The post cardiac arrest syndrome is a state of severe,
|
|
- Terence Johns
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Neurologic Critical Care Arterial Blood Pressure and Neurologic Outcome After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest* J. Hope Kilgannon, MD 1 ; Brian W. Roberts, MD 1 ; Alan E. Jones, MD 2 ; Neil Mittal, MD 1 ; Evan Cohen, MD 1 ; Jessica Mitchell, MD 1,3 ; Michael E. Chansky, MD 1 ; Stephen Trzeciak, MD, MPH 1,3 Objectives: Guidelines for post cardiac arrest care recommend blood pressure optimization as one component of neuroprotection. Although some retrospective clinical studies suggest that postresuscitation hypotension may be harmful, and laboratory studies suggest that a postresuscitation hypertensive surge may be protective, empirical data are few. In this study, we prospectively measured blood pressure over time during the postresuscitation period and tested its association with neurologic outcome. Design: Single center, prospective observational study from 2009 to Patients: Inclusion criteria were age 18 years old or older, prearrest independent functional status, resuscitation from cardiac arrest, and comatose immediately after resuscitation. Measurements and Main Results: Our research protocol measured blood pressure noninvasively every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours after resuscitation. We calculated the 0- to 6-hour timeweighted average mean arterial pressure and used multivariable logistic regression to test the association between increasing time-weighted average mean arterial pressures and good neurologic outcome, defined as Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 at hospital discharge. Among 151 patients, 44 (29%) experienced good neurologic outcome. The association between blood pressure and outcome appears to have a threshold *See also p Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. 3 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal s website ( ccmjournal). Dr. Kilgannon s work was supported by a Career Development Grant from the Emergency Medicine Foundation. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest. For information regarding this article, kilgannon-hope@cooperhealth.edu Copyright 2014 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DOI: /CCM effect at time-weighted average mean arterial pressure value of 70 mm Hg. This threshold (mean arterial pressure > 70 mm Hg) had the strongest association with good neurologic outcome (odds ratio, 4.11; 95% CI, ; p = 0.014). A sustained intrinsic hypertensive surge was relatively uncommon and was not associated with neurologic outcome. Conclusions: We found that time-weighted average mean arterial pressure was associated with good neurologic outcome at a threshold of mean arterial pressure greater than 70 mm Hg. (Crit Care Med 2014; 42: ) Key Words: brain injury; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ischemiareperfusion injury; return of spontaneous circulation The post cardiac arrest syndrome is a state of severe, global ischemia/reperfusion injury with potentially devastating consequences (1, 2). The mortality associated with this condition is extremely high, and among those that survive, many are left with permanent, disabling neurologic injury. The discovery that controlling body temperature after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) may improve neurologic function (3 5) provides hope that additional postresuscitation interventions may be found to reduce the degree of brain injury and further improve clinical outcomes. Patients with post cardiac arrest syndrome experience ongoing oxidant damage (6, 7), profound systemic inflammation (8 10), myocardial stunning (11, 12), and adrenal axis suppression (13, 14), which commonly result in major hemodynamic instability (15 18). Given that the injured brain commonly has dysfunctional autoregulation of the cerebral blood flow, including brain injury secondary to cardiac arrest (19, 20), it is possible that post-rosc blood pressure alterations may be a factor in ongoing cerebral injury and eventual neurologic outcome. With disruption of normal cerebrovascular autoregulation, cerebral blood flow may become directly related to cerebral perfusion pressure (20), which is dependent on mean arterial pressure (MAP). Although some retrospective clinical studies suggest that postresuscitation hypotension is associated with lower survival (16 18, 21), and laboratory studies suggest that inducing a postresuscitation hypertensive surge may confer Critical Care Medicine
2 Kilgannon et al neuroprotection (22, 23), there remains a paucity of data on the relationship between post-rosc blood pressure and neurologic outcome. The 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care recommend post-rosc goal-directed hemodynamic support including blood pressure optimization with IV fluids and vasopressors to achieve a target MAP greater than or equal to 65 mm Hg (24). However, the relationship between post-rosc MAP and neurologic outcome remains incompletely understood. Specifically, it is unclear if there is an association between MAP and neurologic outcome, and if they are associated, it is unknown if it is a threshold effect at a specific low MAP value versus a linear relationship in which hypertension is protective. In this prospective observational study of adult patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest, our objectives were to measure blood pressure over time in the immediate postresuscitation period and to test the association between postresuscitation blood pressure and neurologic outcome at hospital discharge. We hypothesized that higher post-rosc blood pressures would be independently associated with good neurologic outcome. METHODS Setting This was a prospective observational study conducted at a single urban academic medical center, Cooper University Hospital in Camden, New Jersey. Subjects were enrolled in the emergency department (ED) and ICU from 2009 to The institutional review board approved this study with a waiver of written informed consent. Participants We enrolled in- and out-of-hospital adult post cardiac arrest patients who were comatose immediately after ROSC. The inclusion criteria were 1) age 18 years old or older; 2) independent functional status prior to cardiac arrest; 3) cardiac arrest, defined as a documented absence of pulse and CPR initiated; 4) ROSC; and 5) inability to follow commands immediately after ROSC. We excluded patients with cardiac arrest related to trauma. We also excluded patients if, for any reason, post-rosc blood pressure recordings were not captured per protocol (see detail described below). Figure 1 displays our screening process. Patient Identification We used the following methodology previously described for real-time, prospective identification of post cardiac arrest patients (25). This included a 24-hour per day, 7-day per week paging system activated in one of two ways: 1) a hospital-wide code blue activation anytime a cardiac arrest occurred in the hospital; 2) ED unit secretaries were trained to activate a page when an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest arrived in the ED (or a cardiac arrest occurred in the ED). An investigator received the page and responded to the cardiac arrest event to begin data capture. Figure 1. Patient screening and inclusion flow diagram. Post Cardiac Arrest Care Our institution uses state-of-the-art postresuscitation care for post cardiac arrest patients and a previously published standard operating procedure, by our group, including all of the following elements recommended for regional cardiac arrest centers: 1) immediate evaluation for percutaneous coronary intervention (if needed); 2) immediate evaluation for therapeutic hypothermia; 3) evaluation and management by an in-house critical care physician; and 4) evidence-based timing and methods of neurologic prognostication (26, 27). Our institution uses a standardized order set for treatment with therapeutic hypothermia, using a surface cooling system (Arctic Sun, Medivance, Louisville, CO), and our clinicians have demonstrated proficiency in achieving and maintaining target temperature (33 34 C) in 96% of cases, within a median time of 4.4 hours from ROSC (28). The decision on whether or not to initiate therapeutic hypothermia was made by the treating physicians and was not part of the study protocol. In general, our clinicians use therapeutic hypothermia for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) (i.e., level 1 recommendation in the current guidelines) (24), and its use in other patients (e.g., nonshockable initial rhythm or in-hospital cardiac arrest) is at the discretion of the treating physician. Data Collection We collected basic demographics as well as the data and outcome variables consistent with the Utstein style for reporting cardiac arrest research, including the post-rosc variables recommended for postresuscitation research (29, 30). For measuring the exposure of interest (arterial blood pressure over time), our research protocol cycled a noninvasive blood pressure cuff every 15 minutes for the first 6 hours after ROSC and recorded all blood pressure measurements. We entered the data into a dedicated Access database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and exported to StatPlus:mac version 2009 (AnalystSoft, Alexandria, VA) for analysis. Outcome Measures The primary outcome was good neurologic function at hospital discharge, defined as a Cerebral Performance Category September 2014 Volume 42 Number 9
