RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI AND HUMAN CHAGASIC MEGAESOPHAGUS: BLOOD AND TISSUE PARASITISM

Transcription

1 Am. J. Trop. ed. Hyg., 65(5), 2001, pp opyright 2001 by The American Society of Tropical edicine and Hygiene RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRYPANOSOA RUZI AND HUAN HAGASI EGAESOPHAGUS: BLOOD AND TISSUE PARASITIS ELIANE LAGES-SILVA, EDUARDO REA, LUIS EDUARDO RAIREZ, ANDRÉA ARA AEDO, SÉRGIO DANILO PENA, AND EGLER HIARI Departamento de iências Biológicas e Departamento de línica édica da aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro, Uberaba, inas Gerais, Brasil; Departamento de Parasitologia e Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de iências Biológicas, Universidade ederal de inas Gerais Belo Horizonte, inas Gerais, Brasil Abstract. The persistence of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue and blood of 52 patients in the digestive form of chronic hagas disease was studied. These patients had chagasic megaesophagus and underwent corrective surgery. Parasitologic (xenodiagnosis, hemoculture, or both), histopathologic (hematoxylin and eosin, and peroxidase-anti-peroxidase staining), and molecular (polymerase chain reaction [PR] followed by slot-blot hybridization) tests were used in the analysis. The presence of T. cruzi, its genomic fragments, or its antigens could be detected in 98% (51 of 52) of the patients. The parasite was randomly identified in 76.9% of esophageal tissues and in 90.4% by PR and in 73.1% by parasitologic methods from the blood. ifty percent (26 of 52) of tissue samples had inflammation, 80.8% of which was associated with the parasite. Trypanosoma cruzi was also identified unassociated with inflammatory alterations. Higher tissue parasitism and intense inflammatory processes were observed in esophageal tissue from patients with Grade IV megaesophagus. These data demonstrate that in the digestive form of hagas disease, particularly in cases of megaesophagus, T. cruzi is frequently found, both in blood and tissues and may contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms involved. INTRODUTION Although hagas disease was first described 9 decades ago, its pathogenesis and the mechanisms of parasite-host relationship are still not well understood. This infection has a variable clinical course: most of patients remain free of alterations in the indeterminate phase, but others can develop severe chronic disease, with cardiac or gastrointestinal involvement. The prevalence of digestive manifestations during the chronic phase of the disease varies considerably in different endemic areas. The digestive form seems to be absent from certain countries, such as Panama and Venezuela, 1,2 whereas in central Brazil, 2 8.8% of patients have megaesophagus. 3 6 The pathogenesis of chagasic megaesophagus may be related to host characteristics as well as to different strains of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. 7 One of the most important factors that determines both symptoms and complications of this clinical form is the denervation of the smooth muscle of the esophagus 8,9 causing several morphological and motor changes, according to which megaesophagi are classified by Grades I IV. 10 Until a short time ago, microscopic techniques were unable to disclose parasites in the affected tissues, leading many authors to invoke autoimmune mechanisms as responsible for the cellular lesions. 11, ore recently, new, highly sensitive techniques such as immunohistochemistry 15 and protocols based on the polymerase chain reaction (PR) have consistently shown the presence of the parasites in diseased organs and their absence from unaffected tissues. This, together with an increase in efficiency in detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood by serial hemocultures 19 and by PR, has provided convincing evidence that presence of parasites in tissues is associated with the pathogenic process. In the present study, chagasic megaesophagus was evaluated by means of parasitologic, clinical, and histopathologic approaches. Specific PR, followed by hybridization as well as peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) and hematoxylin and eosin staining, were used to