm. However, one has to consider the disadvantage of radiation exposure to the patient. The anticipated events after a maze procedure are the restoration of atrial contractility and the associated atrial kick, thereby enhancing cardiac output and decreasing the risk of thromboembolism. Our results indicate that echocardiographic evaluation seems to underestimate the transport function of the atrium. We have found only one report existing in literature so far, by Bauer and colleagues [18], who evaluated 72 patients after the mini maze procedure with echocardiography as well as MRI in terms of diameter of the left atrium, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter. They showed a higher restoration of atrial transport function rate in echocardiography (86%) versus MRI (78%) one year after surgery. They stated that echocardiography and MRI showed an excellent correlation. This might be based on the fact that they mainly evaluated left ventricular dimension and only the diameter of the left atrium, which are only two, two-dimensional evaluations. In our study however, we focused on quantification of atrial volumes and ejection fraction, which are threedimensional evaluations, where MRI seems particularly useful. We are well aware of limitations present in this study, such as the small patient number, which allows only limited conclusions of statistical data. Evaluation of atrial function after a maze procedure using SSFP MRI is feasible and allows a standardized documentation of postoperative atrial function, thus allowing to evaluate the surgical outcome in a reproducible way. Echocardiographic evaluation seems to underestimate the transport function of the atrium. Further studies are warranted to gain more insight into the exact evaluation of atrial transport function. Especially, the feasibility of MRI regarding other parameters of atrial transport function, such as atrial ejection fraction, might emerge as an indicator for intact transport function and therefore cessation of anticoagulation. References Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. Circulation 2001;104: Cox JL, Schuessler RB, D Agostino HR Jr, et al. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. III. Development of a definitive surgical procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101: Cox JL, Schuessler RB, Boineau JP. The development of the maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;12: Gillinov MA, Wolf RK. Surgical abalation of atrial fibrillation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;48: Bakir I, Casselman FP, Brugada P, et al. Current strategies in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation: review of the literature and Onze Lieve Vrouw clinic s strategy. Ann Thorac Surg 2007,83: Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/ AHA/ASE 2003 Guideline Update for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography: Summary Article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task CARDIOVASCULAR
5 1604 FLECK ET AL Ann Thorac Surg ATRIAL FUNCTION AFTER ABLATION USING SSFP MRI 2007;84: Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation 2003;108: Therkelsen SK, Groenning BA, Svendson JH, et al. Atrial and ventricular volume and function evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation before and after cardioversion. Am J Cardiol 2006;97: Wisser W, Khazen C, Deviatko E, et al. Microwave and radiofrequency ablation yield similar success rates for treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004;25: Ninet J, Roques X, Seitelberger R, et al. Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation with off pump, epicardial, high intensity focused ultrasound: results of a multicenter trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130: Yashima N, Nasu M, Kawazoe K, Hiramori K. Serial evaluation of atrial function by Doppler echocardiography after the maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 1997;18: Isobe F, Kawashima Y. The outcome and indications of the Cox maze III procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation with mitral valve disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116: Ishii Y, Nitta T, Fujii M, et al. Serial change in the atrial transport function after the radial incision approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71: Hemels MEW, Gu YL, Tuinenburg AE, et al. Favorable long-term outcome of maze surgery in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81: Plein S, Bloomer TN, Ridgway JP, Jones TR, Bainbridge GJ, Sivananthan MU. Steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: comparison with segmented k-space gradient-echo imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 14: Barkhausen J, Ruehm SG, Goyen M, et al. MR evaluation of ventricular function: true fast imaging