3 Neurologic Critical Care (CPC) 1 or 2, which is the most commonly used outcome measure in clinical trials of post cardiac arrest interventions (31). The CPC is a validated five-point scale of neurologic disability (1: good cerebral performance, 2: moderate cerebral disability, 3: severe cerebral disability, 4: coma/vegetative state, and 5: death) (29, 32, 33). Patients with a CPC of 1 or 2 had sufficient cerebral function at discharge to live independently. Data Analysis We began our analysis with descriptive statistics. We described continuous data as mean values and sd or median values and interquartile range (IQR), based on distribution of data, and displayed categorical data as counts and proportions. Quantifying the Exposure. For each post cardiac arrest patient, we calculated the time-weighted average mean arterial pressure (TWA-MAP) for the first 6 hours after ROSC. We calculated the TWA-MAP for each patient in a manner consistent with previously published methods of calculating exposures over time in epidemiological research (34 36). For each patient, we multiplied the length of time that the patient spent at a specific MAP value by that MAP value, added all these values together, and then divided by the total length of postresuscitation observation time. Thus, we used the equation: TWA-MAP = [( MAPa Time a ) + ( MAPb Time b ) + ( MAPz Time z)] Time a + Time b + Time z ( ) For example, if a patient had the following exposures MAP 70 mm Hg for 30 minutes, MAP 72 mm Hg for 15 minutes, MAP 74 mm Hg for 60 minutes, MAP 77 mm Hg for 45 minutes, MAP 80 mm Hg for 60 minutes, MAP 82 mm Hg for 45 minutes, MAP 85 mm Hg for 60 minutes, and MAP 87 mm Hg for 45 minutes, the TWA-MAP for the 6-hour postresuscitation period would be: (2,100 mm Hg min + 1,080 mm Hg min + 4,440 mm Hg min + 3,465 mm Hg min + 4,800 mm Hg min + 3,690 mm Hg min + 5,100 mm Hg min + 3,915 mm Hg min)/360 min = 79 mm Hg. Thus, this value, 79 mmhg, would be the time-weighted average value for the MAP over the duration of the 6-hour period. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) using multivariate logistic regression to determine if the TWA-MAP was independently associated with neurologic function at hospital discharge. To test if the TWA-MAP had a linear association with neurologic outcome, we entered TWA-MAP into the model as a continuous variable. To test if the association was a threshold effect at a specific arterial blood pressure, we performed additional multivariate logistic regression analyses, each with TWA-MAP at different binary cutoffs (5 mm Hg increments from MAP > 65 mm Hg to MAP > 90 mm Hg). We selected the following candidate variables for the regression models on the grounds that they were previously demonstrated to predict outcome in post cardiac arrest patients: 1) age (decile), 2) initial cardiac rhythm (i.e., VF/VT vs asystole or pulseless electrical activity [PEA]), and 3) prearrest comorbidities (i.e., Charlson comorbidities index) (24, 37 39). Sample Size Calculation. To ensure adequate power to test these four covariates in a multivariate model, we estimated the necessary sample size, based on the following assumptions: 1) a predicted survival with good neurologic function rate of 28% (40); and 2) an estimated event (survival with good neurologic function) per covariate ratio of 10:1 necessary for multivariate modeling (41, 42). In order to accrue the necessary 40 survivors with good neurologic function, we estimated that a minimum of 143 total subjects would be necessary. RESULTS One hundred fifty-one patients met all inclusion and no exclusion criteria and were enrolled. Table 1 displays baseline characteristics. The mean (sd) age of subjects was 63 (± 16) years. Sixty-four (42%) were women. The majority of the subjects in the cohort had an in-hospital arrest, and most had an initial recorded rhythm of PEA or asystole. Eighty-six of the subjects (57%) required a continuous infusion of vasopressor agents in the first 6 hours after ROSC. Therapeutic hypothermia was used in 16 of 23 patients (70%) with out-of-hospital arrest, and 52 of 151 of all patients (34%). In the treated population, target temperature was achieved in 46 of 52 patients (88%), with a median (IQR) time to target temperature of 3.9 hours ( hr). Good neurologic outcome occurred in 26% of those treated versus 31% of patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia (p = 0.578, using Fisher exact test). The majority of those treated with therapeutic hypothermia (42 of 54 [78%]) had PEA/asystole as initial rhythm. The mean (sd) TWA-MAP for the entire cohort was 79 (± 17). Figure 2 displays the distribution of TWA-MAP values and shows that sustained low arterial pressure, for example, TWA- MAP less than or equal to 70 mm Hg, was relatively common (25% of patients), whereas an intrinsic sustained hypertensive surge, for example, TWA-MAP greater than 100 mm Hg, was relatively uncommon (< 10% of patients). Twenty-nine percent (44 of 151) of all patients were found to have the primary outcome of good neurologic function at hospital discharge. Fourteen (32%) of those who met the primary outcome had initial rhythm of VF/VT. Twenty-nine percent (14 of 49) of those with an initial rhythm of VT/VF had a good neurologic outcome and likewise 29% (30 of 102) of those with an initial rhythm of PEA/asystole had a good neurologic outcome. The mean (sd) TWA-MAP among patients with good neurologic fnction and poor neurologic function at hospital discharge was 83 (± 13) and 77 (± 18), respectively (p = 0.042). Figure 3 displays the good neurologic function at hospital discharge in relation to the TWA-MAP value for the first 6 hours after ROSC. Table 2 displays the results of the multivariate logistic regression model with TWA-MAP as a continuous independent variable and good neurologic function at hospital discharge as the Critical Care Medicine
4 Kilgannon et al Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of All Subjects Patient Characteristics All Subjects (n = 151) Subjects With TWA-MAP 70 a (n = 36) Subjects With TWA-MAP > 70 a (n = 115) Age, yr (sd) 63 (± 16) 66 (± 13) 62 (± 17) Female gender, n (%) 64 (42) 14 (39) 50 (43) Preexisting comorbidities, n (%) Diabetes 55 (36) 14 (39) 41 (36) Known coronary artery disease 34 (23) 9 (25) 25 (22) Hypertension 79 (52) 23 (64) 56 (47) Malignancy 30 (20) 10 (28) 20 (17) Renal insufficiency 32 (21) 12 (33) 20 (17) Pulmonary disease 32 (32) 6 (17) 26 (23) Congestive heart failure 29 (19) 7 (19) 22 (19) Charlson comorbidity score (39), 2 (1 4) 3 (1 5) 2 (0 4) median (interquartile range) Arrest location, n (%) Out-of-hospital/emergency department 41 (27) 11 (31) 30 (26) ICU 74 (49) 19 (53) 55 (48) Floor/monitored bed 19 (13) 5 (14) 14 (12) Floor/unmonitored bed 2 (1) 0 2 (2) Other 15 (10) 1 (3) 14 (12) Initial arrest rhythm, n (%) Pulseless electrical activity/asystole 119 (79) 32 (89) 87 (76) Ventricular fibrillation/ventricular 32 (21) 4 (11) 28 (24) tachycardia Estimated downtime > 10 min, n (%) 50 (33) 13 (38) 37 (33) TWA-MAP = time-weighted average mean arterial pressure. a Measured in mm Hg. dependent variable (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, ; p = 0.086). Table 3 displays additional multivariate logistic regression models with TWA-MAP at different binary thresholds. There appears to be a threshold effect at a TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg. We found that a TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg was the highest blood pressure threshold that was independently associated with the outcome. That is, in starting at a MAP of 90 mm Hg and decreasing the binary cutoff by 5 mm Hg increments, TWA-MAP first becomes an independent predictor of outcome at a threshold greater than 70 mm Hg. A TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg also had the highest OR for good neurologic function at hospital discharge among all binary thresholds tested, OR 4.11 (95% CI, , p = 0.014). On further sensitivity analysis, TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg remained the MAP threshold with the strongest association with good neurologic outcome after adjusting for duration of CPR or downtime longer than 10 minutes, OR 5.25 (95% CI, , p = 0.003) (details of the models are displayed in the supplemental data, Supplemental Digital Content 1, Table 4 reports neurologic outcome as it relates to vasopressor use in the first 6 hours after ROSC. DISCUSSION In this prospective observational study, we tested the relationship between arterial blood pressure after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and neurologic outcome. We sought to test this relationship because the injured brain may be especially vulnerable to blood pressure alterations after ROSC due to a loss of normal cerebral autoregulation and disruption of microvascular perfusion (19, 20), and thus maintaining an adequate MAP (or raising the MAP) in the postresuscitation period may help ensure adequate cerebral perfusion and confer neuroprotection. To date, there has been little empirical data on this topic in human subjects, limited only to retrospective analyses (16 18) and one recent pilot study (43); thus, we felt that a rigorous prospective study with dense data capture of blood September 2014 Volume 42 Number 9