detect T. cruzi in esophageal 435 tissues from those patients. The blood parasitism was also identified through PR, hemoculture, and xenodiagnosis and correlated with tissue parasitism. ATERIALS AND ETHODS Patients. Blood and tissue parasitism was evaluated in 52 chagasic patients with megaesophagus who had esophagomyotomy (Heller surgical procedure) 23 with antireflux valve construction at the Hospital Escola da aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro, Uberaba, in inas Gerais, Brazil. The chagasic etiology of the megaesophagus was confirmed by 3 serologic tests: indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. linical classification of patients was performed according to the results of esophogram, 10 electrocardiogram, 24 barium enema, or number of days of constipation. 6 The medical ethics committee of the aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro approved the project, and all procedures were carried out with the informed consent of patients. Experiments were double-blind, and patients were numbered chronologically in order of study entrance. Esophageal tissue collection. During the megaesophagus surgery, a longitudinal strip of esophageal muscle (3 5 cm long by 1 cm wide) was excised from the lower portion of the esophagus near the gastric junction. After washing with isotonic saline, the tissue was cut into fragments of 1cm 2 and frozen at 70. Upon thawing, the samples were divided into 2 groups: one was used fresh for DNA extraction and the other was fixed in absolute ethanol for histopathologic techniques. As a control, 3 esophageal samples were used that had been taken from patients who underwent surgery for idiopathic megaesophagus who were negative by serology, xenodiagnosis, and hemoculture for hagas disease. Extraction of tissue DNA. or PR, tissue samples were minced, subjected to alkaline lysis with 50 m NaOH, heated in boiling water for 10 min, neutralized with 0 m

2 436 LAGES-SILVA AND OTHERS Tris-Hl (ph 7.0), and used directly in PR reactions after 10-fold dilution in double-distilled water. 17 Histopathology and immunohistochemistry. After fixing in absolute ethanol, tissue fragments were routinely processed for paraffin embedding. The slides were made via 2 sequential cuts, one of which was stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate the inflammatory process, and the other was used for the immunohistochemical PAP anti-t. cruzi parasite or antigen detection tests. 25 The slides used for PAP were boiled in a microwave oven at maximum potential (700 W) for 18 min. Anti-T. cruzi serum obtained from rabbit was used as a primary antibody (diluted 1:1,000; 4 for 22 hr), followed by swine anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (Dako, arpinteria, A; diluted 1:100, 25 for 60 min) as secondary antibody. The reaction localization was made by the use of PAP complex (Dako; diluted 1:100 for 60 min) followed by 0.048% diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, O) as chromogen. Slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. Evaluation of parasitemia by use of hemoculture and xenodiagnosis. To detect circulating parasites in the blood of patients, xenodiagnosis was performed at the same time as the collection of blood for culture and PR. In general, this was done 3 days before the esophageal tissue fragment was collected, 3 days after, or both. Hemoculture was performed according to the methods described in the literature. 19,26 Immediately after collection, 30 ml of the blood was centrifuged at 4 to remove the plasma. The packed cells were washed by centrifugation at 4 in liver infusion tryptose medium. The concentrate erythrocytes were resuspended in 30 ml of liver infusion tryptose and uniformly distributed in 6 test tubes. ultures were maintained at 28 and homogenized weekly. icroscopic examination was done on the 30th, 60th, and 90th days after culture in 10 L aliquots of suspension. Each xenodiagnosis was performed with 40 third-stage nymphs of Triatoma infestans that were placed on patients forearms for 30 min of feeding. Insects were individually examined for T. cruzi in the feces by abdominal compression, and the content was examined by light microscopy on the 30th and 60th days after feeding. Blood collection for DNA extraction and PR. Blood (10 ml) was collected from chagasic patients for PR reactions. The samples were immediately mixed with an equal volume of 6 guanidine hydrochloride and 0.2 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution, stored at room temperature for 1 week, then stored at 4 until processing. 