with steady-state free precession magnetic resonance imaging: feasibility study. Radiology 2001;219: Hudsmith LE, Petersen SE, Francus JM, Robson MD, Neubauer S. Normal human left and right ventricular and left atrial dimensions using steady state free precession magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005;7: Yamanaka K, Fujita M, Doi K, et al. Multislice computed tomography accurately quantifies left atrial size and function after the maze procedure. Circulation 2006;114: I Bauer EP, Szalay ZA, Brandt RR, et al. Predictors for atrial transport function after mini-maze operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72: Southern Thoracic Surgical Association: Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting The Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association (STSA) will be held November 7 10, 2007, in Bonita Springs, Florida. The meeting will feature Surgical Motion Pictures, the STSA Postgraduate Program with new pro/con sessions, an Ethics Debate titled, Smoking in Public Places Should it Be Banned?, a coding workshop, and the STSA Scientific Sessions including new cardiac and general thoracic breakout sessions. The President s Invited Speaker is William A. Gay, Jr, MD, who will address attendees on Friday morning just prior to the STSA Presidential Address to be given by Carolyn E. Reed, MD. Physician attendees can earn up to 21 category 1 credits toward the AMA Physician s Recognition Award. Review a detailed program online at There will be an additional $50 charge for attendees registering on-site by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84: /07/$32.00 Published by Elsevier Inc
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased morbidity
Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation with Concomitant Surgery Edward G. Soltesz, MD, MPH, and A. Marc Gillinov, MD Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in coronary artery
More informationThe radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth
The Radial Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation Takashi Nitta, MD The radial procedure was developed as an outgrowth of an alternative to the maze procedure. The atrial incisions are designed to radiate from
More informationIncidence and Predictors of Pacemaker Placement After Surgical Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Incidence and Predictors of Pacemaker Placement After Surgical Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Berhane Worku, MD, Sang-Woo Pak, MD, Faisal Cheema, MD, Mark Russo, MD, Brian Housman, BA, Danielle Van Patten,
More informationThe multi purse string maze procedure: A new surgical technique to perform the full maze procedure without atriotomies
Ad Evolving Technology The multi purse string maze procedure: A new surgical technique to perform the full maze procedure without atriotomies Niv Ad, MD Objective: The maze procedure is the most effective
More informationConcomitant procedures using minimally access
Surgical Technique on Cardiac Surgery Concomitant procedures using minimally access Nelson Santos Paulo Cardiothoracic Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia, Oporto, Portugal Correspondence to:
More informationAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common of the. Serial Change in the Atrial Transport Function After the Radial Incision Approach
Serial Change in the Atrial Transport Function After the Radial Incision Approach Yosuke Ishii, MD, Takashi Nitta, MD, Masahiro Fujii, MD, Hidetsugu Ogasawara, MD, Hideyuki Iwaki, MD, Naoko Ohkubo, MD,
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD Disclosure No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests Fetal Echo: How to do it? Timing of Study -optimally between 22-24 weeks
More informationNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE
266 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES PROGRAMME Interventional procedures overview of microwave ablation for atrial fibrillation as an associated procedure with other
More informationLeft atrial function. Aliakbar Arvandi MD
In the clinic Left atrial function Abstract The left atrium (LA) is a left posterior cardiac chamber which is located adjacent to the esophagus. It is separated from the right atrium by the inter-atrial
More informationPART II ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY LABORATORY OPERATIONS ADULT TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TESTING
PART II ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY LABORATORY OPERATIONS ADULT TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TESTING STANDARD - Primary Instrumentation 1.1 Cardiac Ultrasound Systems SECTION 1 Instrumentation Ultrasound instruments
More informationCox/Maze III Operation Versus Radiofrequency Ablation for the Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: A Comparative Study
