Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal plants of area Mandan district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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1 2018; 6(6): E-ISSN: P-ISSN: IJHM 2018; 6(6): Received: Accepted: Taj Yousaf Khan Phytoecology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Lal Badshah Phytoecology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan Asghar Ali Govt AKL Post Graduate College Matta, Swat, Pakistan Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal plants of area Mandan district Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Taj Yousaf Khan, Lal Badshah and Asghar Ali Abstract The present study was conducted to assessed knowledge about important medicinal plants through semi structured interview and questionnaire in area Mandan district Bannu Pakistan. A total of 4 study trips were arranged during 2017 and 2018.Asteraceae was the most leading family followed by Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae and Solonaceae. They used Herbs (29 plants, 61.70%). Shrubs (7 plants, 14.89%) and Trees (11 plants, 23.40%). Similarly part used as whole plant (15 plants, 31.91%), leaves (16 plants, 34.04%), flower (2 plants, 4.25%), fruit (7 plants, 14.89%), seed (9 plants, 19.14%), shoot (2 plants, 4.25%), bark (2 plants, 4.25%) and gum and branches (1 plant, 2.12%). They used medicinal plants at different percentage as stomach disorder (6 plants, 12.76%), laxative (4 plants, 8.51%) and condiments (2 plants, 4.25%). Similarly fodder and fuel (7 plants, 14.89%), Diarrhea and dysentery (5 plants, 10.63%) and diuretic (3 plants, 6.38%).It is concluded that this study will provide a folkloric claim base for researchers and also assess in treatment of local diseases. Keywords: Important medicinal plants, diseases, families, Bannu 1. Introduction Medicinal plants are important in curing of various health problems in remote area, where modern facilities are lacking [1]. Millions of the people in developing countries commonly derive their income from different wild plant products [2]. People are using a number of plant species for the treatment of diseases from ancient time [3]. Most of the plant species of a particular area can be used as hunting material, foodstuff, fuel, source of income and medicinal purposes [4]. Plants not only provide food, shelter, fodder, drug, timber, fuel but also provide different other services such as regulating different air gases, water recycling and control of different soil erosion [5].About 80% of populations of the developing countries used plants as medicine for the curing of different diseases [6, 7]. In Pakistan new taxa of vast medicinal importance have been reported from various places [8]. In Pakistan about 12% of the total flora are used as medicine [9]. The knowledge of medicinal plants getting power in Pakistan as a lot of work has been approved out in different medicinal localities of the country [10, 11]. The study area Bannu is ancient city of KP. It is bounded by Peshawar and Kohat on south and Dera Ismail Khan on north. Total area of Bannu is about 1,227 km 2 and altitude about 371m (1217 feet) from the sea level. Climatically Bannu is semi-arid with hot and dry summer and cool winter. The average temperature in June is around 36.6 o C while in January 11.7 o C. (Fig 1: map) The peoples of the area also used different plant species for the cure of various diseases. The study was carried out to explore important plant species which used by the local peoples as medicine and about to get threatened either due to overgrazing, deforestation or unwise uses of available resources. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Study duration and data collection The ethno botanical survey was conducted from start of July 2017 to the end of Jun2018. A total of 4 trips were arranged for data collection. The ethno botanical information were obtained from local people through semi structured interviews and questionnaire. The plants were classified into various ethno botanical categories. Correspondence Taj Yousaf Khan Phytoecology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 2.2 Herbarium specimen preparation The plant specimen were collected, preserved, identified and mounted on standard herbarium sheets and were deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany University of Peshawar. Different apparatus was used during collection and preparation of complete herbarium ~ 15 ~

