Change Healthcare Clinical Evidence Classification

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1 InterQual Procedures Criteria: Vascular Disorders Bibliography Change Healthcare Clinical Evidence Classification References cited in the clinical content are classified according to the type of evidence presented. The class ratings, I through V, are intended to provide a classification of the evidence but are not necessarily hierarchical. Classifications appear in parentheses at the end of each reference. References followed by an (NC) are not classified; examples include pre-published research or information from government, manufacturer, laboratory, or patient education websites. Classification Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Type of Evidence Meta-analysis, technology assessment, or systematic review Randomized controlled trial Observational or epidemiologic study Evidence-based guideline Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature review, text or reference book, descriptive study, case report, or case series Class I Class I sources synthesize the results of multiple studies. When quantitative synthesis is possible, meta-analyses can provide a more accurate estimate of the effect or association size than individual smaller studies can. A Class I study that finds insufficient evidence to support or refute an intervention (due to a lack of appropriate primary research) is inconclusive. A potential weakness of Class I studies is that they may only assess published research, potentially leaving their findings vulnerable to publication bias Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 1

2 Class II A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which subjects are randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. An RCT is the gold standard for testing cause and effect relationships. Intention-to-treat analysis should be performed to account for missing data points. Class III Observational or epidemiologic studies can suggest an association between events or findings. These associations cannot be used to establish causality. Cross-sectional, cohort, and casecontrol studies are all used to identify possible risk factors. Cross-sectional studies are also used to determine the prevalence of a condition. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, the natural history of a condition, prognosis after a specific exposure, and associated harms. Nonrandomized controlled trials are sometimes used when randomization is impossible or unethical. Class IV Evidence-based guidelines are systematically developed recommendations for clinical practice. Evidence-based guidelines identify the methodology used to gather the evidence on which the recommendations are based. Usually, a grading system for both the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations is provided. Guidelines that are evidencebased may also contain consensus recommendations in areas where evidence is lacking, but these recommendations are clearly identified and appropriately graded. Class V Class V references may be the best information in the absence of other evidence. Expert opinion, panel consensus, literature reviews, and descriptive studies (case reports or case series) are subject to significant bias. A case series with comparison to historical controls can be plagued with missing data, and data extraction inconsistencies are common. The use of historical controls does not address how the diagnosis of disease or its treatment has evolved over time with newer technologies or medication. Text book information may be out of date by the time the book is published. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) Citations are designated with the CER label as part of the evidence classification if the article cited is one of the following: 1. A clinical trial or other clinical study that directly compares two or more health care interventions for the same clinical scenario. 2. A systematic review that compares two or more health care interventions by synthesizing the research from previous clinical studies Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 2

3 Bibliography Abbott. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke (10):e (I) Abela et al. An analysis comparing open surgical and endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (6): (I) Aboyans et al. Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation (24): (IV) Abraha et al. Thoracic stent graft versus surgery for thoracic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9). (I CER) Alonso-Coello et al. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest (2 Suppl):e669S-e90S. (IV) American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: radiologic management of iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; (IV) American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology; (IV) American College of Radiology, ACR Appropriateness Criteria: radiologic management of lower-extremity venous insufficiency (IV) Amsler and Blattler. Compression therapy for occupational leg symptoms and chronic venous disorders - a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery: the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (3): (I) Anderson et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation (13): (IV) Antoniou et al. Contralateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery increases the risk of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg (4): (I) Arquizan et al. Restenosis is more frequent after carotid stenting than after endarterectomy: the EVA-3S study. Stroke (4): (II CER) Arya et al. Carotid endarterectomy is superior to carotid angioplasty and stenting for perioperative and long-term results. Vasc Endovascular Surg (6): (I CER) Assar and Zarins. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: a surgical emergency with many clinical presentations. Postgrad Med J (1003): (V) Authors/Task Force et al ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (IV) Babu et al. The durability of carotid endarterectomy: long-term results for restenosis and stroke. Neurosurgery (5):835-8; discussion 8-9; quiz 9. (V) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 3