Cox/Maze III Operation Versus Radiofrequency Ablation for the Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: A Comparative Study Bruno Chiappini, MD, Sofia Martìn-Suàrez, MD, Antonino LoForte, MD, Giorgio
More informationAdult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Adult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 Anatomy and Physiology Pathology Clinical Care and Safety Measurement Techniques, Maneuvers,
More informationSerial evaluation of atrial function by Doppler echocardiography after the maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation
European Heart Journal (1997) 18, 496-502 Serial evaluation of atrial function by Doppler echocardiography after the maze procedure for chronic atrial fibrillation N. Yashima, M. Nasu, K. Kawazoe* and
More informationMid-Term Results of Intraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation
Kitakanto Med J 37 2003 ; 53 : 37 `41 Mid-Term Results of Intraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation A new approach to atrial fibrillation Susumu Ishikawa,1 Jai S. Raman,1 Brian F. Buxton1 and Yasuo Morishita
More informationThe Edge-to-Edge Technique f For Barlow's Disease
The Edge-to-Edge Technique f For Barlow's Disease Ottavio Alfieri, Michele De Bonis, Elisabetta Lapenna, Francesco Maisano, Lucia Torracca, Giovanni La Canna. Department of Cardiac Surgery, San Raffaele
More informationThe Maze III procedure was introduced in 1995 as a
Long-Term Effects of the Maze Procedure on Atrial Size and Mechanical Function Stefan Lönnerholm, MD, Per Blomström, MD, Leif Nilsson, MD, and Carina Blomström-Lundqvist, MD Departments of Cardiology and
More informationAtrial Mechanical Function After Maze Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation Concomitant With Mitral Valve Surgery
ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI 10.4070 / kcj.2008.38.11.606 Print ISSN 1738-5520 / On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Copyright c 2008 The Korean Society of Cardiology Atrial Mechanical Function After Maze Procedure for Atrial
More informationCertificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus. Rapid Cardiac Echo (RCE)
Certificate in Clinician Performed Ultrasound (CCPU) Syllabus Rapid Cardiac Echo (RCE) Purpose: Rapid Cardiac Echocardiography (RCE) This unit is designed to cover the theoretical and practical curriculum
More informationMR Advance Techniques. Cardiac Imaging. Class IV
MR Advance Techniques Cardiac Imaging Class IV Heart The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. Layers of the heart Endocardium
More informationAtrial Fibrillation Procedures Data Summary. Participant STS Period Ending 12/31/2016
Period Ending 12/31/2016 Number of Cases Preoperative Predominant Atrial Arrhythmia Type Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation... - - Persistent Atrial Fibrillation... - - Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation...
More informationAF :RHYTHM CONTROL BY DR-MOHAMMED SALAH ASSISSTANT LECTURER CARDIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
AF :RHYTHM CONTROL BY DR-MOHAMMED SALAH ASSISSTANT LECTURER CARDIOLOGY DEPARTMENT 5-2014 Atrial Fibrillation therapeutic Approach Rhythm Control Thromboembolism Prevention: Recommendations Direct-Current
More informationGeneral Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2 General Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging 19 Peter G. Danias, Cardiovascular MRI: 150 Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers Humana Press 2008 20 Cardiovascular MRI: 150 Multiple-Choice Questions
More informationCardiac MRI in ACHD What We. ACHD Patients
Cardiac MRI in ACHD What We Have Learned to Apply to ACHD Patients Faris Al Mousily, MBChB, FAAC, FACC Consultant, Pediatric Cardiology, KFSH&RC/Jeddah Adjunct Faculty, Division of Pediatric Cardiology
More informationPolicy #: 222 Latest Review Date: March 2009
Name of Policy: MRI Phase-Contrast Flow Measurement Policy #: 222 Latest Review Date: March 2009 Category: Radiology Policy Grade: Active Policy but no longer scheduled for regular literature reviews and
More informationThe Mammalian Circulatory System
The Mammalian Heart The Mammalian Circulatory System Recall: What are the 3 cycles of the mammalian circulatory system? What are their functions? What are the three main vessel types in the mammalian circulatory
More informationAF ABLATION Concepts and Techniques
AF ABLATION Concepts and Techniques Antony F Chu, M.D. Director of Complex Ablation Arrhythmia Services Section Division of Cardiology at the Rhode Island and Miriam Hospital HIGHLIGHTS The main indications
More informationMinimal access aortic valve surgery has become one of