27 Before DNA extraction, the samples were boiled for 15 min to shear kinetoplast (k-dna) molecules. 28 The DNA extraction was performed in duplicate with 200 L of guanidine- EDTA-blood treated with an equal volume of phenol-chloroform, chloroform, and precipitate with 2 volumes of absolute ethanol, 0.3 sodium acetate, and 40 g glycogen (Boehringer-annheim Biochemicals, annheim, Germany) according to the method reported earlier. 22 Polymerase chain reaction. The protocol used to detect T. cruzi in blood and tissue samples was the same as previously described 22 and consisted of specific PR amplification of the 330-bp fragment corresponding to the 4 variable regions of T. cruzi kinetoplast minicircle DNA, followed by slot-blot hybridization. The PR was carried out in a final volume of 20 L containing 2 L of blood or tissue DNA solution; 10 m Tris-Hl (ph 9.0); 75 m Kl; 3.5 m gl 2 ; 0.1% Triton X-100; 0.2 m of d- NTPs (Sigma-Aldrich); 20 pmol of the primers 1 5-AAATAATGTAGGG(T/G)GAGATGATGA-3 and 2 5-GGTTGATTGGGGTTGGTGTAATATA-3 (Operon Technology, Alameda, A); and 1.0 U of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme (Promega, adison, WI). The reaction mixture was overlaid with 30 L of mineral oil and subjected to 35 cycles of amplification in a J Research (Watertown, A) Programmable Thermal ontroller (PT- 150). The temperature profile as follows: 95 for 1 min of denaturation with a longer initial time of 5 min at 95, 65 for 1 min for annealing of primer, and 72 for 1 min for extension, with final incubation at 72 for 10 min to extend the annealed primers. The PR products were visualized in 6% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver stained. Slot-blot hybridization. This technique was performed to confirm the T. cruzi specificity of the amplicons observed in the polyacrylamide gels. In the hybridization reaction, the S-67 5-TGGTTTTGGGAGGGGGTTAAATTT-3 probe recognized to the sequences in the conserved region of the T. cruzi minicircle, 29 detecting 0.1 fg of DNA. 22 The PR products were denatured with 0.1 NaOH and applied to Biodyne B nylon membranes (Life Technologies, Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, D) with a slot-blot apparatus (Hoefer Scientific Instruments, San rancisco, A). The membrane was prehybridized for 1 hr at 55 and hybridized for 30 min with alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe S-67 that was synthesized by Lifecodes (Stanford, T). Detection was performed via chemiluminescence with Lumi- Phos-Plus substrate (Life Technologies) and X-ray film exposure as previously described. 22 Statistical analysis. or comparing the degree of megaesophagus with the levels of T. cruzi in tissue and blood and with inflammatory processes we used Epi Info version 6 (D, Atlanta, GA) in tests of simple proportions and the chi-square trend test. Results were considered significant at P RESULTS linical and epidemiological characteristics. The clinical classification of the patients revealed that 23.1% ( of 52) presented the digestive form exclusively: 17.3% (9 of 52) had only megaesophagus and 5.8% (3 of 52) had megaesophagus with megacolon. The cardiac form was encountered in 76.9% (40 of 52) of patients, in whom 48.1% (25 of 52) was associated with megaesophagus and 28.8% (15 of 52) with megaesophagus and megacolon (Table 1). The megaesophagus varied from Grade II to IV, with 30.8% (16 of 52) of patients presenting with Grade III and 34.6% (18 of 52) with Grades II and IV. The average age of subjects was years; 69% (36 of 52) were men and 31% (16 of 52) were women. Tissue parasitism. The PR to detect T. cruzi DNA was performed randomly (i.e., without previously determining inflammatory foci) in the esophageal tissue fragments collected from the 52 patients. The T. cruzi k-dna 330-bp product was detected in 69.2% (36 of 52) of esophageal