5 Figure 2. Distribution of the time-weighted average mean arterial blood pressure values in the first 6 hr after cardiac arrest. pressure recordings over time in the immediate postresuscitation period was needed. We found that of the 151 patients enrolled, 29% (44 of 151) met our primary outcome of good neurologic outcome at hospital discharge; this is consistent with the outcomes in previously published large series of patients successfully Figure 3. Good neurologic function at hospital discharge in relation to the time-weighted average mean arterial pressure (TWA-MAP) value for the first 6 hr after return of spontaneous circulation. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients with good neurologic outcome between the TWA-MAP 70 and TWA-MAP groups, 11% versus 37% (p = by Fisher exact test). There was no difference between the TWA-MAP and TWA-MAP groups, 37% versus 36% (p = 1 by Fisher exact test) or between TWA-MAP and TWA-MAP > 90 groups, 36% versus 32% (p = by Fisher exact test). Neurologic Critical Care resuscitated from cardiac arrest (40). We found that arterial hypotension was common while relatively fewer patients had an intrinsic hypertensive surge. On multivariate logistic regression analyses, we found that TWA-MAP was associated with good neurologic outcome. This association appears to be driven by the strong association between hypotension and poor neurologic outcome, as opposed to an association between intrinsic hypertension and better neurologic outcome. In our analysis, there was a threshold effect with a TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg having the greatest association with good neurologic function, and we did not find higher MAP thresholds (> 75, > 80, > 85 mm Hg, etc.) to be associated with favorable neurologic outcome. In contrast to some prior studies, a major strength of the current study is the prospective, dense data capture of blood pressure recordings over the early postresuscitation period to allow rigorous measurement of the true exposure and using TWA as mechanism of quantifying the exposure; the uniqueness of the results is that they provide more granular data on the relationship between blood pressure and neurologic outcome by identifying a numeric threshold of potential harm. In 2008, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation identified that determining the optimal target range for MAP after cardiac arrest was a critical knowledge gap in post cardiac arrest care (2). This is an important area of clinical investigation, as sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death and neurologic devastation among adults (44 46). Furthermore, the post cardiac arrest syndrome is typically characterized with marked swings in blood pressure due to fluctuating hemodynamic perturbations after reperfusion (2, 15 18). Therefore, this Critical Care Medicine
6 Kilgannon et al Table 2. Multivariate Logistic Regression Model of the Association Between Time- Weighted Average Mean Arterial Pressure During the First 6 Hours After Return of Spontaneous Circulation and Good Neurologic Outcome (Defined as Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) at Hospital Discharge Variable OR 95% Lower CI 95% Upper CI p Mean arterial pressure Age Pulseless electrical activity/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index OR = odds ratio. Time-weighted average mean arterial pressure is entered into the model as a continuous variable. study addresses a clinical scenario that is relatively common and represents a critical phase in the trajectory of the eventual outcome following cardiac arrest. The 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for post cardiac arrest care recommended post-rosc goaldirected hemodynamic optimization; however, the guidelines acknowledged the lack of high-quality evidence to support a specific target for MAP after ROSC (24). As there is proven benefit of goal-directed hemodynamic optimization, including MAP targets, for patients with other etiologies of critical illness (47 49), it is also, in theory, possible that blood pressure optimization could improve neurologic outcome among patients with post cardiac arrest syndrome. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested in a clinical trial. In a subanalysis of our study population, we found that patients who were able to maintain a TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg without vasopressor administration had a higher proportion of good neurologic outcome compared with patients who achieved a TWA-MAP greater than 70 with vasopressor administration, 48% versus 24%, respectively (p = 0.01). We were unable to show a statistically significant difference in good neurologic outcome for patients administered vasopressors to maintain TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg compared with patients with a TWAMAP less than or equal to 70 who did not receive vasopressors, 24% versus 10%, respectively (Table 4). One possibility to explain these findings is that the body s intrinsic ability to maintain adequate perfusion pressure without vasopressors after ROSC is a predictor of eventual good neurologic outcome and that supporting the MAP with the application of vasopressor agents may not confer benefit. However, animal models have shown evidence to the contrary, in fact reporting that an induced hypertensive surge for cerebral blood flow promotion can attenuate brain injury and improve outcome (22, 23, 50, 51). Our study design did not test a vasopressor therapeutic approach, and we found fewer patients with sustained intrinsic hypertension than expected (12 of 151 had TWA-MAP > 100 mm Hg) with no clear association between TWA-MAPs greater than 90 mm Hg and good outcome, OR 1.12 (95% CI, , p = 0.794). We found only one clinical study that tested this induced hypertensive surge hypothesis, a recently published pilot interventional trial of induced hypertension after cardiac arrest, which reported that supranormal MAP did not affect cerebral tissue oxygenation (43). Regarding blood pressure support after cardiac arrest and outcome, there may be important parallels between the global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury of cardiac arrest and the regional ischemia/reperfusion injury of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In patients with AIS, it is widely accepted that arterial hypotension is associated with worse outcomes because it exacerbates cerebral ischemia, and permissive hypertension could preserve cerebral perfusion in the ischemic penumbra and protect the injured brain from further insult (52 63). Although ideal target blood pressure after cardiac arrest remains unknown, enough evidence exists to compel clinicians at the bedside pay close attention to blood pressure, specifically avoiding hypotension after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Limitations We acknowledge that our data have important limitations to consider. Most notably, this was an observational study. Although many patients in the study received vasoactive agents, this was not an interventional protocol with a predefined MAP goal. Thus, we can only report associations in this study rather than infer causation. By study design, we did not require invasive blood pressure monitoring nor could we control for the effects on outcome created by having various clinicians involved in patient care. Our study does, however, reflect real clinical practice and a readily available marker of inadequate perfusion (cuff blood pressure). Although our institution used a standardized order set for therapeutic hypothermia (28), and our clinicians have previously demonstrated a median time to achieving target temperature that was less than 4 hours (compared with 8 hr in the Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest trial) (5), there was likely some degree of heterogeneity in the selection of patients for therapeutic hypothermia. As expected, the majority of cardiac arrest cases were in-hospital, nonshockable initial rhythms a population where the efficacy of hypothermia is not clearly established (class IIb evidence) and thus the practice at our September 2014 Volume 42 Number 9