Minimal Access Aortic Valve Surgery Through an Upper Hemisternotomy Approach Prem S. Shekar, MD Minimal access aortic valve surgery has become one of the accepted forms of surgical therapy for patients
More informationThe Heart. Happy Friday! #takeoutyournotes #testnotgradedyet
The Heart Happy Friday! #takeoutyournotes #testnotgradedyet Introduction Cardiovascular system distributes blood Pump (heart) Distribution areas (capillaries) Heart has 4 compartments 2 receive blood (atria)
More informationThe problem with concomitant atrial fibrillation in non-mitral valve surgery
Safeguards and Pitfalls The problem with concomitant atrial fibrillation in non-mitral valve surgery Mark La Meir 1,2, Sandro Gelsomino 2, Bart Nonneman 3 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University
More informationWe present the case of an asymptomatic, 75-year-old
Images in Cardiovascular Medicine Asymptomatic Rupture of the Left Ventricle Lech Paluszkiewicz, MD; Stefan Ożegowski, MD; Mohammad Amin Parsa, MD; Jan Gummert, PhD, MD We present the case of an asymptomatic,
More informationIntraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation During Concomitant Cardiac Surgery
Intraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation During Concomitant Cardiac Surgery Michael E. Halkos, MD, Joseph M. Craver, MD, Vinod H. Thourani, MD, Faraz Kerendi, MD,
More informationMAYON VOLCANO: FAST FACTS
MAYON VOLCANO: FAST FACTS Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano Elevation: 2.46 km Base Diameter: 20 km Base Circumference: 62.8 km Area: 314.1 km 2 Reference: http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/html/update_vmepd/volcano/volcanolist/mayon.htm
More informationAdvanced imaging of the left atrium - strain, CT, 3D, MRI -
Advanced imaging of the left atrium - strain, CT, 3D, MRI - Monica Rosca, MD Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania Declaration of interest: I have nothing to declare Case
More informationSurgical thermoablation of atrial fibrillation: Epicardial
Surgical thermoablation of atrial fibrillation: Epicardial Nicolas Bonnet Centre Cardiologique du Nord CCN Saint Denis FRANCE Place of Surgery in AF treatment Historical Models and concepts Treatments
More informationSIKLUS JANTUNG. Rahmatina B. Herman
SIKLUS JANTUNG Rahmatina B. Herman The Cardiac Cycle Definition: The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next The cardiac cycle consists of: - Diastole
More informationMODIFICATION OF THE MAZE PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FLUTTER AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
MODIFICATION OF THE MAZE PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FLUTTER AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION II. Surgical technique of the maze III procedure The operative technique of the maze III procedure for the treatment of patients
More informationSuccessful Performance of Cox-Maze Procedure on Beating Heart Using Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation: A Feasibility Study in Animals
Successful Performance of Cox-Maze Procedure on Beating Heart Using Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation: A Feasibility Study in Animals Sydney L. Gaynor, MD, Yosuke Ishii, MD, Michael D. Diodato, MD, Sunil
More informationLab 16. The Cardiovascular System Heart and Blood Vessels. Laboratory Objectives
Lab 16 The Cardiovascular System Heart and Blood Vessels Laboratory Objectives Describe the anatomical structures of the heart to include the pericardium, chambers, valves, and major vessels. Describe
More informationPediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Pediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 Anatomy and Physiology Normal Anatomy and Physiology 10% 2 Abnormal Pathology and Pathophysiology
More informationPROSTHETIC VALVE BOARD REVIEW
PROSTHETIC VALVE BOARD REVIEW The correct answer D This two chamber view shows a porcine mitral prosthesis with the typical appearance of the struts although the leaflets are not well seen. The valve
More informationThe Cardiovascular System. Chapter 15. Cardiovascular System FYI. Cardiology Closed systemof the heart & blood vessels. Functions
Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System FYI The heart pumps 7,000 liters (4000 gallons) of blood through the body each day The heart contracts 2.5 billion times in an avg. lifetime The heart & all blood vessels
More informationCase Report Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect as a Cause of Palpitations and Dyspnea in an Adult: A Diagnostic Imaging Challenge
Case Reports in Medicine Volume 2015, Article ID 128462, 4 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/128462 Case Report Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect as a Cause of Palpitations and Dyspnea in an Adult:
More informationStand alone maze: when and how?
