Index. interval trainings protocol types, 108, 110, 111 moderate-intensity-continuous-endurance,

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1 A Abdominal obesity, 34 ABI. See Ankle-brachial index (ABI) ACHD. See Adult patients with congenital heart diseases (ACHD) Acute coronary events, Acute myocardial infarction acute plaque rupture, 169, 170 bicycle stress test guidelines, cognitive behavioural therapy, 177 depression, prevalence, emergency logistics care acute plaque rupture, 169, 170, 172 cardiovascular risk factors, 171, 173 prehospital and in-hospital management, 169, 171 routine coronary stent implantation, 170 exercise prescription, HADS, 175 hospital, clinical practice, 173 optimal pharmacological treatment, post-mi depression and cardiac-related mortality, psychotherapy effects, 177 Adult patients with congenital heart diseases (ACHD) cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 276, 277 Euro Heart Survey, 276 exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation with, physical activity, Aerobic endurance training biking, 114 Borg scale, 104, 105, 125 cardiovascular risk factors, 101 contraindications, 102, 103 on cycle ergometer computer-controlled, 107 exemplary exercise session, 108, 109 interval trainings protocol types, 108, 110, 111 moderate-intensity-continuous-endurance, 108, 109 duration and frequency, exercise capacity, 101 exercise prescription and intensity, individual s baseline characteristics, 106 Karvonen formula, 104, 105 maximal exercise capacity, 104 non-weight-bearing exercise modes, 106 Nordic walking, organized rehabilitation programs, 113, 114 oxygen consumption, 100, 105 sedentary untrained and deconditioned patients, 101 slow jogging, 113, 114 symptom-free exercise tolerance, 101 training heart rate, walking and cycling, 113 Angina pectoris, exercise-induced atherogenic mechanisms, pleiotropic effects, 142 blood pressure value, 139 cycle ergometer exercise stress test, 137 European clinical practice guidelines, 137 exercise testing data, 146, 147 home cardiac rehabilitation, hypocaloric Mediterranean diet, 138 inpatient cardiac rehabilitation, 142 late ischemic preconditioning, 146, 147 long-term secondary prevention, metabolic syndrome, 140 outpatient cardiac rehabilitation, 142 peak exercise level, 137, 138 physical activity, physical counseling, 141 physical training and activity, SCORE chart, 139 training modalities Springer International Publishing AG 2017 J. Niebauer (ed.), Cardiac Rehabilitation Manual, DOI /

2 314 Angina pectoris, exercise-induced (cont.) aerobic training, 143 high-intensity physical training, 145 low-intensity physical training, 144, 145 moderate-intensity training, 144, 145 physical training, 143 resistance training, stretching exercises, 143 very high-intensity training, 145 treatment, 140 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 301 Anxiety, 295 B Bicycle ergometry test, 235 Brugada syndrome, 228 C Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) biventricular pacing, 254 CPET, 247 cycle ergometer training, 251 decreased exercise tolerance, exercise capacity improvement, peripheral mechanisms, 249, 250 physical training, 246 training sessions, ECG, 252, 253 vascular endothelial function, 249 Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), 4, 9, 10, 196, 200, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, , 276, 277, 294, 295 Cardiorespiratory fitness, 92 Cardiovascular rehabilitation programme emotional adjustment cognitive-behavioural interventions, mindfulness, teaching relaxation skills, exercise programme cardiovascular fitness, 73 emotional distress reduction, 73 intervention approaches, 73 risk behaviour changing behaviours, 79 goal identification, 80 information provision, 76 motivational interview, patient identification, 80 plans and intentions implementation, 82 problem exploration and clarification, 80 problem-focused counselling, 81 technique-based approach, 76 CHD. See Congenital heart diseases (CHD) Chronotropic incompetence (CI), , 295 Congenital heart diseases (CHD) ACHD, exercise training in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 276, 277 Euro Heart Survey, 276 exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation with, physical activity, classification of, 257, 258 diagnosis, 257, 258 phase II rehabilitation abnormal heart rate, 280 children heart group, psychomotor training, 273, 275 chronotropic incompetence, exercise intolerance, prognostic value of, 278, 279 modified games, 275 peak oxygen uptake, preschool age, psychomotor training at, psychomotor training programmes, general and special objectives, skeletal muscle abnormalities with Fontan circulation, 280 physical activity and exercise training aerobic and resistance training, 273 body coordination test, 260, 261 causes and effects, conditional network, 260 exercise-based intervention, 270 habitual exercise, 264 improvement of, 268 moderate and vigorous activity, motor development, classification of, 260, 261 motor quotient, 262 movement, 259 negative consequences, compensation of, 272 obesity, 264 overprotective behaviour, 265 peak oxygen uptake, 263, 271 quadriceps and handgrip strength, 262, 263 recommendations for, Congenital malformations follow-up care, 258 mortality rates, 258 spectrum of, 257

