Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin

Transcription

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2 W Tang G. Eisenbrand Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Use in Traditional and Modem Medicine With 41 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

3 Professor Dr. WEICI TANG Professor Dr. GERHARD EISENBRAND Lebensmittelchemie und Umwelttoxikologie, Universitiit Kaiserslautem, Erwin-SchrOdinger-StraBe, D-67S0 Kaiserslautem ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1992 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. 27/ Printed on acid-free paper

4 Preface Traditional Chinese medicine has been used for thousands of years by a large population. It is currently still serving many of the health needs of the Chinese people; and still enjoying their confidence it is practised in China in parallel with modern Western medical treatment. In addition to scientific organisations dedicated to modern Western medicine, e. g. the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and various medical schools, a series of parallel institutions have been established in China to promote traditional Chinese medicine, such as the Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and training institutions. Almost all hospitals in China have a department of traditional medicine. Furthermore, a large number of scientific journals are dedicated to traditional Chinese medicine, covering both experimental and clinical investigations. Medicinal materials constitute a key topic in the treatment of disease according to traditional Chinese medicine. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (1985 edition) is therefore divided into two separate volumes, Volume I containing traditional Chinese medicinal materials and preparations and Volume II containing pharmaceutics of Western medicine. The oldest Chinese review of medicinal materials, Shennong Bencao Jing ( A. D.), covered 365 herbal drugs. The classic compilation in this field, Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of Materia Medica), was published in 1578 by Li Shi-zhen and recorded as many as 1898 crude drugs of plant, animal and mineral origin. About 50 years ago modern chemical and pharmacological methods were first used to investigate traditional medicinal materials in China. With the growth in our knowledge about chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmaceutics and the progress made in scientific instrumentation, there have been an increasing number of scientific reports characterizing the biological activities of the chemical constituents of Chinese medicinal materials. The majority of these papers have been in Chinese, scattered in a series of journals not easily available outside China. The present book provides information on recent advances and perspectives for future research into Chinese medicinal materials, including a large number of reports from Chinese journals. It is hoped that this information may be of value for the development of new drugs and may stimulate further investigations. Since tradi-

5 VI Preface tional Chinese medicine has its own theoretical system that is rather different from modern pharmacological science, we hope that this book may serve as a bridge between traditional Chinese medicine and modern Western medicine. Our descriptions focus on the chemical constituents and the most important biological activities. Toxicological aspects, especially those relating to mutagenic and carcinogenic activities, are also given consideration. Within this limited survey it was not possible to cover all the Chinese medicinal materials used in traditional and folk medicine. Altogether, more than 500 species and subspecies from about 130 genera and about 3000 chemical constituents have been described. Most subjects represent official drugs of plant origin selected from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Vol. I (1985). For completeness, the total list of official plant species in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia ~ (1985) and in the appendix to it have been included. On the other hand, some unofficial plants with biologically active ingredients have also been considered. Examples are Anisodus tanguticus with anticholinergic alkaloids and drugs of potential use in the treatment of cancer, such as Camp to theca acuminata, Cephalotaxus spp., Rabdosia spp., and Tripterygium wilfordii. Different plant species within the same genus are generally treated as one item. Exceptions are the genera Artemisia, Panax, and Sophora. Some items from Chinese folk medicine have not been included in this edition because of limited space. Examples are Ganoderma lucidum, Gossypium herbaceum, Huperzia serrata, and Zanthoxylum species. They might be included in a later edition. Most medicinal materials contain a large variety of known or still unknown compounds. Traditional Chinese medicine prefers modalities characterized by a combination of numerous individual materials, sometimes up to a hundred or more. It is obvious that the interaction between individual materials might be of considerable relevance for the biological effectiveness of these combinations. Studies on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of combined preparations have been very scarce up (0 now and an appropriate discussion of the effects of such combinations is therefore not possible at the present time. Kaiserslautern, January 1992 WTANG G. EISENBRAND

6 Contents 1 Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms. 1 2 Achyranthes bidentata BI Aconitum spp Acorus gramineus Soland Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 51 7 Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms 69 9 Albizia julibrissin Durazz Alisma orientalis (Sam.) Juzep Allium sativum L Alpinia spp Amomum spp Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge Anemone raddeana Regel Angelica spp Anisodus tanguticus (Max.) Pasch Ardisiajaponica (Thunb.) BI Areca catechu L Aristolochia spp Artemisia annua L Artemisia argyi LevI. et Vant Artemisia capillaris Thunb. and A. scoparia Waldst. et Kit Asarum spp Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz Blelilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f Brucea javanica (L.) Merr Bupleurum spp Caesalpinia sappan L Calvalia lilacina (Mont. et Berk.) Lloyd Camp to theca acuminata Decne Carpesium abrotanoides L Carthamus tinctorius L Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun et Aschers Cephalotaxus spp

7 VIII Contents 3'9 Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill Chrysanthemum indicum L. and C. morifolium Ramat Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim Cinnamomum cassia Presl Cissampelos pare ira L. var. hirsuta (Buch. ex DC.) Formen Citrus spp Clematis spp Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf Coptis spp Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacco Corydalis turtschaninovii Bess. f. yanhusuo Y. H. Chou et C. C. Hsii Crocus sativus L Cucurbita moschata Duch Curcuma spp Cynanchum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand.-Mazz Daphne genkwa Sieb. et Zucco Datur(l metal L Daucus carota L Dendrobium nobile Lindl Dichroa febrifuga Lour Dioscorea spp Ecklonia kurome Okam Eleutherine americana Merr. et Heyne Ephedra spp Epimedium spp Erycibe obtusifolia Benth Eucommia ulmoides Olivo Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Fraxinus spp Fritillaria spp Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Gastrodia elata Bl Gentiana spp Ginkgo bi/oba L Glycyrrhiza spp Houttuynia cordata Thunb !lex pubescens Hook et Am Inula spp Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucco Lonicera japonica Thunb Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem Lycium barbarum L. and L. chinensis Mill. 633

8 Contents 84 Magnolia spp Melia azedarach L. and M. toosendan Sieb. et Zucco Menispermum dauricum DC Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. and M. grosvenori Swingle Morus alba L Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Paeonia spp Panax ginseng C. A. Mey Panaxjaponicus C. A. Mey Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn Phellodendron amurense Rupr Physochlaina infundibularis Kuang.. ~~ Phytolacca americana L. and P. acinosa Roxb Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit Polygala tenuifolia Willd Polygonum spp Pseudolarix kaempferi Gord Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Qingdai Quisqualis indica L Rabdosia spp Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch Rheum spp Rhododendron dauricum L Rubia cordifolia L Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) BailI Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Sophoraflavescens Ait Sophora japonica L Stemona spp Stephania tetrandra S. Moore Swertia mileensis T. N. Ho et W L. Shih Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim Tripterygium wilfordii Hook Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks Verbena ofjicinalis L Vitex negundo L. var. cannabifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hand.-Mazz Zingiber officinale (Willd.) Rosc Ziziphusjujuba Mill. and Z. spinosa Hu Appendix Appendix Subject Index 1039 IX