Investigation of antiparkinsonian effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. on haloperidol-induced experimental animal model

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1 Research Article Investigation of antiparkinsonian effect of Terminalia chebula Retz. on haloperidol-induced experimental animal model Lakshmi Kakunuri*, Karishma Shaik, Amreen Sultana S, Narendra Babu A, Naga Lakshmi J, Bhargav Kumar N ABSTRACT Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the antiparkinsonian activity of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) fruit extracts by haloperidol-induced catatonia model in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Methodology: Parkinson s disease was induced by administering haloperidol (4 mg/kg p.o) daily for a week. The SD rats were divided into four groups with five animals in each group. Group I - inducing group - haloperidol (4 mg/kg P.O), Group II - standard group - Syndopa Plus (10 mg/kg P.O), Group III - Test-1 (aqueous fruit extract of T. chebula [TCAE] mg kg P.O), and Group-IV - Test-2 (Ethanolic fruit extract of T. chebula [TCEE] mg/kg P.O). All the treatment group animals received respective inducing, standard, and test treatment 30 min before the haloperidol administration. Antiparkinsonian effect was evaluated using block method and locomotor activity. Results: Haloperidol induced a time-dependent increase in cataleptic score in rats, as compared to other groups. All the groups showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower scores of catalepsy at all time periods as compared to haloperidol-inducing group. Discussion: Fruit extracts of T. chebula exhibited a significant antiparkinson s activity. KEY WORDS: Antiparkinsonian activity, Block method, Catatonia, Haloperidol, Locomotor activity INTRODUCTION Parkinson s disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease caused when a small group of brain cells that control body movements die. This disease was first described by James Parkinson in It is characterized clinically by bradykinesia, resulting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Pathological features of PD include loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra and presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies in surviving dopamine neuron. It is not clear why Lewy body formation causes neuronal cell death. Among the available antiparkinson drugs, levodopa remains the most efficacious and still the mainstay of therapy. However, long-term use of levodopa leads to wearing off phenomenon, on-off phenomenon, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesia, which limit its further usage. Even though antiparkinson drugs are highly effective in alleviating the symptoms of Parkinsonism, Access this article online Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: they do not give complete cure. Moreover, these drugs are often associated with frequent side effects such as nausea, vomiting, depression, hallucinations, dizziness, dry mouth, sore throat, postural hypotension, diarrhea, mydriasis, and anxiety. The significance of many indigenous medicinal plants and their phytoconstituents in the management of Parkinsonism with minimal side effect profile arises in this context. There has been an enormous demand for the further scientific development of animal models that can mimic the progressive motor impairment as in PD. One such model is haloperidol-induced catalepsy, i.e., a state of akinesia with muscular rigidity in animals. It is an established model for screening the drugs for antiparkinson effect. [1] Terminalia chebula Retz. (family Combretaceae) is commonly known as Haritaki and found all over the different parts of India, such as Assam, Gujarat, Mumbai, Konkan, Malabar, and Chennai. The tree is of great significance to the Hindu, and the dried twigs of the tree are used in various vanjnas. T. chebula is commonly known as black myrobalans in English and harad in Hindi. The terminalia Department of Pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author: Kakunuri. Lakshmi, Department of Pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur , Andhra Pradesh, India. Phone: lakshmikakunuri95@gmail.com Received on: ; Revised on: ; Accepted on: Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol 12 Issue

2 consists of 250 species and widely distributed in tropical areas of the world. This is one of the major components of wonder Ayurveda medicine known as triphala powder. Haritaki is known as The King of Medicines. In Ayurveda, it is described as kind of mother because At times even mother becomes angry but Haritaki never causes a harm to a person who takes it. T. chebula is a medium-to-large deciduous tree, attaining a height of up to 30 m with wide spreading branches and a broad disk-shaped crown. The Sanskrit name haritaki is rich with meaning, referring to the yellowish dye (haritak) that it contains, as well as indicating that it grows in the abode of god siva (Hari, that is the Himalayas) and that it cures (harayet) all diseases. Its other commonly used Sanskrit name, Abhaya, refers to the fearlessness, and it provides in the face of the disease [Figure 1]. [2] MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and Authentication of Plant Material The fruits of T. chebula were identified and purchased from local market of Guntur and authenticated by Dr. P. Satyanarayana Raju M.Sc., M.Phil, Ph.D (Plant taxonomist) of the Department of Botany and Microbiology in Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur. Preparation of Plant Extract The T. chebula fruits are powdered in a mechanical grinder. The collected powder was successively extracted with water and ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The extraction was carried out for 72 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. Excess solvent was removed by the solvent evaporation to obtain the dry weight of the plant extracts. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening The preliminary phytochemical investigation was carried out with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of T. chebula for the identification of phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical tests were carried out by standard methods. [4] Experimental Animals Sprague Dawley (SD) rats of either sex ( g) were maintained for 7 days in the animal house of Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur, under standard conditions such as temperature (24 C ± 10 C), relative humidity (45 55%), and 12:12 light:dark cycle. The animals were fed with standard rat pellet and water ad libitum. The animals were allowed to acclimatize to laboratory conditions 48 h before the start of the experiment. Five rats/group were used in all sets of experiments. Ethical Approval All the protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee and conducted according to committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experimental animals (CPCSEA) registered no: 1048/PO/ Re/S/07/CPCSEA at the Department of Pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur. Haloperidol-Induced Catatonia Model in SD Rats Haloperidol {4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)- 4-oxobutyl)-4-piperidinol} is the widely used antipsychotic drug, and it shares some structural similarity with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP is identified as the toxic agent present in heroin and responsible for neurodegenerative condition similar to Parkinson s disease. MPTP is commonly used to induce Parkinsonism in experimental animals. Haloperidol is metabolized in the liver, and it undergoes oxidation to the pyridinium metabolite, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl)-pyridinium (HPP+) which shares some structural similarity and toxic actions with pyridinium metabolite of MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+). This suggests that HPP+ might produce neurological effects similar to MPTP. Therefore, in the present study, haloperidol is used to induce Parkinsonism in rats. [5] Haloperidol is known to produce extrapyramidal side effects in man. These effects, such as akinesia, rigidity, and tremors, are called Parkinson s like, because in PD, the major clinical symptoms include difficulty to move and change posture (akinesia and rigidity) and tremors. These effects of antipsychotic drugs are Figure 1: Terminalia chebula fruit leaf and tree [3] 776 Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol 12 Issue

