Measuring Marijuana Impacts. Kimberley Fino City & County of Denver Excise & Licenses

Transcription

1 Measuring Marijuana Impacts Kimberley Fino City & County of Denver Excise & Licenses

2 Presentation Roadmap National Marijuana Policy Landscape Environmental Impacts Economic Impacts Operational Impacts Public Health Data Colorado Public Safety Data Questions

3 3 Legalization in the United States

4 Environmental Impacts

5 Denver Marijuana Industry Electricity Usage 3.9% 4.3% Marijuana producers use less electricity to produce a pound of marijuana today than in 2014 Licensed marijuana businesses average electricity use grew 10% from MJ Industry accounts for just over 4% of total Denver electricity usage 1.9% 2.9% 1.6% % Gigawatt Hours Used % of Denver Energy Consumed

6 Denver Marijuana Industry Water Usage 228 Industrial-Growhouse sites identified 400 acre feet of water used by Marijuana grow operations (2017) Equates to.25% of all usage 6 ½ to 1 Outdoor Grows Indoor Grows Average Gallons per plant

7 Wastewater Denver Wastewater monitors loading impacts of certain industries. Loading is the introduction of contaminants into the wastewater stream (soil, chemicals, pesticides, etc.) Denver Wastewater previously studied marijuana facilities and found little to no loading occurring.

8 Waste & Recycling Average Customer Marijuana Customer The only company currently composting for the local marijuana industry Recycles and composts approximately 12% of their waste Approximately 18% of their waste is recycled and composted

9 2014 Health Impact Assessment Surveyed several of Denver s most industrialized neighborhoods o Odor is leading quality of life complaint o Headaches, nausea, eye & throat irritation o Reluctance to exercise, garden, socialize o 90% of respondents say their lives would improve by reducing odors o Marijuana businesses - 4 th leading source of odor concerns

10 Denver Adopts odor control ordinance Odor complaints dropped 44% in the year following ordinance

11 Economic Impacts

12 JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL Millions Denver Marijuana Sales MEDICAL GROSS SALES RETAIL GROSS SALES $35 $34 $14 $20 $20 $26 $20 $18 $14 $

13 Marijuana - % of Colorado GDP Approximately $1.5 Billion in sales in MJ Sales.4% GDP $306 B $318 B $324 B $343 B MJ Sales $699 M $996 M $1.3 B $1.5 B % of GDP 0.23% 0.31% 0.40% 0.40% GDP from other sources 99.6% MJ SALES AS PERCENT OF GDP *Data provided by the State of Colorado and the US Department of Commerce

14 IN MILLIONS Denver Marijuana Revenue vs Expenses $37 $43 MJ Revenue MJ Expenses $29 $22 $5 $7 $9 $

15 Legalizations Impact on Non-Resident Tourism Consider visiting on a vacation Consider living/working there Consider buying good/services made there More Positive Same More Negative

16 Direct Impact Colorado Cannabis Market Retail Manufacturing Cultivation Secondary Impact Total Impact $996 Million $1.39 Billion $2.39 Billion 9,821 Jobs 4,223 Jobs 14,044 Jobs

17 Operational Impacts

18 Denver MJ Business Licenses by Type 345 Denver currently has 1116 active marijuana business licenses. That s 36% of the state s marijuana licenses. Denver is home to 13% of the state s population Marijuana Transporter - Retail Marijuana Transporter - Medical Retail Marijuana Test Facility Med Marijuana Test Facility Retail Marijuana Inf Prod Mfg Med Marijuana Inf Prod Manuf Retail Marijuana Store Medical Marijuana Center Retail Marij Opt. Prem. Cultiv Med Marijuana Opt Prem Cultiv Transporters Testing Edibles Stores Grows

19 DENVE R ACTIVE MARIJUANA BUSINESS LICENSES OCT NOV JAN SEP DEC JAN MAY JUL NOV JAN MAY JUL NOV JAN MAR JUN DEC JAN MAY SEP OCT UNIQUE MARIJUANA BUSINESS LOCATIONS OCT DEC JAN SEP DEC JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT

20 Marijuana Licensing Applications % 438 6% Almost 100% of Denver Marijuana licenses are renewed annually % % Renewals (in red) account for 52% of all Denver Marijuana license transactions from July 2014 to August % % Renewal Modification of Premises Corporate Structure Change New Apps Transfer of Ownership Transfer of Location