7 Neurologic Critical Care Table 3. Multivariate Logistic Regression Models of the Association Between Time- Weighted Average of Mean Arterial Pressure at Different Binary Thresholds During the First 6 Hr After Return of Spontaneous Circulation and Good Neurologic Function (Defined as Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2) at Hospital Discharge TWA-MAP > 65 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index TWA-MAP > 70 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index TWA-MAP > 75 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index TWA-MAP > 80 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index TWA-MAP > 85 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index TWA-MAP > 90 mm Hg Age PEA/asystole initial rhythm Charlson comorbidity index OR = odds ratio, LCI = lower CI, UCI = upper CI, TWA-MAP = time-weighted average mean arterial pressure, PEA = pulseless electrical activity. There appears to be a threshold effect at a TWA-MAP > 70 mm Hg. A TWA-MAP > 70 mm Hg is the highest blood pressure value that is independently associated with good outcome. As the binary cutoff decreases by 5 mm Hg increments, TWA-MAP first becomes an independent predictor of outcome at 70 mm Hg. A TWA-MAP > 70 mm Hg also has the highest odds ratio for good neurologic outcome at hospital discharge among all thresholds tested. institution is to leave the decision on whether or not to treat with hypothermia up to the treating clinician. This study was limited to a single medical center, and thus, the sample size led to the wide CIs for the adjusted ORs on the multivariable logistic regression model (Table 3). Although the CIs are wide for the threshold cutoff of MAP greater than 70 mm Hg for a good neurologic outcome (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, ), they remain significant (p = 0.014). Lastly, although we used multivariable logistic regression analyses to adjust for cardiac arrest characteristics known to predict poor outcomes, there always exists the potential of unmeasured confounders with an observational design. Critical Care Medicine
8 Kilgannon et al Table 4. Good Neurologic Outcome Stratified by Time-Weighted Average Mean Arterial Pressure (mm Hg) and Vasopressor Use TWA-MAP > 70 TWA-MAP > 70 TWA-MAP < 70 TWA-MAP < 70 No Vasopressors Vasopressors No Vasopressors Vasopressors n = 54 n = 59 n = 10 n = 28 Good neurologic outcome (%) 26 (48) 14 (24) 1 (10) 3 (11) TWA-Cumulative Vasopressor Index, median (interquartile range) TWA-MAP = time-weighted average mean arterial pressure. Column 2 versus column 3, 48% versus 24% (p = by Fisher exact test). Column 3 versus column 4, 24% versus 10% (p = by Fisher exact test). Column 3 versus column 5, 24% versus 11% (p = by Fisher exact test). 0 4 (3 5) 0 6 (3 12) CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study of post cardiac arrest patients treated according to consensus recommendations, we found that arterial pressure over the first 6 hours following resuscitation was associated with neurologic outcome. Specifically, we found a threshold effect with a TWA-MAP greater than 70 mm Hg being associated with good neurologic function. Further investigation is warranted to determine if interventions to support blood pressure and promote cerebral blood flow would improve neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. REFERENCES 1. Negovsky VA, Gurvitch AM: Post-resuscitation disease A new nosological entity. Its reality and significance. Resuscitation 1995; 30: Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, et al: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and the Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; and the Stroke Council. Circulation 2008; 118: Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, et al: Targeted temperature management at 33 C versus 36 C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group: Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: Idris AH, Roberts LJ II, Caruso L, et al: Oxidant injury occurs rapidly after cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and reperfusion. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: Becker LB: New concepts in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 61: Adrie C, Adib-Conquy M, Laurent I, et al: Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a sepsis-like syndrome. Circulation 2002; 106: Geppert A, Zorn G, Karth GD, et al: Soluble selectins and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: Gando S, Kameue T, Nanzaki S, et al: Platelet activation with massive formation of thromboxane A2 during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 1997; 23: Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, et al: Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: An example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: Laurent I, Monchi M, Chiche JD, et al: Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: Schultz CH, Rivers EP, Feldkamp CS, et al: A characterization of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during and after human cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: Hékimian G, Baugnon T, Thuong M, et al: Cortisol levels and adrenal reserve after successful cardiac arrest resuscitation. Shock 2004; 22: Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME, et al: Therapeutic hypothermia and vasopressor dependency after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2013; 84: Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Reihl LR, et al: Early arterial hypotension is common in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome and associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Resuscitation 2008; 79: Trzeciak S, Jones AE, Kilgannon JH, et al: Significance of arterial hypotension after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: ; quiz Müllner M, Sterz F, Binder M, et al: Arterial blood pressure after human cardiac arrest and neurological recovery. Stroke 1996; 27: Nishizawa H, Kudoh I: Cerebral autoregulation is impaired in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: Sundgreen C, Larsen FS, Herzog TM, et al: Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Stroke 2001; 32: Kaji AH, Hanif AM, Thomas JL, et al: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Early in-hospital hypotension versus out-of-hospital factors in predicting in-hospital mortality among those surviving to hospital admission. Resuscitation 2011; 82: Leonov Y, Sterz F, Safar P, et al: Hypertension with hemodilution prevents multifocal cerebral hypoperfusion after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke 1992; 23: Sterz F, Leonov Y, Safar P, et al: Hypertension with or without hemodilution after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke 1990; 21: Peberdy MA, Callaway CW, Neumar RW, et al; American Heart Association: Part 9: Post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 2010; 122: S768 S Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME, et al: Multiple organ dysfunction after return of spontaneous circulation in postcardiac arrest syndrome. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Mitchell JA, et al: Emergency department inter-hospital transfer for post-cardiac arrest care: Initial experience September 2014 Volume 42 Number 9
9 Neurologic Critical Care with implementation of a regional cardiac resuscitation center in the United States. Resuscitation 2013; 84: Nichol G, Aufderheide TP, Eigel B, et al; American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Advocacy Committee; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: Regional systems of care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 121: Kilgannon JH, Roberts BW, Stauss M, et al: Use of a standardized order set for achieving target temperature in the implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: A feasibility study. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: Jacobs I, Nadkarni V, Bahr J, et al: Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome reports: Update and simplification of the Utstein templates for resuscitation registries: A statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Councils of Southern Africa). Circulation 2004; 110: Langhelle A, Nolan J, Herlitz J, et al; 2003 Utstein Consensus Symposium: Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on post-resuscitation care: The Utstein style. Resuscitation 2005; 66: Trzeciak S, Jones AE, Kilgannon JH, et al: Outcome measures utilized in clinical trials of interventions for post-cardiac arrest syndrome: A systematic review. Resuscitation 2009; 80: A randomized clinical study of a calcium-entry blocker (lidoflazine) in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: Jennett B, Bond M: Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: Doria A, Wojcik J, Xu R, et al: Interaction between poor glycemic control and 9p21 locus on risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2008; 300: Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, et al: The interaction of chronic and acute glycemia with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, et al: Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 2003; 290: Gaul GB, Gruska M, Titscher G, et al: Prediction of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Results of a community-based study in Vienna. Resuscitation 1996; 32: Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, et al: In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 2003; 56: Murray SB, Bates DW, Ngo L, et al: Charlson Index is associated with one-year mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13: Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, et al; National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Investigators: First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 2006; 295: Peduzzi P, Concato J, Feinstein AR, et al: Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards regression analysis. II. Accuracy and precision of regression estimates. J Clin Epidemiol 1995; 48: Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, et al: A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1996; 49: Bouzat P, Suys T, Sala N, et al: Effect of moderate hyperventilation and induced hypertension on cerebral tissue oxygenation after cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation 2013; 84: Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW, et al; Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators: Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 2008; 300: Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al: Heart disease and stroke statistics 2010 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010; 121:e46 e Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al: Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to Circulation 2001; 104: Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al; Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative Group: Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: Pölönen P, Ruokonen E, Hippeläinen M, et al: A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, et al: Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN ]. Crit Care 2005; 9:R687 R Safar P, Xiao F, Radovsky A, et al: Improved cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs with mild hypothermia plus blood flow promotion. Stroke 1996; 27: Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Huyghens L: The effect of mild hypothermia and induced hypertension on long term survival rate and neurological outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Resuscitation 2001; 49: Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Phillips SJ, et al; IST Collaborative Group: Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2002; 33: Castillo J, Leira R, García MM, et al: Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke 2004; 35: Okumura K, Ohya Y, Maehara A, et al: Effects of blood pressure levels on case fatality after acute stroke. J Hypertens 2005; 23: Ahmed N, Wahlgren N, Brainin M, et al: Relationship of blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, and outcome in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: Retrospective analysis from Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register (SITS-ISTR). Stroke 2009; 40: Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al: U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. J Intern Med 2004; 255: Aslanyan S, Fazekas F, Weir CJ, et al; GAIN International Steering Committee and Investigators: Effect of blood pressure during the acute period of ischemic stroke on stroke outcome: A tertiary analysis of the GAIN International Trial. Stroke 2003; 34: Boreas AM, Lodder J, Kessels F, et al: Prognostic value of blood pressure in acute stroke. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: Chamorro A, Vila N, Ascaso C, et al: Blood pressure and functional recovery in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998; 29: Jensen MB, Yoo B, Clarke WR, et al: Blood pressure as an independent prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke. Can J Neurol Sci 2006; 33: Rodríguez-García JL, Botia E, de La Sierra A, et al: Significance of elevated blood pressure and its management on the short-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: Yong M, Diener HC, Kaste M, et al: Characteristics of blood pressure profiles as predictors of long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; Council on Clinical Cardiology: Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44: Critical Care Medicine
In the past decade, two large randomized
Mild therapeutic hypothermia improves outcomes compared with normothermia in cardiac-arrest patients a retrospective chart review* David Hörburger, MD; Christoph Testori, MD; Fritz Sterz, MD; Harald Herkner,
More informationIn-hospital Care of the Post-Cardiac Arrest Patient. David A. Pearson, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Program Director Department of Emergency Medicine
In-hospital Care of the Post-Cardiac Arrest Patient David A. Pearson, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Program Director Department of Emergency Medicine Disclosures I have no financial interest, arrangement,
More informationOutcomes of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Cardiac Arrest. Saad Mohammed Shariff, MBBS Aravind Herle, MD, FACC
Outcomes of Therapeutic Hypothermia in Cardiac Arrest Saad Mohammed Shariff, MBBS Aravind Herle, MD, FACC https://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/@scon/documents/downloadable/ucm_427331.pdf
More informationHypothermia: The Science and Recommendations (In-hospital and Out)
Hypothermia: The Science and Recommendations (In-hospital and Out) L. Kristin Newby, MD, MHS Professor of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Chair, Council on Clinical Cardiology, AHA President, Society
More informationRACE CARS: Hospital Response. David A. Pearson, MD Department of Emergency Medicine Carolinas Medical Center February 23, 2012
L MODULE 9 RACE CARS: Hospital Response David A. Pearson, MD Department of Emergency Medicine Carolinas Medical Center February 23, 2012 2 Objectives: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome Therapeutic hypothermia
More informationJUST SAY NO? THE LATEST LOOK AT ACLS MEDICATIONS BRIDGETTE SVANCAREK, MD
JUST SAY NO? THE LATEST LOOK AT ACLS MEDICATIONS BRIDGETTE SVANCAREK, MD OBJECTIVES Review the progression of the American Heart Association s ACLS cardiac arrest medication guidelines Identify the latest
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, et al. Long-term outcomes
More informationThe Evidence Base. Stephan A. Mayer, MD. Columbia University New York, NY
Hypothermic for Cardiac Arrest The Evidence Base Stephan A. Mayer, MD Director, Neuro-ICU Columbia University New York, NY Disclosures Columbia University Clinical Trials Pilot Award Radiant Medical, Inc.
More informationPost-Arrest Care: Beyond Hypothermia
Post-Arrest Care: Beyond Hypothermia Damon Scales MD PhD Department of Critical Care Medicine Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University of Toronto Disclosures CIHR Physicians Services Incorporated Main
More informationThe ARREST Trial: Amiodarone for Resuscitation After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Due to Ventricular Fibrillation
The ARREST Trial: Amiodarone for Resuscitation After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Due to Ventricular Fibrillation Introduction The ARREST (Amiodarone in out-of-hospital Resuscitation of REfractory Sustained
More informationKiehl EL, 1,2 Parker AM, 1 Matar RM, 2 Gottbrecht M, 1 Johansen MC, 1 Adams MP, 1 Griffiths LA, 2 Bidwell KL, 1 Menon V, 2 Enfield KB, 1 Gimple LW 1
C-GRApH: A Validated Scoring System For The Early Risk Stratification Of Neurologic Outcomes After Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Treated With Therapeutic Hypothermia Kiehl EL, 1,2 Parker AM, 1 Matar RM,
More informationSupplementary Online Content
Supplementary Online Content Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DFM. Association of prehospital advancied airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac
More informationDisclosures. Overview. Cardiopulmonary Arrest: Quality Measures 5/29/2014. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Measuring Effectiveness and Improving Outcomes
Disclosures In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Measuring Effectiveness and Improving Outcomes Research support from UCOP CHQI award J. Matthew Aldrich, MD Anesthesia & Critical Care UCSF Overview Epidemiology
More informationObjectives. Trends in Resuscitation POST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE: WHAT S THE EVIDENCE?