3 T. RUZI AND HUAN HAGASI EGAESOPHAGUS 437 TABLE 1 linical-epidemiological characteristics of chagasic patients and detection of the parasite in esophageal tissues and blood by PR, PAP, and hemoculture or xenodiagnosis* Patient Patient no. Sex Age E grade A None None Esophageal tissues PR PAP Inflamm PR Blood Hemo/Xeno None None None I None I 21 ND I I I I I I I I I I I I I I E IV None E IV None E IV None E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV E IV * cardiac form; A clinical association; Hemo hemoculture; Inflamm inflammatory process; megacolon; E megaesophagus; ND not done; negative; PAP peroxidase anti-peroxidase; PR polymerase chain reaction; positive; Xeno xenodiagnosis; discrete; moderate; intense. samples (Table 2), of which 25% (9 of 36) were confirmed only after hybridization (igure 1). The PAP test was performed on tissue fragments adjacent to those used for PR analysis and revealed the presence of the parasite, its antigens, or both in 34.6% of the tissue samples (18 of 52). When we compared the results of both tests, we found positive correlations in 26.9% (14 patients); however, PAP was positive in 4 patients who tested negative via PR. The use of both techniques together resulted in the detection of T. cruzi in 76.9% (40 of 52) of the tissue samples from patients with megaesophagus. omparison of the inflammatory process with the presence of parasite identified by immunoperoxidase and PR. An inflammatory process was observed in 50% (26 of 52) of the megaesophagus tissues. In 80.8% (21 of 26), we found an association with the presence of T. cruzi, its antigens, or genomic fragments detected by PAP and PR. When inflammation-free tissues were evaluated, T. cruzi was

4 438 LAGES-SILVA AND OTHERS E I E IV hi-square P Patients TABLE 2 omparison of the grade of megaesophagus with tissue and blood parasitism and inflammatory processes* Number Esophageal tissues PR PAP PR PAP Blood Inflamm Hemo/Xeno PR Total * Hemo hemoculture; Inflamm inflammatory process; E megaesophagus; PAP peroxidase anti-peroxidase; PR polymerase chain reaction; Xeno xenodiagnosis. Statistical significance at P hi-square test is the comparison of simple proportions among grades of megaesophagus. detected in 19 (73.1%) of 26 of the samples. To evaluate a direct association between inflammatory foci and presence of T. cruzi, its antigens, or both, hematoxylin and eosin and PAP tests were performed in adjacent tissue cuts, resulting in a positive association in 46.2% ( of 26) of the patients. When the different degrees of megaesophagus were compared with parasitism and inflammatory processes, we found that Grade IV patients had more frequent manifestations of both (Table 2), and T. cruzi was detected in 94.4% (17 of 18) of the tissues in which moderate to intense inflammation was present (Table 1). However, the chi-square trend test did not reveal an association between increasing grades of megaesophagus and positive tissue parasitism detected by PAP and PR (chi-square 1.38, P 0.239) or with inflammatory processes (chi-square 2.724, P 0.098). But a member of the Grade IV megaesophagus group was more likely to have a positive PAP test compared with patients in the other groups (chi-square 7.704, P 0.005). Evaluation of blood parasitism. Parasitemia was elevated in patients with megaesophagus who underwent corrective surgery. The parasite was recovered from circulating blood in 73.1% (38 of 52) of patients by xenodiagnosis, hemoculture, or both. We identified T. cruzi in the blood of 75.0% (30 of 40) of the patients who had positive tissue parasitism and in 66.7% (8 of ) of those with negative tissue parasitism. The PR of blood amplified the 330-bp fragment corresponding to T. cruzi k-dna in 90.4% (47 of 52) of subjects, of which 83% (39 of 47) were detected before hybridization of the amplified products. It was not possible to show a direct relationship between positive tissue and positive blood parasitism because of 40 patients who had tissue parasitism, 92.5% (37 of 40) had positive blood PR, and T. cruzi was also detected in the blood of 83.3% (10 of ) of the subjects with negative tissue parasitism. The grade of megaesophagus did not correlate with the distribution of positive results for the parasitologic (xenodiagnosis and hemoculture) tests and the