21 Average Time to Inspect CPD Building 50 minutes CPD Zoning 120 minutes DDPHE EQ 90 minutes DDPHE PHI 60 minutes DFD 150 minutes EXL 55 minutes TOTAL 8.75 Inspection hours for license approval *Approximate, excludes premises requiring re-inspection

22 Denver Marijuana FTE s Finance 1 Children's Affairs 1 Behavioral Health 1 Office of Marijuana Policy (Excise and Licenses) Community Planning and Development Fire Department Parks and Recreation Environmental Health Police Department City Attorney's Office Denver has hired 58 FTEs specifically to handle regulation of the MJ industry 11 12

23 Improved Compliance Over Time Average Food Safety Inspection Violations on MJ Businesses % % 31% 33% # Inspections # Violations Average Violations

24 Assessing the Impact: Crime Percent of Marijuana crime of total Denver crime remains stable, below 2% Denver MJ Crime Vs Overall Crime % 1.6% 1.7% Total Crime MJ Crime % Change MJ Crime 24

25 25 Thank You! Web: Denvergov/MarijuanaInfo

26 What has happened to state public health after retail cannabis legalization, so far? Julia Dilley, PhD MES Multnomah County Health Department & State of OR Public Health Division Katelyn E. Hall, MPH Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

27 Public Health Impacts of Marijuana Legalization Image credit: Colorado Dept. of Public Health & Environment 27

28 Objectives Provide data highlights from four states that have recently legalized nonmedical marijuana markets (Alaska, Colorado, Oregon and Washington) Youth cannabis use Adult cannabis use Poison center calls Hospitalization and emergency department visits Market data - Placement, Price, Potency & Products, Promotion 28

29 Different surveys have shown different results it s too soon to know for sure how legalization affects youth Response to Cerda et al., 2017 JAMA Pediatrics submitted and in review (Dilley, Richardson, Pacula, Kilmer, Segawa, Cerda)

30 Percent current cannabis use among all youth 8/12th grade for WA; 8/11th grade for OR; 9-12th for CO, AK, US Data sources: Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, Washington State Healthy Youth Survey, Oregon Healthy Teens, Alaska Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, and Monitoring the Future 30

31 31

32 CO & WA Market Opened OR Market Opened AK Market Opened 32

33 AK Market Opened CO Market Opened 33

34 CO & WA Market Opened OR Market Opened 34

35 CO & WA Market Opened OR Market Opened CO & WA Market Opened OR Market Opened 35

36 Medical Marijuana Legalized Medical Marijuana Commercialized Retail Marijuana Legalized ICD-10-CM 3,517 36

37 Primary diagnosis categories among emergency department visits with marijuana-related billing codes in Colorado: ED Discharge Data 37

38 Multiple data sources show similar increases in cannabisrelated adverse events associated with implementation; they may decrease over time

39 Places: Cannabis retail outlets per state State # stores selling Alaska 71 Colorado 548 Oregon 591 Washington 377 Sources: AK Commerce 10/2018; CO Dept. of Revenue 10/2018; OLCC 10/2018; WA LCB 11/

40 Prices: Tumwater January

41 Prices: Portland, April

42 Prices: Portland, September 2018 $5 for 3.54 grams = $1.41/gram 42

43 Prices: Cannabis is getting cheaper WA, Smart R, Caulkins JP, Kilmer B, Davenport S, Midgette G. (2017) Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly-legal market: Evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington State. Addiction. add

44 Products & Potency: Lacey, WA October

45 Products & Potency: Tacoma, WA, April

46 Products & Potency: Interstate 5 corridor outside Portland, Oregon, April 2017

47 Products & Potency: Portland, OR - Spring 2017

48 Products & Potency: Washington State cannabis retail sales, Overall product sales are increasing. The amount and share of highpotency products among sales are increasing. Research is here (at best) Reality of exposure is here (at least) Smart R, Caulkins JP, Kilmer B, Davenport S, Midgette G. Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington state. Addiction May 27. doi: /add

49 Risk increased * * * Statistically significant difference. *AK is great risk only; other states are great + moderate risk Data sources: Healthy Kids Colorado Survey, Washington State Healthy Youth Survey, Oregon Student Wellness Survey, and Alaska Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 49