POST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE: WHAT S THE EVIDENCE? Nicole Kupchik RN, MN, CCNS, CCRN, PCCN, CMC Objectives Discuss the 2015 AHA Guideline Updates for Post- Arrest Care Discuss oxygenation & hemodynamic taregts
More informationManagement of Post Cardiac Arrest Syndrome
Management of Post Cardiac Arrest Syndrome Wilhelm Behringer Associated Professor of Emergency Medicine Medical University of Vienna, Austria Patients % What happens after ROSC? 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 ROSC
More informationDevelopments in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines
Developments in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines Bernd W. Böttiger Seite 1 To preserve human life by making high quality resuscitation available to all Outcome after CPR in Germany ROSC ( Return
More informationEpinephrine Cardiovascular Emergencies Symposium 2018
Epinephrine Cardiovascular Emergencies Symposium 218 Corey M. Slovis, M.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center Metro Nashville Fire Department Nashville International Airport Nashville, TN High Quality
More informationTherapeutic Hypothermia After Resuscitation From a Non-Shockable Rhythm Improves Outcomes in a Regionalized System of Cardiac Arrest Care
DOI 10.1007/s12028-015-0184-z ORIGINAL ARTICLE Therapeutic Hypothermia After Resuscitation From a Non-Shockable Rhythm Improves Outcomes in a Regionalized System of Cardiac Arrest Care Gene Sung 1 Nichole
More informationShock Duration after Resuscitation Is Associated with Occurrence of Post-Cardiac Arrest Acute Kidney Injury
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Emergency & Critical Care Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.6.802 J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30: 802-807 Shock Duration after Resuscitation Is Associated with Occurrence of Post-Cardiac
More informationDECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST. Research grants: Sanofi-Aventis
DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST Research grants: Sanofi-Aventis Invasive management after cardiac arrest Nikolaos I Nikolaou FESC, FERC Athens, Greece Survival (%) Survival from Out of Hospital Cardiac
More informationUpdate on Sudden Cardiac Death and Resuscitation
Update on Sudden Cardiac Death and Resuscitation Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD Medical Director Center for Emergency Medical Services Assistant Professor Clinical Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio
More informationIntroduction. Original Article
Acute and Critical Care 2018 May 33(2):83-88 / ISSN 2586-6052 (Print) ㆍ ISSN 2586-6060 (Online) Original Article APACHE II Score Immediately after Cardiac Arrest as a Predictor of Good Neurological Outcome
More informationPost Cardiac Arrest Care 2015 American Heart Association Guideline Update for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care
Post Cardiac Arrest Care 2015 American Heart Association Guideline Update for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care รศ.ดร.พญ.ต นหยง พ พานเมฆาภรณ ภาคว ชาว ส ญญ ว ทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร มหาว ทยาล ยเช ยงใหม System
More informationState of the art lecture: 21st Century Post resuscitation management
State of the art lecture: 21st Century Post resuscitation management ACCA Masterclass 2017 Prof Alain CARIOU Intensive Care Unit - Cochin Hospital (APHP) Paris Descartes University INSERM U970 - France
More informationPatient Case. Post cardiac arrest pathophysiology 10/19/2017. Disclosure. Objectives. Patient Case-TM
Disclosure TARGETED TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT POST CARDIAC ARREST I have nothing to disclose concerning possible financial or personal relationships with commercial entities that may have a direct or indirect
More informationUpdate on Sudden Cardiac Death and Resuscitation
Update on Sudden Cardiac Death and Resuscitation Ashish R. Panchal, MD, PhD Medical Director Center for Emergency Medical Services Assistant Professor Clinical Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio
More informationStayin Alive: Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Updated Guidelines
Stayin Alive: Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Updated Guidelines Margaret Oates, PharmD, BCPPS Pediatric Critical Care Specialist GSHP Summer Meeting July 16, 2016 Disclosures I have nothing to
More informationOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, process of care, and outcomes in an urban city, Korea
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2014;1(2):94-100 http://dx.doi.org/10.15441/ceem.14.021 Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, process of care, and outcomes in an urban city, Korea Hanjin Cho 1, Sungwoo Moon 1,
More informationPERIOPERATIVE cardiopulmonary arrests are
Predictors of Survival from Perioperative Cardiopulmonary Arrests A Retrospective Analysis of 2,524 Events from the Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Registry Satya Krishna Ramachandran, M.D., F.R.C.A.,*
More informationx = ( A) + (3.296 B) (0.070 C) (1.006 D) + (2.426 E) Receiver Operating Characteristic ROC
7 1... 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 000 1 01 11 006 01 1 11 6 Glasgow outcome scale GOS GOS 4 n=477 55 A C D 5 ph B E = 1/(1 + e x) x = ( 0.0 A) + (.96 B) (0.070 C) (1.006 D) + (.46 E) 19.489 estimated probability
More informationGUIDELINE 14 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
AUSTRALIAN RESUSCITATION COUNCIL GUIDELINE 14 ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY As a part of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) process that led to the International
More informationKey statistics from the National Cardiac Arrest Audit: Paediatric arrests April 2012 to March 2017
Key statistics from the National Cardiac Arrest Audit: Paediatric arrests April 12 to March 17 Supported by Resuscitation Council (UK) and Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC) Data
More informationTherapeutic hypothermia (TH)
Early predictors of outcome in comatose survivors of ventricular fibrillation and non-ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest treated with hypothermia: A prospective study* Mauro Oddo, MD ; Vincent Ribordy,
More informationWORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR
RECOVER 2011 1 of 11 WORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR 1. Basic Demographics Worksheet author(s) Shannon Axiak Date Submitted for review: 7.7.2011 Mailing address: Giessereiweg
More informationECG Changes in Patients Treated with Mild Hypothermia after Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest
ECG Changes in Patients Treated with Mild Hypothermia after Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest R. Schneider, S. Zimmermann, W.G. Daniel, S. Achenbach Department of Internal
More informationSamphant Ponvilawan Bumrungrad International
Samphant Ponvilawan Bumrungrad International Definitions Artificial circulation using VA ECMO as an alternative to ventilation and external cardiac massage Indications Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA)
More informationTherapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest
TITLE: Therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest AUTHOR: Jeffrey A. Tice, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine University of California
More informationOut-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest. Franz R. Eberli MD, FESC, FAHA Cardiology Triemli Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Franz R. Eberli MD, FESC, FAHA Cardiology Triemli Hospital Zurich, Switzerland Conflict of Interest I have no conflict of interest to disclose regarding this presentation.
More informationResuscitation Science : Advancing Care for the Sickest Patients
Resuscitation Science : Advancing Care for the Sickest Patients William Hallinan University of Rochester What is resuscitation science? Simply the science of resuscitation : Pre arrest Arrest care Medical
More informationPOST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE: WHAT HAPPENS AFTER ROSC MATTERS! Emergency Nurses Association
POST-CARDIAC ARREST CARE: WHAT HAPPENS AFTER ROSC MATTERS! Emergency Nurses Association - 2016 Nicole Kupchik MN, RN, CCNS, CCRN, PCCN, CMC Objectives Discuss the 2015 AHA Guideline Updates for Post- Arrest
More informationChapter 19 Detection of ROSC in Patients with Cardiac Arrest During Chest Compression Using NIRS: A Pilot Study
Chapter 19 Detection of ROSC in Patients with Cardiac Arrest During Chest Compression Using NIRS: A Pilot Study Tsukasa Yagi, Ken Nagao, Tsuyoshi Kawamorita, Taketomo Soga, Mitsuru Ishii, Nobutaka Chiba,
More informationTargeted temperature management after post-anoxic brain insult: where do we stand?
Targeted temperature management after post-anoxic brain insult: where do we stand? Alain Cariou Intensive Care Unit Cochin University Hospital Paris Descartes University INSERM U970 (France) COI Disclosure
More informationKorean J Crit Care Med 2014 November 29(4): / ISSN (Print) ㆍ ISSN (Online)
Korean J Crit Care Med 2014 November 29(4):288-296 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.4.288 ISSN 2383-4870 (Print) ㆍ ISSN 2383-4889 (Online) Original Article Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health
More informationEvidence-Based. Management of Severe Sepsis. What is the BP Target?