Stand alone maze: when and how? Dong Seop Jeong Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, HVSI Samsung Medical Center Type of atrial fibrillation First diagnose AF Paroxysmal AF: self-terminating
More informationSURGICAL ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DURING MITRAL VALVE SURGERY THE CARDIOTHORACIC SURGICAL TRIALS NETWORK
SURGICAL ABLATION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DURING MITRAL VALVE SURGERY THE CARDIOTHORACIC SURGICAL TRIALS NETWORK Marc Gillinov, M.D. For the CTSN Investigators ACC Late Breaking Clinical Trials March 16,
More informationEvaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction by Doppler and 2D Speckle-tracking Imaging in Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
ESC Congress 2011.No 85975 Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction by Doppler and 2D Speckle-tracking Imaging in Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Second Department of Internal
More informationAcute type A aortic dissection (Type I, proximal, ascending)
Acute Type A Aortic Dissection R. Morton Bolman, III, MD Acute type A aortic dissection (Type I, proximal, ascending) is a true surgical emergency. It is estimated that patients suffering this calamity
More informationCardiac Cycle. Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle. First the two atria contract at the same time.
The Heartbeat Cardiac Cycle Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle. First the two atria contract at the same time. Next the two ventricles contract at the same time. Then all the chambers relax. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frd3k6lkhws
More informationCardiovascular System Notes: Heart Disease & Disorders
Cardiovascular System Notes: Heart Disease & Disorders Interesting Heart Facts The Electrocardiograph (ECG) was invented in 1902 by Willem Einthoven Dutch Physiologist. This test is still used to evaluate
More informationSurgical AF Ablation : Lesion Sets and Energy Sources. What are the data? Steven F Bolling, MD Cardiac Surgery University of Michigan
Surgical AF Ablation : Lesion Sets and Energy Sources What are the data? Steven F Bolling, MD Cardiac Surgery University of Michigan Disclosures Consultant/Advisory Board: Abbott, Edwards Lifesciences
More informationCatheter Ablation: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common. Another Option for AF FAQ. Who performs ablation for treatment of AF?
: Another Option for AF Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a highly common cardiac arrhythmia and a major risk factor for stroke. In this article, Dr. Khan and Dr. Skanes detail how catheter ablation significantly
More informationA atrial rate of 250 to 350 beats per minute that usually
Use of Intraoperative Mapping to Optimize Surgical Ablation of Atrial Flutter Shigeo Yamauchi, MD, Richard B. Schuessler, PhD, Tomohide Kawamoto, MD, Todd A. Shuman, MD, John P. Boineau, MD, and James
More informationVideo-Assisted Bilateral Epicardial Pulmonary Vein Isolation for the Treatment of Lone Atrial Fibrillation
Video-Assisted Bilateral Epicardial Pulmonary Vein Isolation for the Treatment of Lone Atrial Fibrillation Ertan Sagbas, MD, Belhhan Akpinar, MD, Ilhan Sanisoglu, MD, Barış Caynak, MD, Burak Tamtekin,
More informationThe pericardial sac is composed of the outer fibrous pericardium
Pericardiectomy for Constrictive or Recurrent Inflammatory Pericarditis Mauricio A. Villavicencio, MD, Joseph A. Dearani, MD, and Thoralf M. Sundt, III, MD Anatomy and Preoperative Considerations The pericardial
More informationNormal values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults and children
Kawel-Boehm et al. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2015) 17:29 DOI 10.1186/s12968-015-0111-7 REVIEW Normal values for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults and children Nadine Kawel-Boehm
More informationQuestions on Chamber Quantitation
Questions on Chamber Quantitation @RobertoMLang Which of the following statements is true? 1. The aortic annulus should be measured in midsystole. 2. The aortic annulus should be measured in enddiastole.
