Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease

Transcription

1 Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease Volume 13 Series Editor Naranjan S. Dhalla Winnipeg, Volume 1: S. K. Cheema (ed), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis Volume 2: S. W. Schaffer and M-Saadeh Suleiman (eds), Mitochondria: The Dynamic Organelle Volume 3: A. K. Srivastava and M. B. Anand- Srivastava (eds), Signal Transduction in the Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease Volume 4: B. Ostadal and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Adaptations-Molecular Mechanisms Volume 5: B. I. Jugdutt and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Remodeling-Molecular Mechanisms Volume 6: J. L. Mehta and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Biochemical Basis and Therapeutic Implications of Angiogenesis Volume 7: S. Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Proteases in Health and Disease Volume 8: N. S. Dhalla and S. Chakraborti (eds), Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunction Volume 9: B. Turan and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms Volume 10: P. S. Tappia and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Phospholipases in Heaith and Disease Volume 11: G. D. Lopaschuk and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease Volume 12: K. Ahmed, O-G. Issinger and R. Szyszka (eds), Protein Kinase CK2 Cellular Function in Normal and Disease States Volume 13: J. T. Wigle and I. M. C. Dixon (eds), Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure: Cause or Effect?

2 This new series, Advances in Biochemistry in Heath and Disease, will focus on developments in biochemical research with implications for health and disease. The series will consist of original edited volumes, monographs, references, proceedings. The series will publish a minimum of three volumes a year. More information about this series at

3 Ian M.C. Dixon Jeffrey T. Wigle Editors Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure: Cause or Effect? 1 3

4 Editors Ian M.C. Dixon Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Jeffrey T. Wigle Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is a brand of Springer International Publishing Springer International Publishing is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure: Cause or Effect? Cardiac fibrosis is the abnormal expansion of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) due to excessive ECM protein deposition, which occurs in most types of heart disease. It is widespread and is found in cardiac diseases including post-mi heart failure, hypertension and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Remodeling of the cardiac extracellular matrix has become a well-known modifier of cardiac performance and on-going or chronic wound healing is closely tied to heart failure. The cardiac ECM includes proteins that occupy the space between cells in the heart. Contractile myofibroblasts are those cells that not only express α-smooth muscle actin, but more importantly also exhibit formation of stress fibres, are the major players in the secretion and physical remodeling of matrix. Myofibroblasts facilitate connections from cell surface adhesions to the matrix itself, and progressive remodeling of the matrix and cellular connections contributes to heart failure. Fibroblasts (defined as fibroblastic cells without stress fibres) and myofibroblasts contribute to the normal maintenance of matrix, wound healing, and to the pathology of cardiac fibrosis. While limited wound healing is necessarily a good thing, the situation deteriorates in runaway wound healing or fibrosis, which is marked by progressive deposition of matrix proteins long after the acute wound healing phase is completed. In the early 1990s, and despite a widespread awareness of cardiac fibrosis, our interpretation of its role in heart disease had stalled at the concept of cardiac fibrosis as a being secondary result of disease, and not as a primary contributor to the development of heart failure. Since then, major advances in our understanding have allowed us to now identify cardiac fibrosis as being a primary and causal driver of disease. This may be thought of as independent of cardiac muscle cell injury. Thus a comprehensive treatise on this topic is well warranted. Jeffrey T. Wigle, Ian M.C. Dixon Winnipeg, v

6 Contents Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure Cause or Effect? Ian M.C. Dixon, Ryan H. Cunnington, Sunil G. Rattan and Jeffrey T. Wigle Fibroblast Activation in the Infarcted Myocardium Amit Saxena and Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis Mechanical and Matrix Regulation of Valvular Fibrosis Mark C. Blaser and Craig A. Simmons Bone Marrow-Derived Progenitor Cells, micro-rna, and Fibrosis Alison L. Müller and Darren H. Freed The Stressful Life of Cardiac Myofibroblasts Elena Zimina and Boris Hinz Pathogenic Origins of Fibrosis in the Hypertensive Heart Disease that Accompanies Aldosteronism R. Justin McCullough, Yao Sun, Kevin P. Newman, Kodangudi B. Ramanathan, Ramareddy V. Guntaka and Karl T. Weber Embryological Origin of Valve Progenitor Cells Michel Pucéat and Thomas Moore-Morris Diverse Cellular Origins of Cardiac Fibroblasts Fahmida Jahan and Jeffrey T. Wigle Non-Canonical Regulation of TGF-β1 Signaling: A Role for Ski/Sno and YAP/TAZ Matthew R. Zeglinski, Natalie M. Landry and Ian M. C. Dixon Molecular Mechanisms of Smooth Muscle and Fibroblast Phenotype Conversions in the Failing Heart Christina Pagiatakis, Dr. John C. McDermott vii

7 viii Contents Current and Future Strategies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis Patricia L. Roche and Michael P. Czubryt Remodelling of the Cardiac Extracellular Matrix: Role of Collagen Degradation and Accumulation in Pathogenesis of Heart Failure Abhijit Takawale, Mengcheng Shen, Dong Fan and Zamaneh Kassiri Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) Fouad A. Zouein, Ashley DeCoux, Yuan Tian, Jared A. White, Yu-Fang Jin and Merry L. Lindsey Collagen Processing and its Role in Fibrosis Christopher A. McCulloch and Nuno M. Coelho Mechanisms of Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure Keith Dadson, Vera Kovacevic and Gary Sweeney Mathematical Simulations of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Actions on Mammalian Ventricular Myofibroblasts and Myocytes K. A. MacCannell, L. Chilton, G. L. Smith and W. R. Giles Extracellular Matrix and Cardiac Disease: Surgical and Scientific Perspectives Holly E. M. Mewhort and Paul W. M. Fedak The Role of Neurohumoral Activation in Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure Nirmal Parajuli, Tharmarajan Ramprasath, Pavel Zhabyeyev, Vaibhav B. Patel and Gavin Y. Oudit Natriuretic Peptides: Critical Regulators of Cardiac Fibroblasts and the Extracellular Matrix in the Heart Hailey J. Jansen and Robert A. Rose Cardiac Tissue Engineering for the Treatment of Heart Failure Post-Infarction Jacqueline S. Wendel and Dr. Robert. T. Tranquillo Mechanisms of Cardiac Valve Failure and the Development of Tissue Engineered Heart Valves Meghana R. K. Helder and Robert D. Simari Index

8 Contributors Mark C. Blaser Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, L. Chilton College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia Nuno M. Coelho Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Ryan H. Cunnington Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Michael P. Czubryt Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, R4008, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Keith Dadson Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Ashley DeCoux San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, USA Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA Ian M. C. Dixon College of Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Dong Fan Department of Physiology Cardiovascular Research Center, ix

9 x Contributors Paul W. M. Fedak Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis Department of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Darren H. Freed Department of Surgery, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, W. R. Giles Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Ramareddy V. Guntaka Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Meghana R.K. Helder Divisions of Cardiovascular Surgery and Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Boris Hinz Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Fahmida Jahan Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Hailey J. Jansen Department of Physiology and Biophysics and School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Yu-Fan Jin San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA Zamaneh Kassiri Department of Physiology Cardiovascular Research Center, Vera Kovacevic Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Natalie M. Landry Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Merry L. Lindsey San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, USA Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

10 Contributors xi K. A. MacCannell Worldwide Research and Development Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA Christopher A. McCulloch Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, R. Justin McCullough Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Dr. John C. McDermott Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Holly E. M. Mewhort Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Thomas Moore-Morris INSERM UMR_S910, Team physiopathology of cardiac development, Medical School La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, Cedex 05, France Alison L. Müller Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Kevin P. Newman Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Gavin Y. Oudit Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Christina Pagiatakis Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Nirmal Parajuli Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Vaibhav B. Patel Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Michel Pucéat INSERM UMR_S910, Team physiopathology of cardiac development, Medical School La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, Cedex 05, France Kodangudi B. Ramanathan Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Tharmarajan Ramprasath Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Sunil G. Rattan Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB,

11 xii Contributors Patricia L. Roche Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, R4008, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Robert A. Rose Department of Physiology and Biophysics and School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Amit Saxena Department of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Mengcheng Shen Department of Physiology Cardiovascular Research Center, Robert D. Simari Executive Dean School of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA Craig A. Simmons Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Cardiovascular Sciences Collaborative Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, G. L. Smith Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Yao Sun Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Gary Sweeney Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Abhijit Takawale Department of Physiology Cardiovascular Research Center, Yuan Tian San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, USA Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA Dr. Robert. T. Tranquillo Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Karl T. Weber Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA Jacqueline S. Wendel Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

12 Contributors xiii Jared A. White Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA Jeffrey T. Wigle Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Matthew R. Zeglinski Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Pavel Zhabyeyev Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Elena Zimina Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Fouad A. Zouein San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, San Antonio, USA Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA

13 About the Editors Dr. Jeffrey Wigle is an Associate Professor at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,. His research focuses on the transcriptional pathways involved in regulating the growth and development of the cardiovascular system. He has characterized a number of transcription factors that are critical for the development of the lymphatic vasculature and the phenoconversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. He is currently studying the transcriptional feedback loops that determine and maintain the fibroblastic phenotype. Dr. Ian M.C. Dixon is a Professor of Physiology and Pathophysiology at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,. His research addresses heart failure following myocardial infarction and the contributing role of dysfunctional extracellular matrix in these hearts. He is also interested in mechanisms of fibroblast phenotype regulation, cardiac fibroblast Smad protein signalling as well as other signalling proteins that may oppose the fibrogenic influence of TGF-β 1 in health and disease. He has been engaged over the past 24 years in multidisciplinary research in cardiovascular matrix biology. xv