Evidence-Based Management of Severe Sepsis Michael A. Gropper, MD, PhD Professor and Vice Chair of Anesthesia Director, Critical Care Medicine Chair, Quality Improvment University of California San Francisco
More informationEarly-goal-directed therapy and protocolised treatment in septic shock
CAT reviews Early-goal-directed therapy and protocolised treatment in septic shock Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2015, Vol. 16(2) 164 168! The Intensive Care Society 2014 Reprints and permissions:
More informationCPR What Works, What Doesn t
Resuscitation 2017 ECMO and ECLS April 1, 2017 Corey M. Slovis, M.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center Metro Nashville Fire Department Nashville International Airport Nashville, TN Circulation 2013;128:417-35
More informationManagement of Cardiac Arrest Based on : 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines
Management of Cardiac Arrest Based on : 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines www.circ.ahajournals.org Elham Pishbin. M.D Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine MUMS C H E S Advanced Life Support
More informationTina Yoo, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist Alameda Health System Highland Hospital
Tina Yoo, PharmD Clinical Pharmacist Alameda Health System Highland Hospital 1 Review changes in the 2015 AHA ACLS guidelines with emphasis on changes in therapeutic hypothermia Provide overview of ACLS
More informationTherapeutic Hypothermia Protocol in a Community Emergency Department
Original Research Therapeutic Hypothermia Protocol in a Community Emergency Department Christine E. Kulstad, MD Shannon C. Holt, MD Aaron A. Abrahamsen, MD Elise O. Lovell, MD Advocate Christ Medical Center,
More informationControversies in Post Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest
Controversies in Post Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest More News About Gainesville FL.. 124,354 souls 2007 Best place to live and play in USA 2009 UF ranked #1 party school Andrea Gabrielli, MD FCCM
More informationWORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR
RECOVER 2011 1 of 7 WORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR 1. Basic Demographics Worksheet author(s) Ann Peruski Date Submitted for review: 18 Apr 2011 Mailing address: 6995
More informationSepsis 3.0: The Impact on Quality Improvement Programs
Sepsis 3.0: The Impact on Quality Improvement Programs Mitchell M. Levy MD, MCCM Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
More informationBut unfortunately, the first sign of cardiovascular disease is often the last. Chest-Compression-Only Resuscitation Gordon A.
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Sarver Heart Center 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Sarver Heart Center 2 But unfortunately, the first sign of cardiovascular disease is often the last 3 4 1 5 6 7 8 2 Risk of Cardiac
More informationGSK Medicine: Study Number: Title: Rationale: Phase: Study Period: Study Design: Centres: Indication: Treatment: Objectives:
The study listed may include approved and non-approved uses, formulations or treatment regimens. The results reported in any single study may not reflect the overall results obtained on studies of a product.
More informationPilot study on a rewarming rate of 0.15 C/hr versus 0.25 C/hr and outcomes in post cardiac arrest patients
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2019;6(1):25-30 https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.17.275 Pilot study on a rewarming rate of 0.15 C/hr versus 0.25 C/hr and outcomes in post cardiac arrest patients Eunhye Cho, Sung Eun Lee,
More informationMild. Moderate. Severe. 32 to to and below
Mohamud Daya MD, MS Mild 32 to 34 Moderate 28 to 32 Severe 28 and below Jon Rittenberger Shervin Ayati Protocol Development Committee Hypothermia Working Group Lynn Wittwer Jon Jui John Stouffer Scott
More informationIntensive Care Paramedic
Doc Control Ref: TEM-003 Version 2.0 (Admin use only) Version no: (Admin use only) Effective Date: (Admin use only) 1. Principle Post-return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) management is an important
More informationPerspective Brian W. Roberts, J. Hope Kilgannon, Michael E. Chansky, Neil Mittal, Jonathan Wooden and Stephen Trzeciak
Association Between Postresuscitation Partial Pressure Perspective of Arterial Carbon Dioxide and Neurological Outcome in Patients With Post Cardiac Arrest SyndromeClinical Brian W. Roberts, J. Hope Kilgannon,
More informationINDUCED HYPOTHERMIA A Hot Topic. R. Darrell Nelson, MD, FACEP Emergency Medicine Wake Forest University Health Sciences
INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA A Hot Topic R. Darrell Nelson, MD, FACEP Emergency Medicine Wake Forest University Health Sciences Conflicts of Interest Sadly, we have no financial or industrial conflicts of interest
More informationOutcomes of Patients Requiring Blood Pressure Control Before Thrombolysis with tpa for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Original Research Outcomes of Patients Requiring Blood Pressure Control Before Thrombolysis with tpa for Acute Ischemic Stroke Bryan Darger, BA* Nicole Gonzales, MD Rosa C. Banuelos, PhD* Hui Peng, PhD
More informationOver the last 3 decades, advances in the understanding of
Temporal Trends in Sudden Cardiac Arrest A 25-Year Emergency Medical Services Perspective Thomas D. Rea, MD, MPH; Mickey S. Eisenberg, MD, PhD; Linda J. Becker, MA; John A. Murray, MD; Thomas Hearne, PhD
More informationPost-Resuscitation Care: Optimizing & Improving Outcomes after Cardiac Arrest. Objectives: U.S. stats
Post-Resuscitation Care: Optimizing & Improving Outcomes after Cardiac Arrest Nicole L. Kupchik RN, MN, CCNS CCRN-CMC Clinical Nurse Specialist Harborview Medical Center Seattle, WA Objectives: At the
More informationFluid bolus of 20% Albumin in post-cardiac surgical patient: a prospective observational study of effect duration
Fluid bolus of 20% Albumin in post-cardiac surgical patient: a prospective observational study of effect duration Investigators: Salvatore Cutuli, Eduardo Osawa, Rinaldo Bellomo Affiliations: 1. Department
More informationDepartment of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Review of In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests at a Tertiary Community Hospital for Potential ECPR Rescue Amanda Broderick 1, Jordan Williams 1, Alexandra Maryashina 1, & James Wu, MD 1 1 Department
More informationDisclosures. Pediatrician Financial: none Volunteer :
Brain Resuscitation Neurocritical Care Monitoring & Therapies CCCF November 2, 2016 Anne-Marie Guerguerian Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Disclosures Pediatrician
More informationDisclosures. Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation During Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation ECPR April 22, 2016 ECG. Case. Case. Case Summary 4/22/2016
Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation During Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation ECPR April 22, 2016 Nothing to disclose. Disclosures Ivan J Chavez MD Case ECG History 60 y/o male No prior history of CAD In
More informationWORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR
RECOVER 2011 1 of 6 WORKSHEET for Evidence-Based Review of Science for Veterinary CPCR 1. Basic Demographics Worksheet author(s) James Barr Mailing address: 4474 TAMU Texas A&M University College Station,
More informationVanderbiltEM.com. Prehospital STEMIs. EMS Today 2018 Research That Should Be On Your Radar Screen 3/1/2018
EMS Today 2018 Research That Should Be On Your Radar Screen Corey M. Slovis, M.D. Vanderbilt University Medical Center Metro Nashville Fire Department Nashville International Airport Nashville, TN VanderbiltEM.com
More informationAny man s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind. - John Donne
Any man s death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind - John Donne Cardiac Arrest in 2011 Where are we? Or where should we be? Michael W. Dailey, MD FACEP Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
More informationEvidence for Lidocaine and Amiodarone in Cardiac Arrest Due to VF/Pulseless VT
Evidence for Lidocaine and Amiodarone in Cardiac Arrest Due to VF/Pulseless VT Introduction Evidence supporting the use of lidocaine and amiodarone for advanced cardiac life support was considered by international
More informationInduced Hypothermia Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Initial Experience in a Community Hospital
Clin. Cardiol. 29, 525 529 (2006) Induced Hypothermia Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Initial Experience in a Community Hospital Brook D. Scott, M.D., FACC, Tammy Hogue, R.N., M.S., C.C.N.S.,
More informationResuscitation 82 (2011) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Resuscitation
Resuscitation 82 (2011) 1162 1167 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resuscitation j ourna l h o me pag e: www. elsevier.com/locate/resuscitation Clinical paper Mild therapeutic hypothermia is associated
More informationAcute Medical Management. Bogachan Sahin, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology
Acute Medical Management Bogachan Sahin, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurology Outline Head-of-bed position Blood pressure management Antiplatelet therapy Anticoagulation Statin therapy Rehabilitation and
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS Resuscitation xxx (2010) xxx xxx
Resuscitation xxx (2010) xxx xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resuscitation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resuscitation Clinical paper Esophageal temperature after out-of-hospital
More informationIntraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation- Supportive Data for a Role in Cardiogenic Shock ( Be Still My Friend )
Intraaortic Balloon Counterpulsation- Supportive Data for a Role in Cardiogenic Shock ( Be Still My Friend ) Stephen G. Ellis, MD Section Head, Interventional Cardiology Professor of Medicine Cleveland
More informationFirst Documented Rhythm and Clinical Outcome From In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Among Children and Adults
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION First Documented Rhythm and Clinical Outcome From In-Hospital Among Children and s Vinay M. Nadkarni, MD Gregory Luke Larkin, MD Mary Ann Peberdy, MD Scott M. Carey William Kaye,
More informationINFORMAL COPY WHEN PRINTED
Doc Control Ref: TEM-003 Version 2.0 (Admin use only) Version no: (Admin use only) Effective Date: (Admin use only) 1. Principle Post-return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) management is an important
More informationInitial Rhythms and Outcomes for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Kenya
Initial Rhythms and Outcomes for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Kenya Presented By Dr. Mohamed Hasham Varwani 1 On behalf of the authors: Dr Mzee Ngunga 1, Prof Gerald Yonga 1, Dr Benjamin Wachira 1, Dr
More informationEarly Goal-Directed Therapy
Early Goal-Directed Therapy Where do we stand? Jean-Daniel Chiche, MD PhD MICU & Dept of Host-Pathogen Interaction Hôpital Cochin & Institut Cochin, Paris-F Resuscitation targets in septic shock 1 The
More informationIs bispectral index (BIS) monitoring in the emergency department helpful for prognostication during resuscitation of cardiac arrest patients?