More informationCardiovascular System Notes: Physiology of the Heart
Cardiovascular System Notes: Physiology of the Heart Interesting Heart Fact Capillaries are so small it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair. Review What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular
More informationEchocardiographic Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Beyond Ejection Fraction
Echocardiographic Cardiovascular Risk Stratification: Beyond Ejection Fraction October 4, 2014 James S. Lee, M.D., F.A.C.C. Associates in Cardiology, P.A. Silver Spring, M.D. Disclosures Financial none
More informationRevealing new insights. irotate electronic rotation and xplane adjustable biplane imaging. Ultrasound cardiology. irotate and xplane
Ultrasound cardiology irotate and xplane Revealing new insights irotate electronic rotation and xplane adjustable biplane imaging Annemien van den Bosch and Jackie McGhie Department of Cardiology, Erasmus
More informationMechanical Bleeding Complications During Heart Surgery
Mechanical Bleeding Complications During Heart Surgery Arthur C. Beall, Jr., M.D., Kenneth L. Mattox, M.D., Mary Martin, R.N., C.C.P., Bonnie Cromack, C.C.P., and Gary Cornelius, C.C.P. * Potential for
More informationCh.15 Cardiovascular System Pgs {15-12} {15-13}
Ch.15 Cardiovascular System Pgs {15-12} {15-13} E. Skeleton of the Heart 1. The skeleton of the heart is composed of rings of dense connective tissue and other masses of connective tissue in the interventricular
More informationHemodynamic Assessment. Assessment of Systolic Function Doppler Hemodynamics
Hemodynamic Assessment Matt M. Umland, RDCS, FASE Aurora Medical Group Milwaukee, WI Assessment of Systolic Function Doppler Hemodynamics Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Cardiac Index Tei Index/Index of myocardial
More informationUniversity of Florida Department of Surgery. CardioThoracic Surgery VA Learning Objectives
University of Florida Department of Surgery CardioThoracic Surgery VA Learning Objectives This service performs coronary revascularization, valve replacement and lung cancer resections. There are 2 faculty
More informationCardiovascular Physiology. Heart Physiology. Introduction. The heart. Electrophysiology of the heart
Cardiovascular Physiology Heart Physiology Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and two vascular systems, the systemic and pulmonary circulations. The heart pumps blood through
More informationOutcomes of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Regurgitation Due to Degenerative Disease
Outcomes of Mitral Valve Repair for Mitral Regurgitation Due to Degenerative Disease TIRONE E. DAVID, MD ; SEMIN THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 19:116-120c 2007 ELSEVIER INC. PRESENTED BY INTERN 許士盟 Mitral valve
More informationCase 47 Clinical Presentation
93 Case 47 C Clinical Presentation 45-year-old man presents with chest pain and new onset of a murmur. Echocardiography shows severe aortic insufficiency. 94 RadCases Cardiac Imaging Imaging Findings C
More informationDisease of the aortic valve is frequently associated with
Stentless Aortic Bioprosthesis for Disease of the Aortic Valve, Root and Ascending Aorta John R. Doty, MD, and Donald B. Doty, MD Disease of the aortic valve is frequently associated with morphologic abnormalities
More informationJournal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 35, No. 2, by the American College of Cardiology ISSN /00/$20.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 35, No. 2, 2000 2000 by the American College of Cardiology ISSN 0735-1097/00/$20.00 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. PII S0735-1097(99)00559-8 Mechanism,
More informationComparison between inter atrial and trans-septal approach in mitral valve surgery
International Journal of Advances in Medicine Altaani HA et al. Int J Adv Med. 2016 May;3(2):229-233 http://www.ijmedicine.com pissn 2349-3925 eissn 2349-3933 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20160467
More information4. The two inferior chambers of the heart are known as the atria. the superior and inferior vena cava, which empty into the left atrium.
Answer each statement true or false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word to make it true. 1. The heart is located approximately between the second and fifth ribs and posterior to the
More informationObstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Richard A. Jonas, MD Children s National Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Washington, DC. Address reprint requests to Richard A. Jonas,
More informationSurgical management of atrial fibrillation at the time of septal myectomy
Perspective Surgical management of atrial fibrillation at the time of septal myectomy Eduard Quintana 1, James L. Cox 2 1 Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínic
More informationMitral valve infective endocarditis (IE) is the most
Mitral Valve Replacement for Infective Endocarditis With Annular Abscess: Annular Reconstruction Gregory J. Bittle, MD, Murtaza Y. Dawood, MD, and James S. Gammie, MD Mitral valve infective endocarditis
More informationLeft ventricle pseudoaneurysm as late postoperative complication of a large apical aneurysm
CASE REPORT Left ventricle pseudoaneurysm as late postoperative complication of a large apical aneurysm Mariana M. Floria 1, 4, Carmen Elena Pleșoianu 2, 4, Michel Buche 3, Baudouin Marchandise 4, Erwin
More informationSurgical Ablation for Lone AF: What have we learned after 30 years?