PR tests performed on the blood samples. The control patients, who had negative serology and no signs of chagasic infection, did not show amplified DNA products in either tissues or blood. DISUSSION The guiding principles of clinical microbiology for 100 years have been Koch s postulates. According to these guidelines, to demonstrate an etiology, the suspected agent must be present in affected individuals. In this study of 52 patients with chagasic megaesophagus, the presence of T. cruzi was found in 51 of them (98%) by PR or culture proof. These data provide definitive evidence of long-term persistence of T. cruzi in esophageal tissue and blood from patients with chagasic megaesophagus and point to a key role of the parasite in unleashing the pathological processes in host. The parasite, its antigens, or its genomic fragments were detected randomly in 76.9% of the megaesophagus tissues and were associated with inflammatory processes in 80.8% of these. The patients also presented increased levels of parasitemia during the tissue collection period: T. cruzi was detected in 90.4% by PR and in 73.1% by xenodiagnosis, hemoculture, or both, which could be interpreted as reflecting accentuated tissue or blood parasitism. The use of more sensitive techniques and the focused search for the parasite in selected areas with inflammatory lesions revealed a relationship between persistence of T. cru- IGURE 1. Representative 6% polyacrylamide gel (A) and slot blot hybridization (B) from the same DNA esophageal tissue samples from patients with chagasic or idiopathic megaesophagus analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PR). Lanes 1 4 and 7 10, The 330-bp fragment corresponding to Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast (k-dna) amplified by PR from chagasic megaesophagus tissue samples and respective slot blots with strong positive hybridization. Lane 5, The PR product from an idiopathic megaesophagus not amplified in polyacrylamide gel and negative hybridization. Lanes 6, 11, and, The PR from chagasic esophageal samples in which little or no T. cruzi k-dna products were amplified and where slight positive hybridization was observed.

5 T. RUZI AND HUAN HAGASI EGAESOPHAGUS 439 zi and disease severity in certain organs, both for cardiopathy and for megaesophagus. This association was seen in esophageal tissue in a small study in which PR identified T. cruzi in 4 patients with megaesophagus but not in 3 who had cardiopathy. 17 In endomyocardial biopsies of chagasic patients 15 and in hearts from autopsies of people with severe chagasic cardiopathy, 30 the parasite was detected by PR in 91.3% and 94.7%, respectively, of the tissue samples adjacent to the inflammatory foci. The PAP test also revealed parasite antigens associated with inflammatory foci in cardiopathy cases; however, no correlation was established between the quantity and intensity of the inflammatory process in tissue; severe cases had small amounts of antigen. Despite its lower sensitivity (34.6%) compared with PR (69.2%), the PAP test detected parasite antigens in 4 tissue samples that were negative by PR. This discrepancy regarding PR sensitivity may be explained by the parasite s focal distribution in the chronic phase of infection, which leads to parasites being in only one specific tissue region. 31 An exhaustive search of T. cruzi by PAP was performed in 8 chagasic patients with megaesophagi and in 8 without; the parasite was only found in 50% of those with megaesophagus. 32 Some patients appeared to present elevated tissue parasitism because 75% of the positive cases had amplified more than 10 fg of DNA, which was detected by PR alone. With hybridization it was possible to identify cases of DNA concentrations of up to 0.1 fg, suggesting lower tissue parasitism. Although several patients had blood and tissue DNA samples with differences in the intensity of the amplified PR product, there was no evidence that this could account for the number of parasites present. itive results and variability of T. cruzi DNA concentrations in tissues may be related to the presence of the parasite genomic fragments inside host cells and inflammatory infiltrate cells. But the k- DNA amplified from infected tissues is