2 specimens like News halves, press straps, field notebook, diggers and clippers, maps, camera and GPS etc. 2.3 Identification The collected plant specimens were identified through taxonomist and flora of Pakistan [12, 13]. For further references the specimens were deposited to herbarium Department of Botany University of Peshawar. KP. Pakistan. 3. Results The current study of ethnobotanical uses of plants of area Mandan District Bannu was carried in which 47 plants species belonging to 28 families were recorded. (Table 1). The results were obtained through semi structured interviews and questionnaire. The inhabitant used approximately 47 plants species for the cure of various diseases e. g., 6 plants used for Stomach disorder (12.76%), 4 plants used for Laxative (8.51%), 2 plants for Condiments (4.25%), 7 plants for Fodder and fuel (14.89%), 5 plants used for Diarrhea and dysentery (10.63%) and 3 plants used for diuretic (6.38%). (Fig 2). On the basis of part used 15 plantswere used as a whole plant (31.91%), 16 plants used for Leaves (34.04%), 2 plants used for Flower (4.25%), 7 plants for Fruit (14.89%), 9 plants for Seed (19.14%), 2 plants used for Bark (4.25%), 2 plants for Shoot (4.25%) and 1 plant used for Gum and branches (2.12%). (Fig 3). The habit was found as Herbs (29 plants, 61.70%), Shrubs (7 plants, 14.89%) and Trees (11 plants, 23.40%). (Fig 4). Table 1: Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal Plant of area Mandan District Bannu, Pakistan. S. N Species Local name Habit Part used Ethno botanical uses References Family Amaranthaceae 1 Amaranthus viridis L. Ranzaka Herb Leaves It used for gastro intestinal problem. And also used as fodder. [25, 28, 30] Family Arecaceae 2 Phoenix dactylifera L. khajera Tree Whole plant Fruit is laxative, leaves used for mates, Ropes and basket. [32, 34] Family Asphodelaceae 3 Aloe vera L. Burm. f. Zargia Herb Leaves The decoction of leaves is used as antiarthritis backache. Extract of leaves is used for hepatitis and dermatitis. [29, 30, 33] 4 Calotropis procera Aiton Spalmaka Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. It is also used [5, 20, 23, 24, as expectorant and anthelmintic. 25] Family Alliaceae Vegetable It is used as flavouring agent and condiment. 5 Allium cepa L. Piaz Herb bulb and leaves Its juice is used in the cure of irritation caused by scorpion. [19, 29, 27] Family Asteraceae 6 Taraxicumofficinale F. H. Flower and Zairgulae Herb wig fruit It is used in the cure of kidney and liver. [5, 19, 23] 7 Xanthium strumarium L. Aghzikay Herb Leaves Its leaves are used in malaria fever. [20, 19, 5] 8 Conyza canadensis (L.) It is used as stimulant homeostatic and also Kharbita Herb Leaves Cronquist used in diarrhoea and dysentery. [31, 19] 9 Helianthus annus L. Surajmuki Herb Seed and It is used as laxative and diuretic. Its oil is flower best for cooking. [30, 31] Family Apiaceae 10 Coriandrum sativum L. Danya Herb Seed and It is used in condiments. Also used as leaves diuretic and anti-dyspepsia [5, 19, 22] 11 Ammi visnaga L. Sparkiye Herb Seed It is used as diuretic astringent and antispasmodic. [19, 34] 12 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sop Herb Seed It increase milk production in women. It is used as condiment and also as analgesic. [29, 5, 19] Family Brassicaceae 13 Brassica compestres L. Oiray Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Its oil is used as tonic. [20, 19] Family Cannabaceae 14 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Herb Leaves It is used as expectorant and also used in fever and pain. [25, 19, 20] Family Chenopodiaceae 15 Chenopodium album L. Sorma Herb Leaves It is used as fodder. [19, 5, 25] Family Convolvulaceae 16 Convolvulus arvensis L. Perwtye Herb leaves It is used as purgative and also used in skin disease. [21, 25, 20, 19] Family Cucurbitaceae 17 Cucurbita pepo L. Kado Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in heart and stomach problem. [31] 18 Momordica charantia L. Karela Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in diabetes and blood pressure. [27, 20, 23, 5] Family Caesalpiniaceae 19 Cassia fistula L. Gardanali Tree Wood and Wood is used in furniture. Seed is used for seed abdominal pain in babies. [24, 5] ~ 16 ~