3 due to excessive blockade of dopamine receptors in the extrapyramidal motor system. Therefore, butyrophenones (haloperidol [or] trifluperidol) are commonly used to produce Parkinson s-like extrapyramidal symptoms in laboratory animals and to study antiparkinsonian drugs. [6] Experimental Design The antiparkinsonism activity of the aqueous and ethanolic fruit extracts of T. chebula was investigated using the haloperidol-induced catatonia method (haloperidol is widely used to induce Parkinsonism like condition in the dose 0.5 to 4 mg/kg daily for a week in rats). [5] The test animals were randomly chosen and divided into four groups having five rats in each as follows: Group I: Inducing group - Haloperidol (4 mg/kg, p.o once/day 1 week). Group II: Standard group - Syndopa plus [7] (Levodopa + carbidopa) (10 mg/kg, p.o, once/day 1 week]) + Haloperidol. Group III: Test-I - Aqueous fruit extract of T. chebula (TCAE- 100 mg/kg P.O 1 week) + Haloperidol. Group IV: Test-II - Ethanolic fruit extract of T. chebula (TCEE- 100 mg/kg P.O 1 week) + haloperidol. All the treatment group animals received respective control, standard, and test treatment 30 min before the haloperidol administration for 7 days of experimental period. ANTIPARKINSON ACTIVITY Measurement of Catalepsy by Block Method Two wooden blocks are taken, one is 3cm high and other is 9cm high. Catalepsy of an individual rat was measured by a scoring method given below. The severity of catatonic response was recorded as follows [Table 1]. Thus, for a single rat, the maximum possible score would be 3.5 revealing total catatonia. The severity of catatonia was observed at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 240 min after haloperidol administration. Plot a graph, time along with X-axis and catatonic scores along the Y-axis [Figures 2 and 3]. [8] Locomotor Activity using Actophotometer The locomotor activity (horizontal activity) can be easily measured using an actophotometer which operates on photoelectric cells which are converted in Table 1: Scoring for catatonia Stages Description/behavior Score Stage I Rat moves normally when placed on the table 0 Stage II Rat moves only when touched or pushed 0.5. Stage III Rat placed on the table with front paws set alternately on 3 cm high block fails to correct the 1 posture in 10 s, score=0.5 for each paw with a total of 1 for this stage Stage IV Rat fails to remove when the front paws are placed alternatively on 9 cm block, score=1 for each paw a total score of 2 for this stage 2 Table 2: Phytochemical screening of TCAE and TCEE Phytochemical constituents Aqueous fruit extract of T. chebula Ethanolic fruit extract of T. chebula Alkaloids Carbohydrates + + Flavonoids Phenols + + Saponins Terpenoids + + Sterols + + Tannins + + Proteins Amino acids Glycosides Fixed oils and fatty acids T. chebula: Terminalia chebula, +indicate the compulsory present, ++indicate the slightly present, +++moderately present and indicate the absent. TCAE: Terminalia chebula aqueous extract, TCEE: Terminalia chebula ethanol extract Table 3: Effect of fruit extracts of T. chebula Retz. on haloperidol induced Parkinsonism (catalepsy) Group Treatment Degree of catatonic response after min I Haloperidol 0.59± ± ± ± ±0.06 II Standard+haloperidol 0.31± ± ± ± ±0.02 III TCAE+haloperidol 0.33± ± ± ± ±0.02 IV TCEE+haloperidol 0.32± ± ± ± ±0.02 T. chebula: Terminalia chebula, TCAE: Terminalia chebula aqueous extract, TCEE: Terminalia chebula ethanol extract Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol 12 Issue