probably from recently liberated or dead parasites because inoculation of T. cruzi k-dna in tissue of normal mice disappears after 48 hr. 33 Inflammatory lesions have been reported in 57% of esophageal-gastric junction biopsies in cases of megaesophagus and can vary from case to case and within the same patient, depending on the point where the sample section is made. 34 This finding agrees with our results in that 50% of the patients with megaesophagus presented with inflammatory alterations. A correlation between the frequency and intensity of the inflammatory process in tissues and the presence of T. cruzi could be observed, especially in cases of advanced megaesophagus. However, the detection of T. cruzi not associated with inflammation may be explained by the presence of intact nests of parasites. 34,36 Such parasite nests were indicative of tissue invasion so recent that the local inflammatory process has not yet developed, or then are related to some degree of host immunosuppression, which has been shown in severe gastrointestinal forms 37 and suggested in cardiac 38 forms of hagas disease. The cellular immune response is an important factor in the control of T. cruzi in all stages of the disease, and an immune imbalance could result in an increase in tissue and blood parasitism, 39 a fact that is consistent with observations in the present study among chagasic patients with megaesophagus. The sensitivity of the parasitologic tests, xenodiagnosis, and hemoculture techniques could be related to the genetic characteristics of the T. cruzi strains, which vary according to geographic region. 40 This same situation seems to occur with PR performed in blood, where positive results in different chagasic populations and techniques fluctuate % ,41,42 The simultaneous application of 2 parasitologic tests increases diagnostic sensitivity, 43,44 but PR is more sensitive in detecting circulating parasites. Our data indicate 74.5% agreement between positive PR in blood and the presence of circulating parasites detected by indirect parasitologic tests, which is similar to findings in published data. 20,21 However, it was not possible to establish a direct relationship between the presence of the parasite in analyzed tissues and the patients parasitemia. As has previously suggested for the cardiac form, the parasite is probably playing an important role in the pathogenesis of esophageal lesions, particularly because of its continuous presence throughout the chronic phase. Trypanosoma cruzi, whether or not associated with lesions, is perhaps most responsible for the development of histopathologic changes because of on-going immune response activation. This can be demonstrated by the elevated percentage of T lymphocytes (D4 and D8 ) expressing lass II molecules of major histocompatibility complex (H) human leukocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR) in the peripheral blood of patients with the gastrointestinal form of hagas disease. 37 Acknowledgments: We thank Dr. Lúcia aria da unha Galvão for help in PR hybridization; Orlando arlos agno and Afonso da osta Viana from the Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade ederal de inas Gerais; and Aparecida orrea, Helena oraes, and Isabel oraes from the Departamento de iências Biológicas, aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro (T), for technical assistance. inancial support: This study was supported by grants from the inanciadora de Estudos e Projetos 41/96/0894/00 (INEP/PRONEX); undação de Amparo a Pesquisa de inas Gerais (APEIG); onselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento ientífico e Tecnológico (NPq); undação de Ensino e Pesquisa de Uberaba da aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro (UNEPU/T); UNDP/ World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Disease (TDR); and a fellowship from the oordenação de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Ensino Superior-Plano Institucional de apacitação Docente (APES/PID). Authors addresses: Eliane Lages-Silva and Luis Eduardo Ramirez, Departamento de iências Biológicas and Eduardo rema, Departamento de línica édica, aculdade de edicina do Triângulo ineiro, Rua rei Paulino, 30, Uberaba, G, Brazil. Andréa ara acedo and Sérgio Danilo Pena, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia and Egler hiari, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de iências Biológicas, Universidade ederal de inas Gerais, Av. Antônio arlos, 6627, , Belo Horizonte, G, Brazil. REERENES 1. Guevara J, Blandón R, Johnson, Souza O, Leandro I, Aspectos clínicos, anatomo-patológicos y terapêuticos de la enfermedad de hagas em Panamá. Arq Bras ardiol 30: ijares S, ontribuicion al estudio de la patologia de la miocarditis cronica chagasica en Venezuela, morfologia re-