50 Promotion: Do kids see cannabis advertising? Thurston County, Washington - June 2017

51 Promotion: March 2015, Corvallis OR 51

52 Promotion: Portland OR May

53 Promotion: adults & youth see cannabis advertising. OR adults OR 8 th graders 2017 With stores No Stores With stores No Stores Oregon statewide Adult exposure 8th grade exposure Differences by community Adult data reported in Fiala SC, Dilley JA, Firth CL, Maher JE. (2018) Exposure to marijuana marketing after legalization of retail sales: Oregonians experiences, Am J Public Health. 108(1): doi: /AJPH Youth data from draft paper. 53

54 State Reports from Early Adopters Legalized by voters in 2012 Colorado Monitoring Health Concerns Related to Marijuana in Colorado: Washington State Monitoring Impacts of Recreational Marijuana Legalization (not posted on website, but accessible through search on report title) Legalized by voters in 2014 Oregon Marijuana Use, Attitudes & Health In Oregon - large reports from January 2016 (baseline) and December 2016, plus fact sheets on adults, youth, outcomes Alaska Data and Statistics webpage 54

55 Thank you! Katelyn E. Hall, MPH Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Julia Dilley, PhD MES Multnomah County Health Department & State of OR Public Health Division 55

56 Marijuana and Public Safety in Colorado JACK K. REED COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY DIVISION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE OFFICE OF RESEARCH & STATISTICS NOVEMBER 2018

57 Changes to Colorado s Legal Landscape Law limiting grows on residential property (HB ) Established $6 million fund to reimburse law enforcement and district attorneys for enforcement of marijuana laws (HB ) New edible product rules Required marking to indicate THC None shaped like candy, fruit, people, animals

58 Varieties of Cannabis and Ingestion

59 Number of arrests Marijuana Arrests in Colorado 14,000 12,709 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 6,359 6,902 6,728 6,250 6,153 4,000 2, Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System.

60 Arrest rate (per 100,000 population) Marijuana Arrest Rates, by age group 1,600 1,491 1,400 1,200 1, to to or older Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

61 Arrest rate, per 100,000 population Marijuana Arrest Rates, by race White Hispanic African-American Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

62 Number of cases Marijuana Case Filings ,753 1, ,902 1, ,108 9,791 9,923 1,347 1, ,543 8,790 5,288 4,619 4,934 4,913 4,041 8,122 8,143 8, ,831 3,229 3,006 3,196 2, Source: Colorado State Judicial Branch. Note: County court data does not include Denver County. Traffic Petty offense Misdemeanor Felony Total cases

63 Number of charges Marijuana Filings for Serious Drug Crime Types Source: Colorado State Judicial Branch. Note: County court data does not include Denver County. Conspiracy Distribution Manufacture Possession with intent to distribute

64 Growth on Public Land, Plants Seized 2013: 4, : 4, : 25, : 63, : 80,826 Source: Data provided by National Forest Service, National Park Service, and Bureau of Land Management, analyzed by the Division of Criminal Justice.

65 Seizures of Colorado-Sourced Marijuana, Concentrates/ hashish, 6% 2013 Seizures Edibles, 1% 2017 Seizures Edibles, 16% Bud & flower, 86% Concentrates/ hashish, 26% Bud & flower, 58% Source: El Paso Intelligence Center, provided by Colorado Information Analysis Center.

66 Impaired Driving Colorado Department of Transportation

67 Mean THC concentration (ng\ml) Delta-9 THC Over Time Toennes graph Time after smoking (hours) Chronic users Occasional users 5 ng/ml Source: Adapted from Toennes, S., Ramaekers, J., Theunissen, E., Moeller, M., & Kauert, G. (2008). Comparison of cannabinoid pharmacokinetic properties in occasional and heavy users smoking a marijuana or placebo joint. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 32,

68 DUI Citations Colorado State Patrol , 12% , 13% 780, 17% , 15% Marijuana only Marijuana & alcohol Marijuana & other drugs Other drugs Alcohol only 4,820 4,042 3,610 3, ( T o t a l = 5, ) ( T o t a l = 4, ) ( T o t a l = 4, ) ( N = 4, ) Source: Colorado State Patrol (2017). Note: Drug impairment determination is based on trooper s informed perception and not toxicology results

69 % reporting driving Adults Reporting Driving within 2-3 hours after Marijuana Use 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 2.5% 2.1% 2.7% 3.0% 0% Note: Comparing across years within each age category, there were no statistical differences from 2014 to Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,