3 Family Euphorbiaceae 20 Euphorbia Prostrata Aiton. Wermgu Herb Shoot It is used in skin diseases like itching and ring worm. 21 Euphorbia helioscopial. Parpary Herb Shoot It is used as cathartic and anthelmintic. It is also used as laxative. 22 Ricinus Communis L. Arhand Shrub Seed It is used for sexual disorder. Its oil is used in treating constipation. Family Fumaraceae 23 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Serguly Herb Whole plant It is used for asthma and paralysis. Family Meliaceae It is used for fuel and furniture. Fruit and 24 Melia azedarach L. Bakanra Tree Whole Plant leave are used as anthelmintic. Bark is used for teeth curing. Family Mimosaceae 25 Acacia modesta Wall. Palosa Tree Gum is used for dysentery and tonic. Gum and Branches is used for tooth brush. It is also brunches used for fuel and furniture. It is used as fuel and fodder. It is used in 26 Acacia nilotica L. Kikar Tree Whole plant diarrhoea and dysentery and also used as expectorant. Family Moraceae 27 Morus alba L. Spin toot Tree Whole plant 28 Morus nigra L. Tor toot Tree Bark and fruit 29 Ficus carica L. Toghu Tree Whole plant Family Myrtaceae 30 Euclyptus maculate L. Lochi Tree Leaves Family Lamiaceae ~ 17 ~ It is used as fodder and furniture. Fruit are delicious and tasty. It is also used as laxative, purgative and emollient. Fruit is nutritive and used as laxative. Berk is used as expectorant and inhibit tumour formation. It is also used as anthelmintic and astringent. Fruit is edible and use for stomach disease. It is also used as laxative and demulcent. It is also used for fodder and fuel. It is used as expectorant and antiseptic. Also used as flavouring agent. 31 Mentha arvensis L. Podina Herb Leaves Its leaves used as salad. It is useful in diarrhoea and dyspepsia. Decoction is used in mouth wash. It is mostly used for stomach disorder, Its 32 Mentha longifolia L. Velona Herb Leaves dried powder are used for stomach ache and carminative It is used as ornamental. Seed is used for 33 Ocimum basilicum L. Baberai Herb Whole plant diarrhoea. Its extract is used against ear ache. Family Oxalidaceae 34 Oxalis carniculata L. Terwika Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-diabetic. It is also useful in case of fever and stomach ache. Family Plantaginaceae 35 Plantago lanceolata L. Chendy cut Herb Leaves Seed 36 Punica granatum L. Anar Tree Family Punicaceae Fruit and bark It is used as purgative. Leaves are boiled in water and used for chest infection Fruit is edible which compensate iron deficiency. Berk is Berk is used for nasal congestion and also used for dysentery. Family Poaceae 37 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Baruwa Herb Stem and It is used for ornamental purposes and also leaves used as fodder. 38 Avena sativa L. Jawdar Herb Seed and It is used as fodder. Seed is used as nerve stem tonic. Family Rhamnaceae It is used for fuel and furniture, branches 39 Ziziphus nummularia L. Karkanra Tree Whole plant used for hedging and fencing. Fruit is used as tonic and digestive. [34, 30, 31] [20, 19, 32] [25, 19, 20] [25, 23, 20, 19, 5] [24, 20, 5, 19] [29, 24, 25] [20, 24, 25] [5, 19, 20, 22, 24] [20, 24, 19, 5] [23, 19, 24] [20] [20, 29] [30, 20, 5] [28, 25, 22] [19, 5, 20, 25] [5, 19, 20, 25] [25, 19] [25, 26, 19] [24, 28] [32, 22, 23] Family Solanaceae 40 Datura innoxia Mill. Batura Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-inflammatory and Laxative. [20, 30] 41 Datura incanum L. Makoo Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-diabetic [32, 34] 42 Solanum nigrum L. Tor Makoo Herb Leave and It is used as vegetable and fruit. The leaves fruit in the form of paste are applied to skin to [20, 21, 19, 5]