4 Badger et al. Endovascular treatment for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(7):CD (I) Balzer et al. Prospective randomized trial of operative vs interventional treatment for renal artery ostial occlusive disease (RAOOD). J Vasc Surg (3): ; discussion (II) Bangalore et al. Carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy: meta-analysis and diversityadjusted trial sequential analysis of randomized trials. Arch Neurol (2): (I CER) Bedenis et al. Cilostazol for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(10):CD (I) Bekelis et al. Indications for treatment of recurrent carotid stenosis. Br J Surg (4): (I) Bendermacher et al. EVAR reintervention management strategies in contemporary practice. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) (4): (V) Bettendorf et al. Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus redo endarterectomy for recurrent stenosis. Am J Surg (3): ; discussion 359. (III) Blecha. Critical limb ischemia. The Surgical clinics of North America (4): (V) Bogiatzi et al. Identifying high-risk asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Expert Opin Med Diagn (2): (V) Bonati and Fraedrich. Age modifies the relative risk of stenting versus endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis--a pooled analysis of EVA-3S, SPACE and ICSS. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (2): (I CER) Bosiers et al. Midterm results of the transarterial use of Onyx in the treatment of persisting type II endoleaks after EVAR. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) (4): (III) Brittenden et al. A randomized trial comparing treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med (13): (III CER) Brooks et al. Carotid angioplasty with stenting versus endarterectomy: 10-year randomized trial in a community hospital. JACC Cardiovasc Interv (2): (II CER) Brott et al ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation (4): (IV) Brott et al. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med (1): (II CER) Bryer et al. South African guideline for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2010: a guideline from the South African Stroke Society (SASS) and the SASS Writing Committee. S Afr Med J (11 Pt 2): (IV) Bush et al. Performance of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in high-risk patients: results from the Veterans Affairs National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. J Vasc Surg (2): ; discussion (III) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 4

5 Caggiati et al. Nomenclature of the veins of the lower limb: extensions, refinements, and clinical application. J Vasc Surg (4): (V) Capoccia and Riambau. Endovascular repair versus open repair for inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(4):CD (I CER) Chaer et al. Safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting in high-risk patients. Am Surg (8): ; discussion (III CER) Chahwan et al. Elective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm with endovascular or open repair: the first decade. J Vasc Surg (2): ; discussion 262. (III) Chaikof et al. The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: the Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines. J Vasc Surg (4 Suppl):S2-49. (IV) Chambers et al. Use of non-randomised evidence alongside randomised trials in a systematic review of endovascular aneurysm repair: strengths and limitations. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (1): (I) Cheng et al. Endovascular aortic repair versus open surgical repair for descending thoracic aortic disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Am Coll Cardiol (10): (I CER) Coady et al. Surgical management of descending thoracic aortic disease: open and endovascular approaches: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation (25): (V) Cohen et al. Health-related quality of life after carotid stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: results from CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol (15): (II CER) Conte and Pomposelli. Society for Vascular Surgery Practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. Introduction. J Vasc Surg (3 Suppl):1S. (IV) Criado and Gashti. Are there patients truly at high-risk for carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting? Can they be identified? Semin Vasc Surg (3): (V) De Bruin et al. Long-term outcome of open or endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. N Engl J Med. 362(20): (II) De Maeseneer et al. Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins of the lower limbs after treatment for varicose veins - UIP consensus document. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (1): (IV) De Rango et al. Management of carotid stenosis in women: consensus document. Neurology (24): (V) Deipolyi et al. Diagnosis and management of mycotic aneurysms. Clin Imaging (2): (III) den Hartog et al. Risk of stroke from new carotid artery occlusion in the Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-1. Stroke (6): (II) Di Nisio et al. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(4):CD (I CER) Dorigo et al. Comparison of open and endovascular treatments of post-carotid endarterectomy restenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (5): (III CER) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 5