3 therapeutic procedures, 257 Congestive heart failure (CHF) blood test, 209, 210 chest X-ray anterior-posterior view, 209, 210 dyspnoea ECG parasternal view electrical cardioversion, 211, 212 moderate mitral regurgitation, 210, 211 progressive clinical improvement, 211 transoesophageal 2D echo and colour Doppler imaging, home-based exercise training programme, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, 207 post-cardioversion 12-lead ECG cardiac catheterisation, 213, 214 causes, 213 CPET parameters, 215, echocardiographic control, 213, 215 exercise protocols, 213, 215, 216 exercise training programme, medication, 215, medications, physical activity, Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) clinical examination, 194 CPET, 196, 200 diagnosis, 197 dyspnoea, 195 Endo-ACAB procedure, 200 exercise-induced angina pectoris, 192 heart rate, 198 hypotension, invasive care strategies, 200 obesity, 198 postoperative peripheral neuropathies, 199 rehabilitative therapy, risk factors, 193 sternal wound healing, swollen ankles, 198 D Diabetes mellitus type 2, 310 in cardiac patients blood glucose measurements and urinary tests, 165 blood tests, 155, 156 diagnostic algorithm, 160 ECG with left ventricular hypertrophy, 154 exercise prescription, hypoglycemia manifestations, 164 lung function test, maximal exercise stress test, 154 metformin, 160 OGTT, 158, 159 oral glucose tolerance test, 158, 159 patient s risk profile, pre- and post-measurements, 166 risk stratification, 155, score charts, 157, 158 therapeutic options, 163 urine analysis, 155, 157 glucagon role, 165 Diet dietary recommendations, 31 food patterns DRS and acute myocardial infarction, Mediterranean diet (see Mediterranean diet) randomized interventional studies, 57 fruits and vegetables, metabolic importance, 37 postprandial glucose reduction almonds, 48, 49 glycemic index, 50 vinegar, 48, 49 red meats, lower consumption, 44 saturated and unsaturated consumption, CHD cholesterol and eggs, industrial trans-fatty acids, 37, 38 olive oil, 40 omega-3 [n-3] fatty acids, omega-6 [n-6] fatty acids, 41 Rapeseed oil (canola oil), 40 risk factors, 37 types, 37 Western diet, 38 snacks and sweets almonds, chocolate, disease, beneficial effect, 44 endothelial function improvement, 44 peanuts, 45 tree nuts, 45 whole grain products, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-type diet, 50 Dietary risk score (DRS), Dyspnea, pacemaker implantation echocardiogram, 293, 294 heart failure, diagnosis of, 293, 294 maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test, 294 rehabilitation influence, 295