6 440 LAGES-SILVA AND OTHERS lación anatomoclinica. Revision de 0 autopsias. Arch Hosp Vargas 7: astro, acedo V, Resende J, Prata A, Estudo radiológico longitudinal do esôfago, em área endêmica de doença de hagas, em um período de seis anos. Rev Soc Bras ed Trop 25: oura JR, Abreu LL, Pereira JB, Willcox HP, orbidade da doença de hagas. IV Estudo longitudinal de dez anos em Pains e Iguatama, inas Gerais, Brasil. em Inst Oswaldo ruz 80: Dias JP, amacho LAB, Silva J, agalhães JS, Krieger H, Esofagopatia chagásicanaárea endêmica de Bambuí, G-Brasil. Rev Soc Bras ed Trop 16: acedo VO, Influência da exposição à reinfecção na evolução da doença de hagas (estudo longitudinal de 5 anos). Rev Patol Trop 5: Brener Z, Pathogenesis and immunopathology of chronic hagas disease. em Inst Oswaldo ruz 82: Köberle, hagas disease and hagas syndromes: the pathology of American trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 6: eneghelli VG, O esôfago na doença de hagas: estudos fisiológicos, farmacológicoseclínicos. Arq Gastroenterol Sao Paulo 23: Rezende J, Lauar K, Oliveira A, Aspectos clínicos e radiológicos na aperistalsis do esôfago. Rev Bras Gastroenterol : inoprio P, Ithohara S, Heusse, Tonegawa S, outinho A, Immunobiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection the predominance of parasite nonspecific responses and activation of TRI T cells. Immunol Rev 1: unha-neto E, Duranti, Gruber A, Zingales B, De essias I, Stolf N, Belloti G, Pereira-Barreto A, Pillegi, Kalil J, Autoimmunity in hagas disease cardiopathy: biological relevance of cardiac myosin-specific epitope cross-reactive to immunodominant Trypanosoma cruzi antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA92: Higuchi L, De Brito T, Reis, Barbosa A, Bellotti G, Pereira-Barreto A, Pileggi, orrelation between Trypanosoma cruzi parasitism and myocardial inflammatory infiltrate in human chronic chagasic myocarditis: light microscopy and immunohistochemical findings. ardiovasc Pathol 2: Belloti G, Bocchi EA, De oraes AV, In vivo detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in patient with chronic hagas heart disease. Am Heart 1: Añez N, arrasco H, Parada H, risante G, Rojas A, uenmayor, Gonzales N, Percoco G, Borges R, Guevara P, Ramírez JL, yocardial parasite persistence in chronic chagasic patients. Am J Trop ed Hyg 60: Lane JE, Olivares-Villagomez D, Vnencak-Jones L, ac- urley TL, arter E, Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi with the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization in infected murine cardiac tissue. Am J Trop ed Hyg 56: Vago AR, acedo A, Adad SJ, Reis DA, orrêa-oliveira R, PR detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in esophageal tissues of patients with chronic hagas disease. Lancet 348: Olivares-Villagomez D, acurley TL, Vnencak-Jones L, orrea-oliveira R, olley DG, arter E, Polymerase chain reaction amplification of three different Trypanosoma cruzi DNA sequences from human chagasic cardiac tissue. Am J Trop ed Hyg 59: Luz ZP, outinho G, ançado JR, Krettli AU, Hemocultura: técnica sensível na detecção do Trypanosoma cruzi em pacientes chagásicos na fase crônica da doença de hagas. Rev Soc Bras ed Trop 27: Wincker P, Britto, Borges-Pereira J, ardoso A, Oelemann W, orel, Use of a simplified polymerase chain reaction procedure to detect Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples from chronic chagasic patients in a rural endemic area. Am J Trop ed Hyg 51: Ávila H, Borges-Pereira J, Thiemann O, De Paiva E, Degrave W, orel, Simpson L, Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens of chronic chagasic patients by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA: comparison with