6 Easton et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke (6): (V) Eberhardt and Raffetto. Chronic venous insufficiency. Circulation (4): (V) Economopoulos et al. Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a comprehensive meta-analysis of short-term and long-term outcomes. Stroke (3): (I CER) Ederle et al. Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (9719): (II CER) Edwards and Corriere. Contemporary management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease. J Vasc Surg (5): (V) Eklof et al. Updated terminology of chronic venous disorders: the VEIN-TERM transatlantic interdisciplinary consensus document. J Vasc Surg (2): (V) El Batti et al. Type II endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm are not always a benign condition. J Vasc Surg (5): (III) Elefteriades. Indications for aortic replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (6 Suppl):S5-9; discussion S (V) Erbel et al ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J (41): (IV) Expert Panel on Vascular et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria((R)) Vascular Claudication- Assessment for Revascularization. J Am Coll Radiol (5S):S372-S9. (IV) Faggioli et al. Contralateral carotid occlusion in endovascular and surgical carotid revascularization: a single centre experience with literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (1): (V) Fanelli and Dake. Standard of practice for the endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysms and type B dissections. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol (5): (V) Farber and Eberhardt. The Current State of Critical Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review. JAMA Surg (11): (I) Filardo et al. Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(2):CD (I) Fragkouli et al. Unusual death due to a bleeding from a varicose vein: a case report. BMC Res Notes :488. (V) Furie et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke (1): (IV) Gahremanpour et al. Carotid artery stenting versus endarterectomy: a systematic review. Tex Heart Inst J (4): (I CER) Gerhard-Herman et al AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 6

7 Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation (12):e726-e79. (IV) Ghosh et al. Contemporary management of aorto-iliac aneurysms in the endovascular era. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (2): (V) Gloviczki et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. Journal of vascular surgery (5 Suppl):2S-48S. (IV) Grabenwoger et al. Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) for the treatment of aortic diseases: a position statement from the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg (1): (V) Guay and Ochroch. Carotid endarterectomy plus medical therapy or medical therapy alone for carotid artery stenosis in symptomatic or asymptomatic patients: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (5): (I CER) Hagiya et al. Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by Campylobacter fetus: a case report and literature review. Ann Vasc Surg (8):1933 e7- e14. (V) Halabi et al. Carotid artery stenting in surgical high-risk patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv (4): (V) Halliday et al. 10-year stroke prevention after successful carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic stenosis (ACST-1): a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet (9746): (II) Heye. Diagnosis and treatment of endoleaks after endovascular repair of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. JBR-BTR (4): (V) Hinchliffe et al. IWGDF guidance on the diagnosis, prognosis and management of peripheral artery disease in patients with foot ulcers in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev Suppl 1: (IV) Hiratzka et al ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons,and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol (14):e27-e129. (IV) Hirsch et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease) endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol (6): (IV) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 7

8 Hirt. Progression rate and ipsilateral neurological events in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke (3): (II) Howard et al. Influence of sex on outcomes of stenting versus endarterectomy: a subgroup analysis of the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST). Lancet Neurol (6): (II CER) Jaff et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation (16): (V) Jauch et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke (3): (IV) Kahn et al. The postthrombotic syndrome: evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation (18): (V) Kakisis et al. The European Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for carotid intervention: an updated independent assessment and literature review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (3): (IV) Kearon et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest (2): (IV) Ketha et al. Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report and review of literature. Vasc Endovascular Surg (1):65-9. (V) Klein et al. SCAI appropriate use criteria for peripheral arterial interventions: An update. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv (4):E90-E110. (V) Knepper and Upchurch. A review of clinical trials and registries in descending thoracic aortic aneurysms. Semin Vasc Surg (3): (V CER) Kundu et al. Multi-disciplinary quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of lower extremity superficial venous insufficiency with ambulatory phlebectomy from the Society of Interventional Radiology, Cardiovascular Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, American College of Phlebology and Canadian Interventional Radiology Association. J Vasc Interv Radiol (1):1-13. (IV) Lal et al. Restenosis after carotid artery stenting and endarterectomy: a secondary analysis of CREST, a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol (9): (II CER) Lanzino et al. Treatment of carotid artery stenosis: medical therapy, surgery, or stenting? Mayo Clin Proc (4): ; quiz (V) Lederman et al. Primary renal artery stenting: characteristics and outcomes after 363 procedures. Am Heart J (2): (III) LeFevre. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med (4): (IV) Leopardi et al. Systematic review of treatments for varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg (2): (I) Liapis et al. ESVS guidelines. Invasive treatment for carotid stenosis: indications, techniques. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (4 Suppl):1-19. (IV) Liapis et al. ESVS Guidelines: Section B - diagnosis and investigation of patients with carotid stenosis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol (5): (IV) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 8