4 316 E Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation CHD, 93 components, 95, 96 disease progression and prognosis, 93 exercise capacity, 93 exercise-limiting comorbidities, 93 nonischemic chronic heart failure, 93 patient s cardiac diagnosis, 93 patient s health-oriented behavior, 93 patient s motivation, 93 personal exercise goals, 93 physical activity counseling, 93 recurrent angina, arterial hypertension antihypertensive drugs, 188 antihypertensive medication, 184 blood pressure levels, definitions and classification, 184, 185 cardiovascular risk stratification, 184, 185 coronary flow reserve measurement, 181, 182 diagnostic catheterization, 184 exercise training, 189 fractional flow reserve, 184 hypertension diagnosis, 187 hypertension guidelines, 184 intermediate stenosis, left circumflex artery, 181, 182 left circumflex artery, 181, 183 optimized medical therapy, outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programme, 189 patient management, 184 regular physical exercise, 189 revascularization indications, 183 SCORE chart, sequential monotherapy approach, 188 symptoms, 189 total cardiovascular disease risk, 185 treatment, 188 somatic, psychosocial and educative objectives, 93, 94 symptom-free exercise tolerance, 93 Exercise testing (ET) admission exercise test, 14 Borg scale, 6 chronotropic index, 8 clinical assessment, 3 CPX, 4, 8 9 Duke score, 8 ET protocol, 5 functional capacity, 3, 4, 6, 8 heart transplant patient admission CPX parameters, 22 first threshold/vt1 - V slope method, 22, 25 Karvonen formula, 24 perceived exertion rate, 24 rest and peak exercise, 22, 23 VE/VCO 2 slope, 22, 25 VO 2 uptake and VCO 2 output, 22, 24 HR recovery, 8 ischemic cardiomyopathy CPX parameters, 19 ventilatory thresholds, 20, 21 VE/VCO 2 slope, 20, 21 left main IVUS, 18 maximal and submaximal levels, 3 myocardial infarction low-risk patient, 12 parameters, 11 rest and peak exercise 12-lead ECG, 11, 12, 16 physical exhaustion/high-grade fatigue, 4 prognosis, 6 8 risk classification grades, cardiovascular patients, 17 stationary bike protocols, 5 test protocol, 4 training effect, 9 treadmill calibration protocols, 5, 6 type 2 diabetes and hypertension admission exercise test, 14 myocardial nuclear perfusion scan, 13 ventricular arrhythmias, 8 Exercise training in ACHD cardiopulmonary, 276, 277 Euro Heart Survey, 276 exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation with, physical activity, all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality, 92 CHD, physical activity and aerobic and resistance training, 273 body coordination test, 260, 261 causes and effects, conditional network, 260 exercise-based intervention, 270 habitual exercise, 264 improvement of, 268 moderate and vigorous activity, motor development, classification of, 260, 261 motor quotient, 262 movement, 259 negative consequences, compensation of, 272

5 obesity, 264 overprotective behaviour, 265 peak oxygen uptake, 263, 271 quadriceps and handgrip strength, 262, 263 recommendations for, duration, intensity and frequency, 96 exercise capacity and coordination, 97 duration and frequency, and endurance capacity, 97 and flexibility, 97 and muscular strength, 97 HIIT, 107, 109, movement games, 127 muscle contraction, energy metabolism, 92 patient preparation, 97 patient-therapist relationship, program, set up, cardiac rehabilitation aerobic endurance training, 95 behavioral characteristics, clinical evaluation, 96 exercise-limiting comorbidities, functional capacity assessment, patient s personal goals and exercise preferences., 95 risk stratification, symptom-limited exercise testing, sprint/short-term interval training, 107 stages, 97, 98 training parameter, 96, 97 treadmill tests, 306 device settings device parameters, exercise test, 229, 231 submaximal test, 231 testing protocol, ECG and symptom limited bicycle ergometry, 227, 228 electrical storm, psychological approach after, 236 electrophysiological examination, 228 exercise test, baseline symptom, lead displacement, 232 multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation programme cut-off rate, ECG monitoring, 241 exercise intensity, 240 exercise training, influence of, 237, patient characteristics before, 227, 228 psychological and educational needs, second device parameters, 234, 235 second rehabilitation programme exercise avoidance, exercise prescription, heart rate monitoring, 236 vocational counselling, L Lyon Diet Heart Study, F Fibrates, 148, 310 H Home-based exercise training programme, 164, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 175 Hyperventilation, 295 I ICD. See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) bicycle ergometry test, 235 Brugada syndrome, 228 M Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), 33 Maximal exercise capacity, 92 Mediterranean diet cardiovascular health, 50 and diabetes, and inflammation, 54 meta-analysis of, 55 in primary prevention, 56 on risk indicators and factors, scores and prognostic implications healthy foods, 53 life-prolonging effects, nutritional evaluation, 52 Oriental pattern, 53 prudent pattern, 53 Western pattern, 53