Surgical Ablation for Lone AF: What have we learned after 30 years? Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD Evarts A. Graham Professor of Surgery Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery Vice Chairman, Department of Surgery
More informationAtrial Septal Defects
Supplementary ACHD Echo Acquisition Protocol for Atrial Septal Defects The following protocol for echo in adult patients with atrial septal defects (ASDs) is a guide for performing a comprehensive assessment
More informationReference Normal Absolute and Indexed Values From ECG- Gated MDCT: Left Atrial Volume, Function, and Diameter
Cardiopulmonary Imaging Original Research Stojanovska et al. ECG-Gated MDCT Cardiopulmonary Imaging Original Research Jadranka Stojanovska Paul Cronin Smita Patel Barry H. Gross Hakan Oral Komal Chughtai
More informationLong-Term Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Mitral Valve Replacement and Left Atrial Ablation (Reasons and Mechanisms)
March 2002 27 Long-Term Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Mitral Valve Replacement and Left Atrial Ablation (Reasons and Mechanisms) A.V. EVTUSHENKO, V.M. SHIPULIN, I.V. ANTONCHENKO, S.V. POPOV,
More informationTHE LEFT ATRIUM HOW CAN ECHO HELP US?
THE LEFT ATRIUM HOW CAN ECHO HELP US? Dr. Dragos COZMA BACKGROUND Left atrium (LA) dilation can occur in a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, left ventricular dysfunction,
More informationEarly Restoration of Atrial Contractility After New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization
Early Restoration of Atrial Contractility After New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization Ho Young Hwang, MD, PhD, Sungjoon Park, MD, Hyung-Kwan Kim, MD, PhD, Yong-Jin Kim, MD,
More informationThe Cardiovascular System
The Cardiovascular System The Manila Times College of Subic Prepared by: Stevens B. Badar, RN, MANc THE HEART Anatomy of the Heart Location and Size approx. the size of a person s fist, hollow and cone-shaped,
More informationCardiovascular System. Heart Anatomy
Cardiovascular System Heart Anatomy 1 The Heart Location & general description: Atria vs. ventricles Pulmonary vs. systemic circulation Coverings Walls The heart is found in the mediastinum, the medial
More informationRestoration of Sinus Rhythm by the Maze Procedure Halts Progression of Tricuspid Regurgitation After Mitral Surgery
Restoration of Sinus Rhythm by the Maze Procedure Halts Progression of Tricuspid Regurgitation After Mitral Surgery John M. Stulak, MD,* Hartzell V. Schaff, MD, Joseph A. Dearani, MD, Thomas A. Orszulak,
More informationEbstein s anomaly is defined by a downward displacement
Repair of Ebstein s Anomaly Sylvain Chauvaud, MD Ebstein s anomaly is a tricuspid valve anomaly associated with poor right ventricular contractility in severe cases. Surgery is indicated in all symptomatic
More information1. CARDIOLOGY. These listings cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Preamble. Anes. $ Level
1. CARDIOLOGY These listings cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Preamble. Anes. Referred Cases 33010 Consultation: To consist of examination, review of history, laboratory, X-ray
More informationHybrid Ablation of AF in the Operating Room: Is There a Need? MAZE III Procedure. Spectrum of Atrial Fibrillation
Hybrid Ablation of AF in the Operating Room: Is There a Need? MAZE III Procedure Paul J. Wang, MD Amin Al-Ahmad, MD Gan Dunnington, MD Stanford University Cox J, et al. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:578-580.