4 circuit with a counter. When a beam of light falling on the photocell is cut off by the animal, a count is recorded. An actophotometer could be either circular or square area in which the animal moves. Calculate the % decrease in motor activity (or) % activity change (before after 30 min/before 100). [8] Statistical Analysis The values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett s multiple comparison test. Comparisons were made between haloperidol group and test/standard groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis was done using Graph pad prism version no: 6.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, we found that aqueous and ethanolic fruit extract of T. chebula Retz. possesses the following chemical constituents [Table 2]. HALOPERIDOL-INDUCED CATATONIA METHOD Effect of Fruit Extracts of T. chebula Retz. on Cataleptic Activity Haloperidol induced a time-dependent increase in cataleptic state in rats, as compared to vehicle-treated groups. Maximum catalepsy score was noted at a time interval of min. All the groups, i.e. standard (L-dopa + carbidopa), TCAE, and TCEE showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in scores at all time periods. The average scores for the standard and the test drugs were reduced to that of the haloperidol group (Group I) [Figure 4] [Table 3]. Effect of fruit Extracts of T. chebula Retz. on Behavioral Parameters (Locomotor Activity) Actophotometer Animals treated with haloperidol (4 mg/kg, P.O) alone for 7 days showed a decrease of locomotor activity (number of counts/5 min i.e., after 30 min) on 1 st day, 4 th day, and 7 th day and also reduction in the % change activity when compared to other groups [Figure 5 and Table 4]. CONCLUSION In the present investigation, T. chebula possesses the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, terpenoids, sterols, tannins, proteins, amino acids, and glycosides. T. chebula showed anticholinergic mechanism, i.e., antiparkinsonism effect, at an effective dose of 100 mg/kg against haloperidolinduced parkinsonian symptoms. T. chebula ethanolic Table 4: Effect of fruit extracts of T. chebula Retz. on locomotor activity Group Treatment Locomotor activity (number of counts/5 min, i.e., after 30 min) 1 ST DAY 4 TH DAY 7 TH DAY Before After % Change activity Before After % Change activity Before After % Change activity I Haloperidol 266± ± % 138.8± ± % 87.0± ± % II Standard+haloperidol 159± ± % 27.4± ± % 27.6± ± % III TCAE+haloperidol 172.6± ± % 32.4± ± % 33.0± ± % IV TCEE+haloperidol 165.2± ± % 28.4± ± % 29.0± ± % T. chebula: Terminalia chebula, TCAE: Terminalia chebula aqueous extract, TCEE: Terminalia chebula ethanol extract 778 Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol 12 Issue

5 Figure 2: Catatonia Stage-III Figure 3: Catatonia Stage-IV Figure 5: (a and b) Effect of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz. on behavioral Parameters motor activity. Values are expressed as mean ± SE, P < 0.01 versus control, n = 5 animals Sciences, Lam, Guntur, for providing necessary facilities to conduct this research work. They also express their thanks to teaching and nonteaching faculty of division of pharmacology for their support. REFERENCES Figure 4: Effect of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz. on haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism (catalepsy). Values are expressed as mean ± SE, P < 0.05 versus control (n = 5 animals) extract showed comparatively significant effect exerted to standard drug Syndopa in the finding of catalepsy score and locomotor activity. Catalepsy score and locomotor activites were recorded after administration of haloperidol at different time intervals, and graphs were plotted according to the results obtained. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors express their sincere thanks to principal and management of Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical 1. Banu Z, Fatima SJ, Fatima A, Fatima S, Zohra SF, Sultana T. Phytochemical evaluation and pharmacological screening of antiparkinson s activity of Allium sativum in swiss/albino mice. IOSR J Pharm 2016;6:1. 2. Dodke PC, Pansare T. Ayurvedic and Modern aspect of Terminalia chebula Retz. Haritaki an Overview. Int J Ayurvedic Herbal Med 2017;7: Rathinamoorthy R, Thilagavathi G. Terminalia chebula-review on pharmacological and biochemical studies. Int J PharmTech Res 2014;6: Yadav M, Chatterji S, Gupta SK, Watal G. Preliminary phytochemical screening of six medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;6: Mateen S, Khan M, Devanna N, Farooque M, Ansari JA, Aziz-ur-rahman. Potential antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effects of methanolic extract of Swertia chirata and Hemidesmus indicus in wistar rats. Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci 2016;l3: Kumar MS, Farzana SK, Nadendla R. Evaluation of anticatatonic effect of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetti R. Smith on phenothiazine induced catatonia in rats. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2014;5: Ittiyavirah SP, Ruby R. Effect of hydro-alcoholic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica l alone and its combination with aqueous leaf extract of Camellia sinensis on haloperidol induced parkinsonism in wistar rats. Ann Neurosci 2014;21: Kulkarni SK. Hand Book of Experimental Pharmacology. 3 rd ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; p. 117, 118, 142. Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol 12 Issue