9 Liu et al. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing carotid artery stenting and carotid endarterectomy in the treatment of carotid stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg (4): (I CER) Markus et al. Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol (7): (III) Massop et al. Stenting and angioplasty with protection in patients at high-risk for endarterectomy: SAPPHIRE Worldwide Registry first 2,001 patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv (2): (III) Mazzolai et al. Diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: a joint consensus document from the European society of cardiology working groups of aorta and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. Eur Heart J (IV) Meier et al. Short term and intermediate term comparison of endarterectomy versus stenting for carotid artery stenosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. BMJ :c467. (I CER) Meissner et al. Early thrombus removal strategies for acute deep venous thrombosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg (5): (IV) Meschia et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke (12): (IV) Mills et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg (1): e1-2. (IV) Moll et al. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms clinical practice guidelines of the European society for vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Suppl 1:S1-S58. (IV) Mughal et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery plaque. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther (10): (V) Narins and Illig. Patient selection for carotid stenting versus endarterectomy: a systematic review. J Vasc Surg (3): (I) Nasr and Scriven. Superficial thrombophlebitis (superficial venous thrombosis). BMJ :h2039. (V) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Varicose veins in the legs. Clinical guideline 168. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; (IV) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Carotid artery stent placement for asymptomatic extracranial carotid stenosis. Interventional procedure guidance 388,. London: NICE; (IV) Naylor. Time to rethink management strategies in asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Nat Rev Cardiol (2): (V) Naylor. What is the current status of invasive treatment of extracranial carotid artery disease? Stroke (7): (V) Nesbitt et al. Endovenous ablation (radiofrequency and laser) and foam sclerotherapy versus open surgery for great saphenous vein varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(7):CD (I CER) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 9

10 Nishimura et al AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (1):e1-e132. (IV) Nordmann and Logan. Balloon angioplasty versus medical therapy for hypertensive patients with renal artery obstruction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(3):CD Norgren et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg Suppl S:S5-67. (V) Norgren et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Journal of vascular surgery Suppl S:S5-67. (IV) O'Donnell et al. Management of venous leg ulcers: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (R) and the American Venous Forum. Journal of Vascular Surgery (2 Suppl):3s-59s. (IV) O'Meara and Martyn-St James. Foam dressings for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(5):CD (I) O'Meara et al. Alginate dressings for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(8):CD (I) O'Meara et al. Compression for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev :CD (I) Palfreyman and Michaels. A systematic review of compression hosiery for uncomplicated varicose veins. Phlebology / Venous Forum of the Royal Society of Medicine Suppl 1: (I) Pang et al. Tender inflammatory infrarenal aortic aneurysm simulating acute rupture. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann (2): (V) Paravastu et al. A systematic review of open versus endovascular repair of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (3): (I CER) Paravastu et al. Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(1):CD (I) Patel et al. Evaluation and treatment of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: consensus definitions from Peripheral Academic Research Consortium (PARC). J Am Coll Cardiol (9): (V) Patel et al. Survival benefit of endovascular descending thoracic aortic repair for the high-risk patient. Ann Thorac Surg (5): ; discussion (III) Phan et al. Recent advances in the management of transient ischaemic attack: a clinical review. Intern Med J (4): (V) Plouin et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis :28. (V) Popuri and Vedantham. The role of thrombolysis in the clinical management of deep vein thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (3): (V) Rabe and Pannier. Clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological classification (CEAP): gold standard and limits. Phlebology Suppl 1: (V) Rabe et al. European guidelines for sclerotherapy in chronic venous disorders. Phlebology (6): (IV) Radhakrishnan et al. E-Vita Open Plus for Treating Complex Aneurysms and Dissections of the Thoracic Aorta: A NICE Medical Technology Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy (V) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 10