70 % reporting driving Adult Marijuana Users Reporting Driving within 2-3 hours after Marijuana Use 25% 20% 15% 10% 18.8% 16.1% 20.1% 19.7% 5% 0% Note: Comparing across years within each age category, there were no statistical differences from 2014 to Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System,

71 Total fatalities Marijuana-involved Fatalities on Colorado Roadways (N=481) 2014 (N=488) 2015 (N=546) 2016 (N=608) 2017 (N=648) Cannabinoid only Cannabinoid & other drugs Cannabinoid & any alcohol Cannabinoid, any alcohol, and any other drugs Source: Colorado Department of Transportation, Data Intelligence Group, Toxicology Data (2018). Note: a) Numbers are based on toxicology results where at least one driver was tested for drugs after a crash. b) The presence of a cannabinoid does not necessarily indicate recent use of marijuana or impairment.

72 % of all fatalities with drug tested drivers Marijuana-involved Fatalities on Colorado Roadways 25% 22% 20% 20% % 13% 10% 5% 0% 3% 1% 13 3 Present but less than 1ng 11% % 6% ng to <5ng 5ng or higher Any Delta 9 detected Delta 9 THC level of driver Source: Colorado Department of Transportation, Data Intelligence Group, Toxicology Data (2018). Note: Percents are based on tested drivers, which are about 46% of all drivers involved in fatal crashes. Colorado has established a permissible inference of impairment at 5 ng/ml Delta-9 THC.

73 Colorado DUI Data Improvement 2016 Toxicology Results Blood test Court Filings State Courts ~25,000 Probation Assessment Breath test Denver Court ~2,000 Refuse test

74 Case Count Overall Drug Use, Single Drug 16,000 14, (91%) 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, (6%) 386 (3%) Alcohol Only THC Only Single Other Drug Single Drug Category Source: State Judicial Department, Denver County Court, CBI, CDPHE, ChemaTox, and Denver Crime Lab at DPD data analyzed by Colorado Division of Criminal Justice.

75 Case Count Overall Drug Use, Polydrug (17%) 829 (37%) 469 (21%) 234 (10%) Top 5 Other Drugs Methamphetamine Cocaine Alprazolam Clonazepam Diazepam 352 (16%) Alcohol and Other Alcohol and THC THC and Other Alcohol, THC, and Other(s) Polydrug Not Alcohol or THC Polydrug Category Source: State Judicial Department, Denver County Court, CBI, CDPHE, ChemaTox, and Denver Crime Lab at DPD data analyzed by Colorado Division of Criminal Justice.

76 Count THC Only Conviction Rate % % 12.5% Present but < THC Group Guilty Not Guilty Source: State Judicial Department, Denver County Court, CBI, CDPHE, ChemaTox, and Denver Crime Lab at DPD data analyzed by Colorado Division of Criminal Justice.

77 Youth Impacts

78 Marijuana Offenses in Schools 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, ,010 1,390 1,655 1,355 1,239 1, Elementary/Secondary School College/University Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System.

79 Arrests per 100,000 population Youth Marijuana Arrest Rates (per 100,000) by Race 1,400 1,226 1, , White non-hispanic Hispanic Black non-hispanic Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System; Colorado State Office of Demography.

80 School Discipline for Drugs 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, ,394 3,409 3,287 3,212 3, ,212 4,650 4,561 4,714 4,319 4,529 4,236 4,153 4, Drug suspensions Drug expulsions Source: Colorado Department of Education (2018). Note: The school year was the first complete year where marijuana was reported separately from other drugs.

81 School Discipline for Marijuana % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4% 3% 22% 24% 24% 22% 96% 97% 78% 76% 76% 78% Suspensions Expulsions Law enforcement referrals % all other violations % marijuana violations Source: Colorado Department of Education. Note: The school year was the first with schools reporting marijuana separately from other drugs for the entire year.

82 Contact Information Jack K. Reed Colorado Division of Criminal Justice 700 Kipling St., Suite 1000 Lakewood, CO

83 Contact Information Kimberley Fino Katelyn E. Hall, MPH Julia Dilley, PhD MES Jack K. Reed Excise & Licenses City and County of Denver 201 W. Colfax #206 Denver CO Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Multnomah County Health Department & State of Oregon Public Health Division Colorado Division of Criminal Justice 700 Kipling St., Suite 1000 Lakewood, CO