serology and xenodiagnosis. J lin icrobiol 31: Gomes L, acedo A, Vago AR, Pena SDJ, Galvão L, hiari E, Trypanosoma cruzi: optimization of polymerase chain reaction for detection in human blood. Exp Parasitol 88: Heller E, 19. Extramukose cardioplastik bein chronischen cardiospasmus mit dilation des oesophagus. itt Grenzgeb ed hir 27: Organização undial de Saúde/Organização Panamericana de Saúde (OS/OPS), Aspectos clínicos de la enfermidad de hagas: informe de una reunión conjunta OS/OPS de investigadores. Bol Off Sanit Panam 76: Barbosa AJA, Gobbi H, Lino BT, Lages-Silva E, Ramirez LE, Teixeira VPA, Almeida HO, Estudo comparativo entre ométodo convencional e o método peroxidase antiperoxidase na pesquisa do parasitismo tissular na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. Rev Inst ed Trop Sao Paulo 28: hiari E, Dias JP, Lana, hiari A, Hemocultures for the parasitological diagnosis of human chronic hagas disease. Rev Soc Bras ed Trop 22: Ávila H, Sigman DS, oehn L, illikan R, Simpson L, Polymerase chain reaction amplification of Typanosoma cruzi kinetoplast minicircle DNA isolated from whole blood lysates: diagnosis of chronic hagas disease. ol Biochem Parasitol 48: Britto, ardoso A, Wincker P, orel A, Simple protocol for the physical cleavage of Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA present in blood samples and its use in polymerase chain reaction (PR) based diagnosis of chronic hagas disease. em Inst Oswaldo ruz 88: Sturm NR, Degrave W, orel, Simpson L, Sensitive detection and schizodeme classification of Trypanosoma cruzi by amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA sequences: use in diagnosis of hagas disease. ol Biochem Parasitol 33: Jones E, olley DE, Tostes S, Lopes ER, Vnencak-Jones L, curley TL, Amplification of a Trypanosoma cruzi DNA sequence from inflammatory lesion in human chagasic cardiomyopathy. Am J Trop ed Hyg 48: Bittencourt AL, Vieira GO, Tavares H, ota E, aguirre J, Esophageal involvement in congenital hagas disease: report of a case with megaesophagus. Am J Trop ed Hyg 33: Adad SJ, Andrade DS, Lopes ER, hapadeiro E, ontribuição ao estudo da anatomia patológica do megaesôfago chagásico. Rev Inst ed Trop Sao Paulo 33: Zhang L, Taleton RL, Parasite persistence correlates with disease and localization in chronic hagas disease. J Infect Dis 180: Brito T, Vasconcelos E, Necrotizing arteritis in megaesophagus histopathology of ninety-one biopsies taken from the cardia. Rev Inst ed Trop Sao Paulo 1: Koberle, Nador E, Etiologia e patogenia do megaesôfago no Brasil. Rev Paul ed 47: Koberle, egaesophagus. Gastroenterology 34: Lemos E, Reis DA, Adad SJ, rema E, orrea-oliveira R, Decreased D4 circulating T lymphocytes in patients with gastrointestinal hagas disease. lin Immunol Immunopathol 88: Higuchi L, hronic chagasic cardiopathy: the product of a turbulent host-parasite relationship. Rev Inst ed Trop Sao Paulo 39: Sartori A, Sotto N, Braz LA, Oliveira-Junior O, Patzina RA, Barone AA, Shikanai-Yasuda A, Reactivation of hagas disease manifested by skin lesions in a patient with AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop ed Hyg 93: oura JR, Abreu LL, Pereira JB, Dubois LEG, orreia-lima, Arruda Junior E, Willcox HP, Anunziato N, Petana W, orbidade da doença de hagas II. Estudos seccionais em

7 T. RUZI AND HUAN HAGASI EGAESOPHAGUS 441 quatro áreas de campo no Brasil. em Inst Oswaldo ruz 79: Britto, ardoso A, Vanni, Hasslocher-oreno A, Xavier SS, Oelemann W, Santoro A, Pimez, orel, Wincker P, Polymerase chain reaction detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood samples as a tool for diagnosis and treatment evolution. Parasitology 110: Junqueira V, hiari E, Wincker P, omparison of polymerase chain reaction with two classical parasitological methods for the diagnosis of hagas disease in an endemic region of northeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop ed Hyg 90: hiari E, Brener Z, ontribuição ao diagnóstico parasitológico da doença de hagas na sua fase crônica. Rev Inst ed Trop Sao Paulo 8: Bronfen E, Rocha SA, achado GBN, Perillo, Romanha AJ, hiari E, Isolamento de amostras do Trypanosoma cruzi por xenodiagnóstico e hemocultura de pacientes na fase cronica da doença de hagas. em Inst Oswaldo ruz 84: