Marijuana and Public Safety in Colorado

Transcription

1 Marijuana and Public Safety in Colorado JACK K. REED COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY DIVISION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE OFFICE OF RESEARCH & STATISTICS MAY 2018

2 National Landscape of Marijuana Laws Medical & Recreational: 9 States & DC --- Medical only: 21 States --- CBD only: 16 States --- None: 4 States Source: National Conference of State Legislatures (2017), Note: Not all states laws are currently in effect.

3 National Opinion on Legalizing Marijuana Source: Gallup Poll (2017),

4 Changes to Colorado s Legal Landscape Gray and black market grows increasingly problematic Law limiting grows on residential property (HB ) Established $6 million fund to reimburse law enforcement and district attorneys for enforcement of marijuana laws (HB ) New edible product rules Required marking to indicate THC None shaped like candy, fruit, people, animals

5 Varieties of Cannabis

6 Varieties of Ingestion

7 Public Safety

8 Marijuana Arrests in Colorado 14, ,894 12, 000 Number of marijuana arrests 10, 000 8, 000 6, 000 4, 000 6,502 7,004 5,385 6,045 2, Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System.

9 Marijuana Arrest Rates Marijuana arrest rate (per 100,000) Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

10 Marijuana Arrest Rates, by age group Marijuana arrest rate (per 100,000) to to or ol der Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

11 Marijuana Arrest Rates, by race Marijuana arrest rate (per 100,000) Whi te Hi s pani c Af r ic an- Am er i ca n Ot her Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

12 Marijuana Arrest Rates, by gender Marijuana arrest rate (per 100,000) Male Fem ale Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Crime Reporting System; Colorado Office of Demography.

13 Marijuana Filings 120% % 80% 60% 12% 16% 18% 16% 15% 7% % 9% 8% 9% % 12% 2% 13% 18% 12% 9% 18% 13% 24% 26% 9% 8% 12% 11% % 20% 81% 76% 73% 75% 77% 63% 57% % % 54% % Pet t y of f ense Tr af i c Misdemeano r Fel ony Tot al f il ings 0 Source: Colorado State Judicial Branch. Note: County court data does not include Denver County.

14 Marijuana Filings for Serious 2500 Drug Crime Types , , Possession w it h i nt ent t o sel l Di s tr i but ion Manufactu re Cons pi r acy Source: Colorado State Judicial Branch. Note: County court data does not include Denver County.

15 Violent Crime Rates Violent Crime Rates, Un it ed St at es Col or ado Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, Crime in Colorado; Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports. Note: Violent crime consists of homicide, rape, robbery and aggravated assault.

16 Property Crime Rates Property Crime Rates, , 000 3, 500 3, 000 2, 500 3,347 3,276 3, ,041 2,946 2,905 2,868 2,734 2, , ,451 2, 000 1, 500 1, Un it ed St at es Col or ado Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, Crime in Colorado; Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports. Note: Property crime consists of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.

17 Drivers in Fatal Crashes on Colorado Roadways Note: A positive test for cannabinoids may be the result of active THC or one of its inactive metabolites and does not necessarily indicate impairment. Source: Data provided by Colorado Department of Transportation, 6/27/2017.

18 Drivers in Fatal Crashes on Colorado Roadways, Driver Testing Outcomes Drivers, 18% of tested drivers, positive for Delta-9 THC No t te st ed No AO D Al cohol onl y THC onl y Al cohol and THC THC and ot her dr ugs Al cohol, THC and ot her dr ugs Ot her dru gs onl y Al cohol and ot her dr ugs No Del t a 9 Del t a 9 Note: A positive test for cannabinoids may be the result of active THC or one of its inactive metabolites and does not necessarily indicate impairment. Source: Data provided by Colorado Department of Transportation, 9/22/2017.

19 Fatality rates on Colorado & US Roadways, Fatalities per 100 million VMT Colorado fatality rate US fatality rate Source: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, 2016 Quick Facts; 2015 Quick Facts..

20 DUI Citations Colorado State Patrol , 12% , 13% , % , 15% Ma ri ju an a on ly Ma ri ju an a & al co ho l Ma ri ju an a & o the r drugs Othe r d ru gs Alc ohol only 4,820 4,042 3,610 3, (TOTAL=5,705)2015 (TOTAL=4,898)2016 (TOTAL=4,635) 2017 (N=4,849) Source: Colorado State Patrol (2017). Note: Drug impairment determination is based on trooper s informed perception and not toxicology results

21 Driving within 2-3 hours after Marijuana Use 3. 5 Colorado pop.: 4.3 million adults Are they really impaired? What is their tolerance? Are they patients? Note: Comparing across years within each age category, there were no statistical differences from 2014 to Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. URL:

22 Adult Marijuana Users Reporting Driving within 2-3 hours after Marijuana Use Are people telling the truth? Why 2-3 hours? Why not ask if they drove high? 5. 0 Why is this different from CDOT? Note: Comparing across years within each age category, there were no statistical differences from 2014 to Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. URL:

23 Is Colorado Working on DUI Data? Come on Colorado, it s been four years! Blood test State Courts ~25,000 Breath test Denver Court ~2,000 Probation Assessment Refuse test

24 Youth Impacts

25 Marijuana Offenses in Schools

26 Youth Marijuana Arrest Rates (per 100,000) by Race 1, 400 1, 200 Youth arrest rates for marijuana, by race 1,216 1, Whi te Hi s panic Af r ican- Am er ican Ot her Source: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, National Incident-Based Reporting System; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016 American Community Survey.

27 School Suspension Rate Source: Colorado Department of Education (2017). Note: The school year was the first complete year where marijuana was reported separately from other drugs.

28 School Expulsion Rate Source: Colorado Department of Education (2017). Note: The school year was the first complete year where marijuana was reported separately from other drugs. 28

29 School Discipline for Marijuana % 90% 80% 4% 22% 24% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 96% 78% 76% 20% 10% 0% Suspensi ons ( Total: 8 5,456) Expul sions (To tal : 971) Law enforceme ntreferrals (T otal : 3, 535) Al l ot her vi olat io ns Marijuana vi ol ati ons Note: The school year was the first with schools reporting marijuana separately from other drugs for the entire year. Source: Colorado Department of Education.

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32 Current marijuana use among High School Students, 2015

33 College Students Perceived Marijuana Use Perceived use in past 30 days 96. 0% 94.8% 94. 0% 92. 0% 90. 0% 88. 0% 86. 0% 85.5% 84. 0% 82. 0% 80. 0% Col or ado ( 2017 ) Nat i onal ( 2016) Per ceived Source: Coalition of Colorado Alcohol and Drug Educations (2017), National College Health Assessment.

34 College Students Real vs. Perceived Marijuana Use Reported use vs. perceived use in past 30 days % 90. 0% 80. 0% 70. 0% 60. 0% 94.8% 85.5% 50. 0% 40. 0% 38.8% 30. 0% 20. 0% 18.4% 10. 0% 0. 0% Col or ado ( 2017 ) Nat i onal ( 2016) Per ceived Source: Coalition of Colorado Alcohol and Drug Educations (2017), National College Health Assessment. Act ual

35 Public Health

36 Adult Marijuana Use Source: Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. URL:

37 Hospitalization & Emergency Department Trends Produced by: EEOHT, CDPHE 2016 *Rate significantly increased from previous time period with a p-value < The Ns are the total number of HD or ED visits with marijuana-related billing codes in the specified time period. ICD-9-CM codes , , 969.6, and E854.1 were used to determine HD and ED visits with marijuana-related billing codes. Data Source: Colorado Hospital Association 2000-Sept 2015 (2011-Sept 2015 for ED visits).

38 250 Poison Control Marijuana Exposure Calls 225 Number of reported marijuana exposures year s and ol der yea rs ol d 9-17 year s old 0-8 year s o ld Unknown Produced by: Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment, Environmental Epidemiology, Occupational Health and Toxicology Branch (2016). Data Source: National Poison Data System (NPDS) closed, human, marijuana exposure calls in Colorado from 2000 to 2016, n=1,578.

39 Treatment for Marijuana Use Treatment admissions rate (per 100,000) for marijuana as primary drug, by age group to 17 year s 18 to 20 year s 21 year sand older Note: Data reflect treatment episodes where marijuana was indicated as the primary drug of use or abuse. Source: Colorado Department of Human Services. Drug/Alcohol Combined Data System.

40 Treatment for Marijuana Use Percent of treatment admissions with marijuana as primary drug, by age group 80. 0% 70. 0% 61.6% 66.5% 71.8% 60. 0% 50. 0% 40. 0% 30. 0% 20. 0% 16.6% 19.1% 22.9% 10. 0% 0. 0% 4.9% 5.5% 6.1% to 17 year s 18 to 20 year s 21 year sand older Note: Data reflect treatment episodes where marijuana was indicated as the primary drug of use or abuse. Source: Colorado Department of Human Services. Drug/Alcohol Combined Data System.

41 Treatment for Marijuana Use Frequency of marijuana use in 30 days prior to treatment 60% 57% 50% 49% 40% 40% 30% 23% 22% 25% 20% 19% 14% 16% 15% 10% 11% 10% 0% No ne 1 to 7 days 8 to 21 days 22 days or mor e Source: Colorado Department of Human Services. Drug/Alcohol Combined Data System.

42 Marijuana Sales and Excise Taxes 25, 000,00 0 FY 2017: $210 million (+78%) 20, 000,00 0 Total monthly sales and excise taxes 15, 000, , 000,00 0 FY 2015: $102 million FY 2016: $141 million (+60%) 5, 000, Jan-14 Mar-14 May-14 Jul-1 4 Sep -1 4 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-1 5 Sep -1 5 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-1 6 Sep -1 6 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Source: Colorado Department of Revenue, Marijuana Enforcement Division. Note: Includes regular sales tax for medical (2.9%), regular sales tax for retail (2.9%), special sales tax for retail (10%), and excise tax for retail (15%). The Colorado fiscal year runs from July 1 st to June 30 th.

43 Contact Information Jack K. Reed Colorado Division of Criminal Justice 700 Kipling St., Suite 1000 Lakewood, CO