11 Raman et al. Management strategies for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med (9): (I CER) Ranta et al. Carotid endarterectomy: a Southern North Island regional consensus statement. N Z Med J (1323): (V) Rantner et al. The risk of carotid artery stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy is greatest in patients treated within 7 days of symptoms. J Vasc Surg (3): e2; discussion (I) Rasmussen et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation and stripping of the great saphenous vein with clinical and duplex outcome after 5 years. Journal of vascular surgery (2): (II) Rathbun et al. A randomized trial of dalteparin compared with ibuprofen for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. J Thromb Haemost (5): (II CER) Rerkasem and Rothwell. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(4):CD (I) Ricotta et al. Updated Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines for management of extracranial carotid disease. J Vasc Surg (3):e1-31. (IV) Rooke et al ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline). Vascular medicine (6): (IV) Rooke et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (14): (IV) Rueda et al. The management of chronic venous insufficiency with ulceration: the role of minimally invasive perforator interruption. Ann Vasc Surg (1): (III) Safian and Madder. Refining the approach to renal artery revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv (3): (V) Samuel et al. Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation versus conventional surgery for small saphenous varicose veins. Annals of surgery (3): (II CER) Schermerhorn et al. Endovascular vs. open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms in the Medicare population. N Engl J Med (5): (III) Scott et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: a current approach to management. Br J Haematol (5): (V) Shang et al. A modern experience with saccular aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg (1):84-8. (III) Shingler et al. Compression stockings for the initial treatment of varicose veins in patients without venous ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(12):CD (I) Simons et al. The effect of postoperative stroke and myocardial infarction on long-term survival after carotid revascularization. J Vasc Surg (6): (III) Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Writing et al. Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg (3 Suppl):2S-41S. (IV) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 11

12 Stone and Fankhauser. Inflammatory aneurysms treated with EVAR. Semin Vasc Surg (4): (III) Stoner et al. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for endovascular treatment of chronic lower extremity peripheral artery disease: Executive summary. J Vasc Surg (1): (V) Tendera et al. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases: Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries: the Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J (22): (IV) Textor. Current approaches to renovascular hypertension. Med Clin North Am (3): , Table of Contents. (V) Touze et al. A clinical rule (sex, contralateral occlusion, age, and restenosis) to select patients for stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: systematic review of observational studies with validation in randomized trials. Stroke (12): (I) van Gent and Wittens. Influence of perforating vein surgery in patients with venous ulceration. Phlebology (2): (III CER) van Lammeren et al. Restenosis after carotid surgery: the importance of clinical presentation and preoperative timing. Stroke (4): (V) Vartanian and Conte. Surgical intervention for peripheral arterial disease. Circ Res (9): (V) Vashist et al. Renal artery stenosis: a cardiovascular perspective. Am Heart J (4): (V) Vedantham. Catheter-directed thrombolysis to avoid late consequences of acute deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Res (V) Vedantham et al. Pharmacomechanical Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Deep-Vein Thrombosis. N Engl J Med (23): (II) Voeks et al. Age and outcomes after carotid stenting and endarterectomy: the carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial. Stroke (12): (II CER) Walker et al. Clinical practice guidelines for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: written by the Standards of Practice Committee for the Society of Interventional Radiology and endorsed by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe and the Canadian Interventional Radiology Association. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology: JVIR (11): (IV) Wang et al. A meta-analysis of carotid endarterectomy versus stenting in the treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis. Chin Med J (Engl) (3): (I CER) Watson et al. Thrombolysis for acute deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev :CD (I) Wilson et al. Vascular Graft Infections, Mycotic Aneurysms, and Endovascular Infections: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation (IV) Wittens et al. Editor's Choice - Management of Chronic Venous Disease: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg (6): (IV) 2018 Change Healthcare, LLC and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved. Produced in Cork, Ireland. 12

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