623293PSH0010.1177/2010105815623293Proceedings of Singapore HealthcareBispectral Imaging in Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation research-article2015 Original Article PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE Is bispectral
More informationSupplementary Appendix
Supplementary Appendix This appendix has been provided by the authors to give readers additional information about their work. Supplement to: Girotra S, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA, Li Y, Krumholz HM, Chan
More informationRegionalization of Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Regionalization of Post-Cardiac Arrest Care David A. Pearson, MD, FACEP, FAAEM Department of Emergency Medicine Disclosures I have no financial interest, arrangement, or affiliations and no commercial
More informationIN HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST AND SEPSIS
IN HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST AND SEPSIS MARGARET DISSELKAMP, MD OVERVIEW Background Epidemiology of in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) Use a case scenario to introduce new guidelines Review surviving sepsis
More informationResuscitation Science. Relationship Between Supranormal Oxygen Tension and Outcome After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest
Resuscitation Science Relationship Between Supranormal Oxygen Tension and Outcome After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest J. Hope Kilgannon, MD; Alan E. Jones, MD; Joseph E. Parrillo, MD; R. Phillip Dellinger,
More informationCurricullum Vitae. Dr. Isman Firdaus, SpJP (K), FIHA
Curricullum Vitae Dr. Isman Firdaus, SpJP (K), FIHA Email: ismanf@yahoo.com Qualification : o GP 2001 (FKUI) o Cardiologist 2007 (FKUI) o Cardiovascular Intensivist 2010 - present o Cardiovascular Intervensionist
More informationResuscitation 84 (2013) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect. Resuscitation. journal homepage:
Resuscitation 84 (2013) 1068 1077 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Resuscitation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resuscitation Clinical paper Post-resuscitation care and outcomes of
More informationHow Low Should You Go? Management of Blood Pressure in Intracranial Hemorrhage
How Low Should You Go? Management of Blood Pressure in Intracranial Hemorrhage Rachael Scott, Pharm.D. PGY2 Critical Care Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds August 21, 2018 2018 MFMER slide-1 Patient
More informationToday s Outline WA--ACEP Journal Club ACEP Journal Club Background on WA Background on WA--ACEP ACEP Journal Club Strategic Goals for JC
Today s Outline WA-ACEP ACEP Journal Club Value of Therapeutic Hypothermia as a Treatment Modality (May 18, 2011) Review History and Objectives of JC Summary of November JC Therapeutic Hypothermia Current
More information2016 Top Papers in Critical Care
2016 Top Papers in Critical Care Briana Witherspoon DNP, APRN, ACNP-BC Assistant Director of Advanced Practice, Neuroscience Assistant in Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology Neuroscience
More informationTransfusion for the sickest ICU patients: Are there unanswered questions?
Transfusion for the sickest ICU patients: Are there unanswered questions? Tim Walsh Professor of Critical Care Edinburgh University None Conflict of Interest Guidelines on the management of anaemia and
More informationMild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest and the risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction
International Journal of Cardiology 132 (2009) 387 391 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcard Mild therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest and the risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction
More information2015 AHA Guidelines: Pediatric Updates
2015 AHA Guidelines: Pediatric Updates Advances in Pediatric Emergency Medicine December 9, 2016 Karen O Connell, MD, MEd Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine and
More informationTrends in Survival after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
T h e n e w e ngl a nd j o u r na l o f m e dic i n e original article Trends in Survival after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Saket Girotra, M.D., Brahmajee K. Nallamothu, M.D., M.P.H., John A. Spertus, M.D.,
More informationCardio Pulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation
Cardio Pulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation Brain Under Pressure October 3, 2017 Canadian Critical Care Forum Anne-Marie Guerguerian Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto
More informationHypothermia After Cardiac Arrest: Where Are We Now?
Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest: Where Are We Now? David A. Pearson, MD, MS Associate Professor Director of Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Carolinas HealthCare System Disclosures I have no financial interest,
More informationOUT OF HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST. Dr Julian Strange MD, FRCP Consultant Cardiologist Bristol Heart Institute
OUT OF HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST Dr Julian Strange MD, FRCP Consultant Cardiologist Bristol Heart Institute NO CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO DECLARE Optimal guidelines What we probably should do What we say we
More informationHemoglobin concentration was associated with neurologic outcome after cardiac. arrest in patients treated with targeted temperature management.
Clin Exp Emerg Med 2018;5(3):150-155 https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.17.250 Hemoglobin concentration is associated with neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in patients treated with targeted temperature
More informationDEVICE DURING STANDARD ACTIVE DECOMPRESSION
USE OF AN IMPEDANCE THRESHOLD DEVICE DURING STANDARD AND/OR ACTIVE COMPRESSION DECOMPRESSION ITD Bibliography 1. Aufderheide TP, Pirrallo RG, et al. Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold
More informationCRS Center for Resuscitation Science
Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest and in critical care Speaker disclosures Research Funding: NIH NHLBI Philips Healthcare Doris Duke Foundation American Heart Association CRS Center for Resuscitation
More informationThe mortality associated with review by the rapid response team for non-arrest deterioration: a cohort study of acute hospital adult patients
The mortality associated with review by the rapid response team for non-arrest deterioration: a cohort study of acute hospital adult patients Roger J Smith, John D Santamaria, David A Reid and Espedito
More information