6 318 Metabolic equivalent tasks (MET), 101, 140, 145 absolute intensity, 92 relative intensity, 92, 93 Mindfulness-based stress reduction programme, Moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT), 112 N Nutrition support alcohol and abdominal aortic aneurysm, and atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 61 and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and myocardial function, cardiovascular prevention, 31 coffee consumption and coronary disease, diet (see Diet) dietary habits, 31 dietary recommendations, 31 overweight and obesity (see Obesity) physical inactivity, 31 soft drinks diabetes, 62 metabolic syndrome, 62 overweight, 62 sugar-sweetened beverages, 62 tea consumption and coronary disease, 59 O Obesity, 250, 264, 285 abdominal, 34 arterial stiffening, 34 atherogenic vascular phenotype, 34 BMI, 32 caloric restriction, 35 conduction properties, 33 Cox models, 32 diet-related risk factors, 32 increased systolic and pulse pressures, 34 increased vascular tone, 34 MACE, 33 myocardial structure, 33 patient s risk profile, 161 physical inactivity, 32 progressive excess mortality, 34 reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, 34 risk of cancer, 33 smoking status, 32 social networks, 32 soft drinks, 62 waist circumference, 34 weight reduction, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), Oscillogram, 302 P Pacemaker implantation cardiopulmonary exercise test, case-based learning cardiopulmonary exercise test, dyspnea, follow-up, 297 dyspnea ECG, 293, 294 heart failure, diagnosis of, 293, 294 maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test, 294 rehabilitation influence, 295 PAD. See Peripheral artery disease (PAD) Peripheral artery disease (PAD) ABI measurement, 302, 303 clinical assessment ABI measurement, 302, 303 condition, 301 oscillogram, 302 pulse volume plethysmography, clinical information actual medication, 301 cardiovascular risk factors, Fontaine classification, 299 supervised exercise training, 300 conditions, 301 functional capacity ACC/AHA practice guidelines, recommendations, direct supervision, role of, 308 duration, 307 exercise testing, roles of, 306 exercise-training programme, positive effects, 308 exercise, types of, 307 frequency, 307 intensity, 307 symptom-limited exercise stress test, 304, 305 warm-up and cool-down, 307 oscillogram, 302 pulse volume plethysmography, risk factor management diabetes, 310

7 hypertension, 310 integrated approach, lipid control, physical activity, 309 smoking, 309 Peripheral muscle atrophy, 295 Phase II rehabilitation, CHD abnormal heart rate, 280 children heart group, psychomotor training, 273, 275 chronotropic incompetence, exercise intolerance, prognostic value of, 278, 279 modified games, 275 peak oxygen uptake, preschool age, psychomotor training at, psychomotor training programmes, general and special objectives, skeletal muscle abnormalities with Fontan circulation, 280 Physical fitness body awareness, 100 cardiopulmonary endurance, 92 flexibility and coordination, 92 muscle contraction, energy metabolism, 92 muscle strength, 92 perception training, 100, 101 physical activity counseling, self-control, practical skills, 100 Psychomotor training in children heart group, 273, 275 at preschool age, programmes, general and special objectives, Pulmonary artery pressure, R Resistance exercise training and aerobic training, 117, 118 blood pressure response, contraindications, 117 dosage parameters, 121 efficacy and safety, 116 elastic exercise bands/small weights, health benefits, 115 implementation, 121, 122 inexpensive non-laboratory equipment, 123 laboratory-based methods isokinetic dynamometers, 121 isometric dynamometers, 121 muscular endurance, 115 muscular hypertrophy, 115 objectives and effects, 115, 116 objective training goals, 120 one-repetition maximum method, 115 one repetition maximum test, standard protocol, 123, 124 in phase II and phase III cardiac rehabilitation, quality of life, 115 static/dynamic muscle contractions, 115 Respiratory muscle weakness, 295 S Stable coronary artery disease. See Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation Supervised exercise training, 300 Systolic blood pressure, 303 T Telemonitoring, 297