More informationA Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 1(1), 59-64 (1999) INVITED PAPER Use of MRI in ASD Asessment A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method for Evaluating Atrial Septa1 Defects Godtfred Holmvang Cardiac
More informationSurgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Gregory D. Rushing, MD. Assistant Professor, Division of Cardiac Surgery
Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Gregory D. Rushing, MD Assistant Professor, Division of Cardiac Surgery Midwestern Conference on Optimizing Electrophysiology Patient Care and Procedural Success
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute coronary syndrome(s), anticoagulant therapy in, 706, 707 antiplatelet therapy in, 702 ß-blockers in, 703 cardiac biomarkers in,
More informationConversion of Atriopulmonary to Cavopulmonary Anastomosis in Management of Late Arrhythmias and Atrial Thrombosis
Conversion of Atriopulmonary to Cavopulmonary Anastomosis in Management of Late Arrhythmias and Atrial Thrombosis Jane M. Kao, MD, Juan c. Alejos, MD, Peter W. Grant, MD, Roberta G. Williams, MD, Kevin
More informationBiatrial Maze or PVI to Ablate Afib? Marc Gillinov, MD
Biatrial Maze or PVI to Ablate Afib? Marc Gillinov, MD Disclosures Consultant/Speaker AtriCure Medtronic CryoLife Edwards Abbott Research Funding Abbott Equity Interest Clear Catheter Cleveland Clinic
More informationPrinciples of Biomedical Systems & Devices. Lecture 8: Cardiovascular Dynamics Dr. Maria Tahamont
Principles of Biomedical Systems & Devices Lecture 8: Cardiovascular Dynamics Dr. Maria Tahamont Review of Cardiac Anatomy Four chambers Two atria-receive blood from the vena cave and pulmonary veins Two
More informationEchocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies
Echocardiography as a diagnostic and management tool in medical emergencies Frank van der Heusen MD Department of Anesthesia and perioperative Care UCSF Medical Center Objective of this presentation Indications
More informationLarge Arteries of Heart
Cardiovascular System (Part A-2) Module 5 -Chapter 8 Overview Arteries Capillaries Veins Heart Anatomy Conduction System Blood pressure Fetal circulation Susie Turner, M.D. 1/5/13 Large Arteries of Heart
More informationCardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System The Heart Cardiovascular System The Heart Overview What does the heart do? By timed muscular contractions creates pressure gradients blood moves then from high pressure to low pressure
More informationIndex of subjects. effect on ventricular tachycardia 30 treatment with 101, 116 boosterpump 80 Brockenbrough phenomenon 55, 125
145 Index of subjects A accessory pathways 3 amiodarone 4, 5, 6, 23, 30, 97, 102 angina pectoris 4, 24, 1l0, 137, 139, 140 angulation, of cavity 73, 74 aorta aortic flow velocity 2 aortic insufficiency
More informationCardiac ultrasound protocols
Cardiac ultrasound protocols IDEXX Telemedicine Consultants Two-dimensional and M-mode imaging planes Right parasternal long axis four chamber Obtained from the right side Displays the relative proportions
More informationEffect of physiological heart rate changes on left ventricular dimensions and mitral blood flow velocities in the normal fetus
ELSEVIER Early Human Development 40 (1995) 109-114 Effect of physiological heart rate changes on left ventricular dimensions and mitral blood flow velocities in the normal fetus P.B. Tsyvian a, K.V. Malkin
More informationDoes Patient-Prosthesis Mismatch Affect Long-term Results after Mitral Valve Replacement?
Original Article Does Patient-Prosthesis Mismatch Affect Long-term Results after Mitral Valve Replacement? Hiroaki Sakamoto, MD, PhD, and Yasunori Watanabe, MD, PhD Background: Recently, some articles
More informationThe influence of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence after the maze procedure in patients with giant left atrium
The influence of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence after the maze procedure in patients with giant left atrium Seung Hyun Lee, MD, Joon Bum Kim, MD, Won Chul Cho, MD, Cheol Hyun Chung, MD, Sung Ho
More informationInvestigation of the Golden Ratio in Human Heart Anatomically by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Method
International Journal of Research Studies in Medical and Health Sciences Volume 3, Issue 11, 2018, PP 10-14 ISSN : 2456-6373 Investigation of the Golden Ratio in Human Heart Anatomically by Cardiac Magnetic
More information