4 cure eczema Family Spindaceae 43 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq Sanaty Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Leaves are used as astringent. Family Tamaricaceae 44 Tamarix aphylla (L.) H. Karst Ghaz Shrub Whole plant It is used as fuel. It is honey bee plant [25, 30] Family Zygophyllaceae It attract honey bee. It is used in pain of 45 Peganum harmala L. Spelany Herb Seed and root heart and lice killing. It is also used as superstitious. 46 Fegonia indica Hadidi spelaghzy Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-inflammatory. Its extract is used for diabetes and blood purification. 47 Tribulus terrestris L. Makundy Herb Fruit It is used in urinary disease cough and heart diseases. [20, 24, 24] [22, 5, 25, 28] [29, 30, 5] [20, 21, 25, 19] Fig 1: Map of the research area Fig 2: Percentage of medicinal Uses Fig 3: Percentage of Plant part used Fig 4: Percentage of Plant habit used ~ 18 ~

5 Chenopodium album L. Calotropis procera Aiton Fegonia indica Hadidi. Taraxicumofficinale F. H. wig. Tamarix aphylla L. Karst Amaranthus viridis L. Fumaria indica Hausskn. Plantago lanceolate L. Mentha longifolia L. Peganum harmala L. Cannabis sativa L. Ricinus communis L. ~ 19 ~

6 Oxalis carniculata L. Solanum nigrum L. Allium cepa L. Convolvulus arvensis L. Acacia nilotica L. Conyza Canadensis L. 4. Discussion The uses of plants species for the treatments of disorder is very ancient and this knowledge has been transferred from generation to generation orally and practically [14]. It has been reported that about 6,000plant species with potential medicinal activities are widely distributed in which species are being used for medicinal purposes [15]. According to Hocking (1985) 84% rural population of Pakistan still practicing from practitioners of traditional drugs [16], either due to lack of health facilities [17], or experience of elders from several decades [18]. The present study provide the local uses of plants species about treatments of various diseases. The main focus of this study was to assemble knowledge about the local uses of plants that are used as remedies to treat diseases. Such as leaves of the Amaranthus viridis used for the gastro intestinal problems, leaves of Xanthium strumarium used in malaria fever, flower and fruit of Traxaxicumofficinale used for the cure of kidney and liver. Similarly seed of Helianthus annus used as laxative, seed of Ammi visnage used as diuretic and antispasmodic, leaves of Canabis sativa used as expectorant and also used in fever and pain etc. Plats 5. Conclusion Hopefully this study will create extensive interest in protecting and preserving important medicinal plants in District Bannu, KPK Pakistan. The peoples of the study area were uneducated about the sustainable and wise uses of plant species as medicine for different aliments. They were deprived regarding proper collections of plants for health care ~ 20 ~ needs and marketability. At present time the spread of knowledge from herbalists to the public had been enormously decreased. However due to contribution of ethnobotanical research, awareness in the local community and overall global trend toward recovery of the spread of knowledge herbalist to the public has been introduced. Furthermore the present study proved that most of the indication prescribed which are related to the society diseases such as diarrhea, asthma, stomach diseases, diabetes etc. which will be definitely helpful for the society members in developing country like Pakistan. 6. References 1. Kamal M, Wazir SM, Hassan M, Subhan M, Khan SU, Muhammad A et al. Ethnobotanical important plants of District Bannu, Pakistan. Pakistan journal of plant science. 2009; 15(2): Maroyi A. Diversity of use and local knowledge of wild and cultivated plants in the Eastern Cape Province. South Africa J Ethnobiology Ethno medicine. 2017; 13: Qureshi R. Medicinal flora of Hingol National Park Baluchistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2012; 44(2): Hamayun M. Ethnobotanical profile of Utror and Gabral valleys, district Swat, Pakistan. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2005; (1):9. 5. Hussain W, Badshah L, Ullah M, Ali M, Ali A, Hussain F. Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern Pakistani-Afghan borders. Journal of Ethnobiology and

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